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This article maps and analyses the relationship between football and black sound cultures in the UK. Employing a chronological and thematic approach, specifically, it examines the inclusion of football in post-Windrush calypsos, the appropriation of black music forms in football stadia, reggae as cultural critique of English football and British society, and the connections between transnational sounds and a diasporic footballing consciousness. Theoretically, this article draws on – and places in dialogue – Paul Gilroy's concept of the 'Black Atlantic', Josh Kun's notion of 'audiotopia' and Les Back's emphasis on 'deep listening'. This framing illuminates how music forms travel back and forth along diasporic roots and routes between Africa, the Caribbean, the United States and the United Kingdom. Critically, the article locates the relationship between football, music and race as providing the context and capacity for progressive change, and foregrounds its role as an important medium and method of cultural resistance to the marginalisations experienced by Black Atlantic diasporas and within football itself. The article concludes by looking forward, in an era of Black Lives Matter, to consider the spaces and practices of fandom and consumption that might open up as a result of listening and responding sociologically to the relationship between football and black sound cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening to music has been repeatedly shown to have ergogenic benefits during various modes of exercise, including endurance, sprint, and resistance-based activities. Music is commonly incorporated into training regimens by recreational exercisers and competitive athletes alike. While specific modalities of exercise elicit varying physiological responses, listening to music has been shown to modulate many of these responses (i.e., heart rate, catecholamines, muscle activation) often leading to improved performance. Furthermore, listening to music during exercise may positively impact psychological (i.e., mood, motivation) and psychophysiological (i.e., rate of perceived exertion, arousal) changes, which may allow for favorable responses during an exercise challenge. However, there is mixed evidence regarding music’s efficacy, which may be mediated through differences in music selection and preference. Emerging evidence has shown that, whether an individual prefers or does not prefer the music they are listening to during exercise greatly influences their ergogenic potential in addition to physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise. From a practical standpoint, music may be controlled by the individual through headphones but is often played communally over speakers in locker rooms, gyms, and health clubs, which may have consequences on performance and training. The following review will describe the physiological, psychological, and psychophysiological responses to exercise while listening to music and how music preference may particularly alter them. Current knowledge and new evidence on how music preference factors into enhancing performance in various modes of exercise will be further discussed, incorporating practical considerations for individuals and practitioners in real-world applications to optimize performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Music is useful to reduce the perception of effort and to increase physical performance. Objectives. The objective was to highlight the interest in the relationship between physical exertion and music listening, by studying the number of publications appearing in PubMed, which cover this subject. Methods. The obtained information was from the database of the PubMed site. In order to highlight the relationship between music and sport, key words were selected: "music listening AND sport" (ML-SP). The articles were collected from the first year of PubMed publication until the end of 2018. The following filters were analyzed: "Sex", with sub-filters: "Male" (M), "Female" (F) and "Male+Female" (M+F); "Age", with sub-filters: 0-18 years, 19-44 years, 45-64 years, >65 years and >80 years. An analysis of the chosen keywords, in relation to the: filters and the total number (N) of publications; sub-filters and the average number of publications per year (N/Y) was made. Results. Differences were significant between N/Y - 45-64 (p=0.0008); N/Y - >65 (p=0.0005); N/Y - >80 (p=0.0001); 19-44 - 0-18 (p=0.0351); 19-44 - 45-64 (p=0.0064); 19-44 - >65 (p=0.0028); 19-44 - >80 (p=0.0001). Conclusions. 1) Studies regarding ML-SP were analyzed from the first publications posted by PubMed until the end of 2018, for a period of 69 years. 2) ML-SP studies, although not very numerous (154), have increased numerically over time, the most being registered in 2017. 3) Most studies were performed on human subjects of both genders, between the ages 19-44 years. 4) This study shows that there is a growing interest in studies related to the ML-SP relationship, but further research is required in order to extend this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assumed that correct functional movements for weightlifting can be learned with the help of a music-based biofeedback system. We compared musical feedback with verbal feedback from experienced trainers using two independent groups. The focus was on one specific movement called deadlift. Physical parameters under considerations were the spine (i.e. loss of midline stability resulting in flexion) and the forward displacement of the barbell during the repetitions relative to the mid-foot. We recruited 31 recreational weight lifters (21-42 years of age). Results revealed that both feedback types are effective in improving the movements for deadlift. No significant differences were found across the two