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Angiocentric glioma (AG) is a supratentorial diffuse low‐grade glioma characterized by the MYB::QKI fusion gene, showing angiocentric growth of monomorphous spindle cells with astrocytic and ependymal immunophenotypes. We describe a rare case of MYB::QKI fusion‐positive diffuse cerebellar glioma in a 54‐year‐old male. The patient initially presented with a T2/FLAIR hyperintense lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere and slowly progressive neurological symptoms. Histopathological evaluation revealed a diffuse glioma characterized by spindle‐shaped and small epithelioid cells with perivascular infiltration. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and only occasionally positive for Olig2. No dot‐ or ring‐like epithelial membrane antigen immunoreactivity was observed. In this case, the proliferative activity was higher than that in typical AG cases, as manifested by multiple mitoses (four mitoses/slide) and a Ki‐67 labeling index of 5%. The tumor cells were negative for IDH1 p.R132H and H3 p.K28M mutation‐specific antibodies. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed a MYB break‐apart signal, and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed an in‐frame MYB (6q23.3, exon 11, NM_001161659.2)::QKI (6q26, exon 5, NM_006775.3) fusion. IDH1 p.R132, IDH2 p.R172, H3‐3A p.K28, H3C2 p.K28, and BRAF p.V600 were all wild type. DNA methylome profiling did not match any of the established methylation classes, including the four subtypes of diffuse glioma, MYB‐ or MYBL1‐altered. Considering the results of DNA methylome profiling, the question remains as to whether this case represents a subset of AG (diffuse glioma, MYB/MYBL1‐altered) or a distinct subtype. Although the morphological findings and the presence of fusion indicated that the tumor was a cerebellar AG, the DNA methylome profile did not match that of AG. An accumulation of more cases is needed to determine the precise nature of the tumor, which may lead to an expansion of the tumor concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteomyelitis is a bone inflammation initiated by invading pathogens. Macrophages and inflammation play essential roles in osteomyelitis. F‐Box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (Fbxw7) is a tumour suppressor and E3 ubiquitin ligase. In the present study, the potential roles of Fbxw7 in osteomyelitis were explored. The mRNA level of Fbxw7 was measured in bone marrow cells from patients with osteomyelitis and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)‐infected macrophages. The conditional knockout mice with Fbxw7 deficiency in myeloid cells were generated. The expression of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐23a and nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2) was measured in S. aureus‐infected Fbxw7‐deficient bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs). The body weight loss, bacterial burden, bone loss and formation and serum level of IL‐6, IL‐23 and TNF‐α were measured in S. aureus‐infected Fbxw7 conditional KO mice. The interacting partners of Fbxw7 were predicted using STRING and the interaction were tested. Elevated expression of Fbxw7 was observed in bone marrow cells from patients with osteomyelitis and in S. aureus‐infected macrophages. The expression of IL‐6, IL‐23a and Nos2 was remarkably suppressed in S. aureus‐infected Fbxw7‐deficient BMDMs. Fbxw7 conditional knockout mice had less body weight loss, higher bacterial burden, less bone loss and formation and decreased serum level of cytokines. Fbxw7 interacted with MYB. S. aureus‐infected Fbxw7‐deficient BMDMs had higher level of MYB and less ubiquitination of MYB. Fbxw7 promotes osteomyelitis symptoms by regulating ubiquitination and stability of MYB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: MYB has been shown to play a central role in oncogenesis in a majority of adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC). Testing for MYB expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC) or testing for the MYB gene fusion by next-generation sequencing (NGS) have become useful tools for the diagnosis of ACC. In addition, detection of MYB expression may have implications for patient management. Methods: A cohort of 35 ACC cases was identified from the archival pathology files of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Cases were tested for MYB expression using a panel of 4 different commercially available MYB antibodies and scored using a modified Allred system. RNA-based NGS for MYB gene fusion detection was also performed. Results: Among 4 different MYB antibodies, the sensitivity for MYB detection ranged from 26 to 97%. When a 30% threshold for determination of MYB immunohistochemical positivity was used, the AB_10900735 IHC