feedback types, neither in terms of movement, nor in terms of clarity and motivation. The results suggest that the proposed feedback system is a valid tool for technology-aided training and self-training practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the role of music performance in football matches, highlighting the importance of the belief in its sonic powers as a trigger for causal relations between events. Music functions as a communicational axis linking the physical realm to mystical or intangible dimensions. By performing music and sounds on terraces, fans believe that they can change the course of the match, interfering in the mood, the bodies and, eventually, the result. Magic is a shared belief among fans, players and journalists, one that is activated through sounds and rituals. In football, the idea of magic is often perceived and referred to as a causal explanation for achievements and defeats that could hardly be understood or explained through rational and scientific knowledge. Music is a key feature in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to examine the effect of listening to music during a warm-up on the subsequent Wingate test performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mood in sprinters and long-distance runners. Methods: Twenty-four participants were divided in two groups: twelve sprinters (20.1 ± 1.6 years, 178 ± 4.4 cm and 73.1 ± 5.2 kg) and twelve long-distance runners (21.2 ± 2.1 years, 175 ± 5.2 cm and 67.3 ± 6.4 kg). All participants performed two test sessions in a random order: with either a 10 min warm-up with music (MWU) or 10 min warm-up without music (NMWU). The RPE scores and responses to the POMS questionnaire (for the estimation of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion and vigor) were obtained after the Wingate test. Results: Peak and mean power increased between NMWU and MWU only in sprinters ( p < 0.01). RPE scores and vigor were significantly higher during MWU in comparison with NMWU in sprinters ( p < 0.05). However, fatigue was significantly lower during MWU in comparison with NMWU in sprinters ( p < 0.05). For all these parameters, there was no-significant difference between MWU and NMWU in long-distance runners. Conclusion: Listening to music may enhance the subsequent short-term maximal performance in sprinters. However, music has no significant effect on performance of long-distance runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore performance coaching in sport, music, and business. The paper begins by describing some of the popular, lay methods used by coaches in each field, many influenced by The Inner Game books of Timothy Gallwey. Next, the paper discusses the scientifically grounded theories, principles, and methods that underlie performance coaching today, primarily derived from sport psychology, music psychology, organisational psychology, and coaching psychology. Finally, the paper examines the contribution that positive psychology has and could make by providing new theories, constructs, perspectives, and methods to the art and science of performance coaching in sport, music, and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers songs devoted to (and sung for) the football team AS Roma by its supporters. Some of these songs were written by the very famous Roman singer-songwriter Antonello Venditti, others by less famous authors and singers, and often simply by supporters, who created new lyrics to be sung at the stadium to the melodies of famous songs. Many of these songs can be described as love songs, suggesting that for many Romans there is no greater passion than that experienced and expressed for their football team. The article argues that Roma fans’ absurd passion for their football team has profound political implications. The act of assigning certain specific emotions to individuals and groups through football events and related cultural productions, such as songs, is dependent upon relations of power. Particular emotions are central to the identity of specific groups and communities, and therefore become, in a broad sense, political. This is especially true when they are performed in mass gatherings such as football matches and celebrations. Football emotions, and therefore emotional songs about football, therefore give body to political beliefs, identities and values. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores ways in which music intersected with the growth of sports in Victorian Britain at the end of the nineteenth century. Although there have been valuable studies of music and sports recently, their main emphasis has been on popular music and contemporary sporting events; a study of the period when playing and watching sports began to acquire its present-day shape has yet to be undertaken. This article moves towards that by examining connections between music and sports through broader social and cultural developments, in particular new ideas about morality, health and physical fitness. It situates commentaries about the healthfulness of music in relation to nineteenth-century discourses about sport, in addition to contextualizing notions of singing and health in the increasing professionalization of Victorian medicine. Finally, this article extends and relocates early twentieth-century encapsulations of singing as physical exercise in the context of concern over degeneration in national fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the increase in empirical research on the psychological and psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise settings. Topics discussed include enhancement of emotional state and motivation in a sport or exercise; use of music as a sedative or stimulant to rise the optimal arousal state prior to and during a run; and preventing or delaying sensations of pain and fatigue.

Background Some snowboarders listen to music on a personal music player and the objective was to determine if listening to music was associated with injury in a terrain park. Methods A case-control study was conducted at a terrain park in Alberta, Canada during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 winter seasons. Cases were snowboarders who were injured in the terrain park and presented to either the ski patrol and/or a nearby emergency department (ED). Demographic, environmental and injury characteristics were collected from standardised ski patrol Accident Report Forms, ED medical records and telephone interviews. Controls were uninjured snowboarders using the same terrain park and were interviewed as they approached the lift-line on randomly selected days and times. Multivariable logistic regression determined if listening to music was associated with the odds of snowboard injury. Results Overall, 333 injured cases and 1261 non-injured controls were enrolled; 69 (21%) cases and 425 (34%) controls were listening to music. Snowboarders listening to music had significantly lower odds of injury compared with those not listening to music (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.68; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.98). Snowboarders listening to music had significantly higher odds of presenting to the ED versus ski patrol only compared with those not listening to music (adjusted OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.07 to 4.05). Conclusions While listening to music decreased the odds of any injury in the terrain park, it increased the odds of an injury resulting in ED presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically there has been a strong relationship between music and sport performance. While research exists examining the relationship between music and sport performance, little attention has been paid to the role of pre-competition warm-up music or the effects of having teams create music playlists. After interviewing 12 female high school volleyball players, it was determined that warm-up music can play a large role in enhancing sport performance. Using a thematic analysis, four major themes were found: motivation, mood, performance effects, and cohesion. Future research should explore the effects of music for sport performance using an experimental design. Additionally, the following variables warrant further investigation: individual differences in music preference, the impact of seniority on playlist creation and cohesion, the quantitative assessment of the themes (motivation, mood, performance effects, cohesion), and how music can be detrimental to performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre la relación entre el fútbol, el modernismo y la música popular en Brasil. El autor comenta sobre la importancia cultural así como las características asociadas con la identidad brasileña del fútbol. También se considera la historia del fútbol en el país, particularmente durante el siglo 20.

This article focuses on ‘Hurricane’, a song co-written by Bob Dylan (born 24 May 1941) and released in November 1975 on the Columbia Records label. The song details the imprisonment of an African-Amercian middleweight boxer, Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter (born 6 May 1937 in Delawanna, NJ) for a triple murder with accomplice John Artis in 1967. Like other examples of the ‘protest’ genre, ‘Hurricane’ explores versions of historic events, as does Rubin Carter's first autobiographyThe Sixteenth Round: From Number 1 Contender to Number 45472(1973). The article begins with their creation as an intersection of popular music and sport to highlight inequalities in society. The second section considers more recent releases including a biopic,The Hurricane(1999) starring Denzel Washington and a second Carter autobiographyEye of the Hurricane: My Path From Darkness to Freedom(2011). Each is read as a multilayered text, reinterpreting the image of the fighter as his circumstances change from imprisonment to freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines cricket's past and present relationship/s with music in order to track the notable continuities that are evident in the ongoing connection between the two cultural forms. The discussion also questions whether the so-called globalization of the game and all that is associated with the televisual spectacle of ‘entertainment’ mark new modes of intersections or are outgrowths of earlier forms, genres, tropes and popular musical motifs. It asks: how do and have cricket and music intersected, and is their relationship now structurally different to their relationship in the past, most notably the imperial past of England, Britain and the British world system? The essay is subdivided into five parts with each taking its title from a track onThe Duckworth Lewis Methodalbum of cricket pop songs from duo Neil Hannon and Thomas Walsh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First performed in an Olympic context as part of the opening ceremonies of the 1936 Berlin Olympics, the Finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony has become a popular mainstay of modern Olympic protocol. Part of a ritualized entertainment spectacle that enhances the appeal and popularity of the Games, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony elevates the prestige of the Games and helps to sustain the Olympic Movement's political and commercial dominance within the panoply of institutionalized sport. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the normalization of the Finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games not only transmits and reinforces the traditional Olympic ideology, but also reaffirms the ascendant hegemony of the Olympic Movement within the world of elite international sport. This study is a critical reading of the Olympic musical ceremonial as a site of ideological production, especially as it pertains to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a broad overview of the key synergies between the fields of music and sport between 1880 and 1939. It demonstrates that sport formed a common topic within commercial popular music, especially the music hall, a reflection both of sport's central position within society and the music industry's acute understanding that engagement with it generated a sense of modernity. The presence of sportsmen as popular entertainers also helped cement this relationship. With regard to the role of music in sport, it is shown to have been useful for fund raising and as a vehicle for the entertainment and self-entertainment of spectators and has served as a significant force in the construction and articulation of a variety of self- and collective identities. It is argued that, in comparison with the period from the late twentieth century, the relationship between music and sport was largely natural and unforced and showed relatively little of the self-consciousness that so typifies much recent practice. Sport and music did not so much ‘crossover’ as draw from a common cultural pool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drugs: the question of who should and who shouldn't be permitted to take them, and why, is among the more perplexing issues of modern times. Their value in enhancing performance is hardly a secret. Would Byron and Shelley have been the creative force they were without the aid of laudunum? Would David Bowie have madeStation to Stationif he hadn't been caught in a cocaine blizzard? Would John Lennon have written ‘Tomorrow Never Knows’ on caffeine? Should sleep-deprived surgeons be encouraged to take modafinil, a brain stimulant known to boost memory and brain power? But if you're Ben Johnson or Lance Armstrong, down that road lies only disqualification, betrayal and global opprobrium. But is the sports star who looks for an edge, who looks to go further, really any different? And if not, why do we treat them differently? Since musicians, writers and dancers also compete with each other for our pockets and affections, albeit in a less directly confrontational manner, is it fair to stigmatize sportspeople for using chemistry to enhance our enjoyment? This chapter examines whether such double standards can be justified any longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport and popular music have ever-increasing connections. Most major sporting events and teams now use popular music as official theme songs. Other popular music is expropriated by sports fans as a way of expressing their collective identities. Less common is the incorporation of sports-specific references within the lyrics of most songs in popular music. An exception is The Saw Doctors, a band from Tuam in County Galway, Ireland, led by Davy Carton and Leo Moran. This contribution analyses the links between popular music and sport, particularly sports sanctioned by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) as represented in the songs of The Saw Doctors and their temporary offshoot group The Folk Footballers. I first typify three categories of sport and popular music arguing that The Saw Doctors case study fits into a category of deeper connection between sport and popular music that is worthy of exploration and understanding. I examine the cultural context out of which their music has arisen and suggest the particular ways in which the GAA organizes sport in Ireland and the cultural embeddedness of music in Tuam explains the deep connection between sport and popular music and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores aspects of the culture of the soccer crowd from the 1880s to 1930. Evidence is presented showing a range of characteristics of the crowd, with an emphasis on the ‘Cup crowd’ encompassing features present in the present-day crowd including the wearing of club colours, the presence of mascots and vocal contributions. Collective contributions (war cries, chants and songs) are examined in detail and this is followed by an in-depth review of singing by Swansea Town fans in the 1920s. This reveals that modern popular songs were just as important as traditional music to the club's fans. They adapted the words of one popular song as a eulogy to their star player and developed actions such as the ringing of a bell and the waving of handkerchiefs to accompany others. These special songs helped create a sense of identity and ownership amongst the fans of the club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the relationship between composer Dmitry Shostakovich and the Soviet regime through a prism of his interest in sports. It offers a profile of Shostakovich as well as explores his musical and journalistic representations of sport, particularly the sport of football. Shostakovich's interest in sport is discussed, along with his musical depiction of such interest and his State-encouraged writing on football in the Soviet press.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including social and cultural history, intersection of sport, music, protest and the politics of identity, and sport and popular music.