clone showed the maximum sensitivity (97%). RNA sequencing revealed 19 (54%) cases positive for MYB fusions, and expression analysis derived from the sequencing data confirmed a significant association between MYB expression and fusion status (p = 0.036). Although less sensitive, the AB_778878 MYB clone showed a significant positive association between IHC staining and MYB RNA expression (R2 = 0.15, p = 0.023). Conclusion: The detection of MYB expression using immunohistochemistry varies significantly depending on the antibody used. Comparison with MYB fusion and transcription levels, as determined by NGS, reveals that MYB has a complex relationship between genetic alterations, transcript levels, and protein abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocytomas that harbor recurrent genomic alterations in MYB or MYBL1 are a group of Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas that were newly recognized in the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. These tumors are described in the WHO classification as harboring fusions in MYB or MYBL1. In this report, we examine 14 consecutive cases in which a MYB or MYBL1 alteration was identified, each with diagnostic confirmation by genome-wide DNA methylation profiling (6 Angiocentric gliomas and 8 Diffuse astrocytomas, MYB- or MYBL1-altered), for their specific genomic alterations in these genes. Using RNA sequencing, we find productive in-frame fusions of the MYB or MYBL1 genes in only 5/14 cases. The remaining 9 cases show genomic alterations that result in truncation of the gene, without evidence of an in-frame fusion partner. Gene expression analysis showed overexpression of the MYB(L1) genes, regardless of the presence of a productive fusion. In addition, QKI, a recognized fusion partner common in angiocentric glioma, was generally up-regulated in these 14 cases, compared to a cohort comprising >1000 CNS tumors of various types, regardless of whether a genomic alteration in QKI was present. Overall, the results show that truncations, in the absence of a productive fusion, of the MYB(L1) genes can likely drive the tumors and have implications for the analysis and diagnosis of Angiocentric glioma and Diffuse astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL1-altered, especially for cases that are tested on panels designed to focus on fusion detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization's 5th edition classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors differentiates diffuse gliomas into adult and pediatric variants. Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas (pDLGGs) are distinct from adult gliomas in their molecular characteristics, biological behavior, clinical progression, and prognosis. Various molecular alterations identified in pDLGGs are crucial for treatment. There are four distinct entities of pDLGGs. All four of these tumor subtypes exhibit diffuse growth and share overlapping histopathological and imaging characteristics. Molecular analysis is essential for differentiating these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites associated with plant seed coat and flower color. These compounds provide health benefits to humans as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. The expression of the late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid pathway is controlled by a ternary MBW protein complex consisting of interfacing M YB, b eta-helix–loop–helix (bHLH), and WD 40 R epeat (WDR) proteins. P , the master regulator gene of the flavonoid expression in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), was recently determined to encode a bHLH protein. The T and Z genes control the distribution of color in bean seeds and flowers and have historically been considered regulators of the flavonoid gene expression. T and Z candidates were identified using reverse genetics based on genetic mapping, phylogenetic analysis, and mutant analysis. Domain and AlphaFold2 structure analyses determined that T encodes a seven-bladed β-propeller WDR protein, while Z encodes a R2R3 MYB protein. Deletions and SNPs in T and Z mutants, respectively, altered the 3D structure of these proteins. Modeling of the Z MYB/P bHLH/T WDR MBW complex identified interfacing sequence domains and motifs in all three genes that are conserved in dicots. One Z MYB motif is a possible beta-molecular recognition feature (β-MoRF) that only appears in a structured state when Z MYB is modeled as a component of a MBW complex. Complexes containing mutant T and Z proteins changed the interaction of members of the complex in ways that would alter their role in regulating the expression of genes in the flavonoid pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: After the most comprehensive analysis of the phenolic composition in Cannabis reported to date, a total of 211 compounds were identified, phenolic profiles were able to discriminate cannabis varieties and a complex regulatory network for phenolics accumulation in Cannabis chemovars was highlighted. Female inflorescences of Cannabis sativa L. are plenty of secondary metabolites, of which flavonoids and phenolic acids have been investigated by far less than phytocannabinoids and terpenoids. Understanding the biochemical composition in phenylpropanoids of Cannabis inflorescences, the molecular basis of flavonoid synthesis and how their content can be modulated by specific transcription factors will shed light on the variability of this trait in the germplasm, allowing the identification of biologically active metabolites that can be of interest to diverse industries. In this work, an untargeted metabolomic approach via UHPLC-HRMS was adopted to investigate the composition and variability of phenylpropanoids in thirteen Cannabis genotypes differentiated for their profile in phytocannabinoids, highlighting that phenolic profiles can discriminate varieties, with characteristic, unique genotype-related patterns. Moreover, the transcription profile of candidate phenolics regulatory MYB and bHLH transcription factors, analyzed by RT-qPCR, appeared strongly genotype-related, and specific patterns were found to be correlated between biochemical and transcriptional levels. Results highlight a complex regulatory network for phenolic accumulation in Cannabis chemovars that will need further insights from the functional side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple-leafed plants not only have a higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, but also have higher ornamental value. Anthocyanins are vital for leaf color formation, growth and development of purple leaves. However, the molecular mechanism underlying purple leaf formation in Lagerstroemia indica remains unclear. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of purple-leafed cultivar 'Ebony Embers' and greenleafed cultivar 'Arapahoe' showed that the high expression of anthocyanin structure genes induced hyperaccumulation of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives, making the leaves purple. LfiHY5, LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 were identified using correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. In 'Arapahoe' x 'Ebony Embers' population, LfiHY5 and LfiMYB75 showed significant positive correlation with leaf anthocyanin content. Transient expression of LfiMYB75 and LfiHY5 in tobacco and purple-leafed crape myrtle indicated that the two genes activated anthocyanin synthesis. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that LfiMYB75 and LfibHLH1 could form a complex that enhanced anthocyanin synthesis. Yeast monohybrid and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that LfiHY5 activated the expression of LfiMYB75, to activate the transcription of anthocyanin structural genes LfiCHS and LfiANS. Moreover, there were three alleles of LfiHY5 in crape myrtle, and the different sequences had different activation effects on LfiMYB75. In conclusion, the results showed that LfiHY5 led to upregulate the transcription of LfiMYB75, and LfiMYB75 formed a complex with LfibHLH1, which increased the transcription level of LfiCHS and LfiANS to affect anthocyanin synthesis in crape myrtle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strawberry species Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlechtendal ex J. Gay, renowned for its distinctive white, fragrant peach-like fruits and strong disease resistance, is an exceptional research material. In a previous study, an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutant library was established for this species, resulting in various yellow leaf mutants. Leaf yellowing materials are not only the ideal materials for basic studies on photosynthesis mechanism, chloroplast development, and molecular regulation of various pigments, but also have important utilization value in ornamental plants breeding. The present study focused on four distinct yellow leaf mutants: mottled yellow leaf (MO), yellow green leaf (YG), light green leaf (LG), and buddha light leaf (BU). The results revealed that the flavonoid content and carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio exhibited a significant increase among these mutants, while experiencing a significant decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents compared to the wild type (WT). To clarify the regulatory mechanisms and network relationships underlying these mutants, the RNA-seq and weighted gene coexpression network (WGCNA) analyses were employed. The results showed flavonoid metabolism pathway was enriched both in MO and YG mutants, while the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and