Run to the Beatis a half marathon event that is accompanied by live and pre-recorded music. The author was involved with the event as the lead consultant in the period 2007–2010. This case study examines the genesis of the event, the science on which it was predicated and how it was received by participating runners and the media. The primary driver for the event was the 2007 ban on personal listening devices by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, which outraged recreational runners. There is a corpus of work (approximately 100 studies) that has examined the effects of music on exercise and sport. The most conclusive findings from this work are that music reduces perceived exertion at low-to-moderate exercise intensities and, if well selected, enhances affect at all intensities. TheRun to the Beatevents received mixed reviews from participants, but were generally positively presented by the international media. The event continues today on an annual basis in London, UK and Basel, Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented regarding the subject implied by sport. It explores the notion of Nelson Goodman on worldmaking, considering how it affects the philosophy of sport. It also discusses the comparison between music and sport through hermeneutic and analytic methods. It suggests how sports can create worlds that concern the action itself.

Research has shown psychological, psychophysical, and physical effects of music in sport (Bateman & Bale, 2009). However, music has received little attention among sport scholars. The purpose of this study was to examine high school varsity volleyball coaches' pedagogical assumptions and practices of allowing female high school volleyball teams to create and play their own pre-competition warm-up music. Eleven head coaches of female high school varsity volleyball teams who employed athlete created pre-competition warm-up music were interviewed (minimum 45 minutes). All interviews were transcribed then analyzed using open and axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 2008). All 11 coaches believed that having athletes create and develop pre-competition music positively impacted athlete performance. Analysis further illustrated the coaches believed a connection exists between the use of music and athletic performance across three themes, increased motivation, mood, and team cohesion. Coaches interviewed in this study believed that music provided a consistent and inspirational routine. A limitation of this study is that actual performance was not measured, so future research is needed to examine the actual impact of music on athletic performance, as well as the impact of warm-up music in other sport settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts such as liminality, functionality, and mediatization were clearly exemplified in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The fascinating use of the ancient practice of liminal integration of music and ritual in a modern mediatized performance illustrates both indigenous Chinese and contemporary Western performance theories. Despite the spectacular nature of the opening ceremony, however, it is doubtful that international viewers fully understood the complex messages communicated through this modern ritual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared the effects of two different music interventions on changes in emotional states before and during running, and also explored effects of music interventions upon performance outcome. Volunteer participants (n = 65) who regularly listened to music when running registered online to participate in a three-stage study. Participants attempted to attain a personally important running goal to establish baseline performance. Thereafter, participants were randomly assigned to either a self-selected music group or an Audiofuel music group. Audiofuel produce pieces of music designed to assist synchronous running. The self-selected music group followed guidelines for selecting motivating playlists. In both experimental groups, participants used the Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (BMRI- 2) to facilitate selection of motivational music. Participants again completed the BMRI-2 post-intervention to assess the motivational qualities of Audiofuel music or the music they selected for use during the study. Results revealed no significant differences between self-selected music and Audiofuel music on all variables analyzed. Participants in both music groups reported increased pleasant emotions and decreased unpleasant emotions following intervention. Significant performance improvements were demonstrated post-intervention with participants reporting a belief that emotional states related to performance. Further analysis indicated that enhanced performance was significantly greater among participants reporting music to be motivational as indicated by high scores on the BMRI-2. Findings suggest that both individual athletes and practitioners should consider using the BMRI-2 when selecting music for running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oceánide is the property of Spanish Society for the Study of Popular Culture (SELICUP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This investigation examined the precursors