carotenoid degradation pathway were only enriched in MO and YG mutants, respectively. Subsequently, key structural genes and transcription factors were identified on metabolic pathways of three pigments through correlation analyses and quantitative experiments. Furthermore, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor, FnMYB4, was confirmed to be positively correlated with flavonoid synthesis through transient overexpression, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and RNA interference (RNAi), accompanying by reoccurrence and attenuation of mutant phenotype. Finally, dual-luciferase (LUC) and yeast one-hybrid assays confirmed the binding of FnMYB4 to the FnFLS and FnF3H promoters, indicating that FnMYB4 positively regulates flavonoid synthesis. In addition, correlation analyses suggested that FnMYB4 also might be involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms. These findings demonstrated the pivotal regulatory role of FnMYB4 in strawberry leaf coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The osmotic resistance mechanism has been extensively studied in whole plants or plant tissues. However, little is known about it in embryogenic tissue (ET) which is widely used in plant‐based biotechnological systems. Suberin, a cell wall aliphatic and aromatic heteropolymer, plays a critical role in plant cells against osmosis stress. The suberin regulatory biosynthesis has rarely been studied in gymnosperms. Here, PaMYB11, a subgroup 11 R2R3‐MYB transcription factor, plays a key role in the osmotic resistance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) ETs during cryoprotectant pretreatment. Thus, RNA‐seq, histological, and analytical chemical analyses are performed on the stable transformations of PaMYB11‐OE and PaMYB11‐SRDX in Norway spruce ETs. DAP‐seq, Y1H, and LUC are further combined to explore the PaMYB11 targets. Activation of PaMYB11 is necessary and sufficient for suberin lamellae deposition on Norway spruce embryogenic cell walls, which plays a decisive role in ET survival under osmotic stress. Transcriptome analysis shows that PaMYB11 enhances suberin lamellae monomer synthesis by promoting very long‐chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis. PaPOP, PaADH1, and PaTET8L, the first two (PaADH1 and PaPOP, included) involved in VLCFA synthesis, are proved to be the direct targets of PaMYB11. Our study identified a novel osmotic response directed by PaMYB11 in Norway spruce ET, which provides a new understanding of the resistance mechanism against osmosis in gymnosperms. Significance Statement: In brief, our data suggested that the activation of PaMYB11 enhances SL accumulation by promoting very long‐chain fatty acids synthesis in Picea abies embryogenic tissues. PaADH1, PaPOP and TET8L are direct targets of PaMYB11. However, the correlation between very long‐chain fatty acids synthesis and the expression of PaADH1, PaPOP and TET8L is still unclear. It provides novel insight into the resistance mechanism against osmosis in gymnosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Despite significant progress in the prognosis of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in recent decades, a notable portion of children still confronts challenges such as treatment resistance and recurrence, leading to limited options and a poor prognosis. LIM domain-binding protein 1 (LDB1) has been confirmed to exert a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. In our research, we aim to elucidate the underlying function and mechanisms of LDB1 within the background of T-ALL. Methods Employing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) techniques, we delineated the functional impact of LDB1 in T-ALL cell lines. Through the application of RNA-Seq, CUT&Tag, and immunoprecipitation assays, we scrutinized master transcription factors cooperating with LDB1 and identified downstream targets under LDB1 regulation. Results LDB1 emerges as a critical transcription factor co-activator in cell lines derived from T-ALL. It primarily collaborates with master transcription factors (ERG, ETV6, IRF1) to cooperatively regulate the transcription of downstream target genes. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments affirm the essential fuction of LDB1 in the proliferation and survival of cell lines derived from T-ALL, with MYB identified as a significant downstream target of LDB1. Conclusions To sum up, our research establishes the pivotal fuction of LDB1 in the tumorigenesis and progression of T-ALL cell lines. Mechanistic insights reveal that LDB1 cooperates with ERG, ETV6, and IRF1 to modulate the expression of downstream effector genes. Furthermore, LDB1 controls MYB through remote enhancer modulation, providing valuable mechanistic insights into its involvement in the progression of T-ALL.