of adolescents’ participation in sport and music activities in the United States by testing a developmental model across 7 years. Data were drawn from youth questionnaires in the Childhood and Beyond Study (92% European American; N = 594). Findings suggest that patterns of participation across a 3-year period in elementary school predict adolescents’ participation through their motivational beliefs. Specifically, children who participated in an activity, children who participated consistently across multiple years, and children who were highly active had higher adolescent motivational beliefs 4 years later than their peers. These motivational beliefs, in turn, positively predicted adolescents’ participation 1 year later. Cross-domain analyses suggest that children typically maintain their orientation toward sports and music (e.g., high music-low sport orientation, not oriented toward either domain) as they age. These findings highlight the consistency in children’s leisure pursuits and interests from childhood through adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brooks, KA, Brooks, KS. Enhancing Sports Performance Through The Use Of Music JEPonline 2010;13(2):52-57. This is a review of current studies dealing with the use of music in sport and during exercise as a motivational tool. Anaerobic and aerobic training generally elicit changes specific to the mode of training, and the physiological response to both types of exercised differs greatly. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the effects of the use of music as a motivational tool in aerobic versus anaerobic performance, and how it is enhanced through music. Many studies have mixed results due to failure to control the environment. Self-selection of music, versus using pre=selected music, or music that is categorized as motivational have also produced mixed results. This review provides insight into the specific fitness adaptations acquired by selectively utilizing endurance, resistance, or combination training. By reviewing numerous studies, this review demonstrates that the greatest response to music as a motivational aid is found with aerobic or endurance training, while resistance training and anaerobic training need further investigation. As indicated by these results, music as a motivational tool has the greatest impact on cardiovascular exercise, while resistance training and anaerobic exercise have not been analyzed as often. Submaximal versus maximal performance as well as exercise at moderate intensity versus high intensity have all produced mixed finding. Problems with current research and recommendation for future studies are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study regarding the use of music to maximize performance in sports. It says that for boosting the performance, music variables are carefully selected to call up an emotional response to the music in athletes. It discusses a strategy of listening emotive music on a fast tempo with a loud intensity, which adds up to the positive effect and reactive performance. Subcortically mediated emotional response is stated to indirectly activate the integral areas of the human brain. The study mentions that such behavioral readiness motivates and adds the zeal to win. The article also presents guidelines for readers to optimize pre-performance music use by athletes.

An essay is presented on the link between music and sports and their synergetic role in the development of African American masculine identity. It cites that rhythm is the strongest connection between the two, as well as similarities of physical activity, mental preparation and harmonic aspects. Accordingly, male-dominated sports such as boxing, basketball, and baseball, are interconnected with jazz and blues, and rap.

This study examined regular exercisers' perceptions of specific components of music during circuit training. Twenty-four men (38.8 years, s = 11.8 years) and 31 women (32.4 years, s = 9.6 years) completed two questionnaires immediately after a circuit training class. Participants rated the importance of 13 components of music (rhythm, melody, etc.) in relation to exercise enjoyment, and each completed the 'Affect Intensity Measure' (Larsen, 1984, Dissertation Abstracts International, 5, 2297B. (University microfilms No. 84-22112)) to measure emotional reactivity. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate gender differences in perceptions of musical importance. Pearson correlations were computed to evaluate the relationships between affect intensity, age and importance of musical components. Consistent with previous research and theoretical predictions, rhythm response components (rhythm, tempo, beat) were rated as most important. Women rated the importance of melody significantly higher than did men, whereas men gave more importance to music associated with sport. Affect intensity was found to be positively and significantly related to the perceived importance of melody, lyrical content, musical style, personal associations and emotional content. Results suggest that exercise leaders need to be sensitive to personal factors when choosing music to accompany exercise. Qualitative research that focuses on the personal meaning of music is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]