Abstract Background Anthocyanins are important contributors to coloration across a wide phylogenetic range of plants. Biological functions of anthocyanins span from reproduction to protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Owing to a clearly visible phenotype of mutants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis and its sophisticated regulation have been studied in numerous plant species. Genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes are regulated by a transcription factor complex comprising MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins. Results A systematic comparison of anthocyanin-pigmented vs. non-pigmented varieties was performed within numerous plant species covering the taxonomic diversity of flowering plants. The literature was screened for cases in which genetic factors causing anthocyanin loss were reported. Additionally, transcriptomic data sets from four previous studies were reanalyzed to determine the genes possibly responsible for color variation based on their expression pattern. The contribution of different structural and regulatory genes to the intraspecific pigmentation differences was quantified. Differences concerning transcription factors are by far the most frequent explanation for pigmentation differences observed between two varieties of the same species. Among the transcription factors in the analyzed cases, MYB genes are significantly more prone to account for pigmentation differences compared to bHLH or WD40 genes. Among the structural genes, DFR genes are most often associated with anthocyanin loss. Conclusions These findings support previous assumptions about the susceptibility of transcriptional regulation to evolutionary changes and its importance for the evolution of novel coloration phenotypes. Our findings underline the particular significance of MYBs and their apparent prevalent role in the specificity of the MBW complex.

Abstract The color of red-skinned pear (Pyrus spp.) is primarily attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, which provide nutritional benefits for human health and are closely associated with the commercial value of fruits. Here, we reported the functional characterization of a R2R3-MYB repressor PyMYB107, which forms an ‘activator-repressor’ loop to control anthocyanin accumulation in the red-skinned pear. PyMYB107 overexpression inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in both pear calli and fruits, while virus-induced gene silencing of PyMYB107 increased anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PyMYB107 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in tomato, strawberry and tobacco. PyMYB107 can competitively bind to PybHLH3 with PyMYB10/MYB114, thereby suppressing the transcriptional activation of key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, PyANS and PyUFGT. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations within the R3 domain and EAR motif of PyMYB107 eliminated its repressive activity. Additionally, PyMYB107 exhibited a comparable expression pattern to PyMYB10/MYB114 and was transcriptionally activated by them. Our finding advanced comprehension of the repression mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation, providing valuable molecular insights into improving quality of pear fruits.

Abstract Background Enhancer reprogramming plays a significant role in the heterogeneity of cancer. However, we have limited knowledge about the impact of chromatin remodeling in B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL) patients, and how it affects tumorigenesis and drug response. Our research focuses on investigating the role of enhancers in sustaining oncogenic transformation in children with BCP-ALL. Methods We used ATAC-seq to study the accessibility of chromatin in pediatric BCP-ALL at three different stages—onset, remission, and relapse. Using a combination of computational and experimental methods, we were able to analyze the accessibility landscape and focus on the most significant cis-regulatory sites. These sites were then functionally validated through the use of Promoter capture Hi-C in a primary cell line model called LAL-B, followed by RNA-seq and genomic deletion of target sites using CRISPR-Cas9 editing. Results We found that enhancer activity changes during cancer progression and is mediated by the production of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). CRISPR-Cas9-mediated validation of previously unknown eRNA productive enhancers demonstrated their capability to control the oncogenic activities of the MYB and DCTD genes. Conclusions Our findings directly support the notion that productive enhancer engagement is a crucial determinant of the BCP-ALL and highlight the potential of enhancers as therapeutic targets in pediatric BCP-ALL.

SUMMARY: The essence of wound healing is the accumulation of suberin at wounds, which is formed by suberin polyphenolic (SPP) and suberin polyaliphatic (SPA). The biosynthesis of SPP and SPA monomers is catalyzed by several enzyme classes related to phenylpropanoid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, respectively. However, how suberin biosynthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level during potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber wound healing remains largely unknown. Here, 6 target genes and 15 transcription factors related to suberin biosynthesis in tuber wound healing were identified by RNA‐seq technology and qRT‐PCR. Dual luciferase and yeast one‐hybrid assays showed that StMYB168 activated the target genes StPAL, StOMT, and St4CL in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Meanwhile, StMYB24 and StMYB144 activated the target genes StLTP, StLACS, and StCYP in fatty acid metabolism, and StFHT involved in the assembly of SPP and SPA domains in both native and wound periderms. More importantly, virus‐induced gene silencing in S. tuberosum and transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana assays confirmed that StMYB168 regulates the biosynthesis of free phenolic acids, such as ferulic acid. Furthermore, StMYB24/144 regulated the accumulation of suberin monomers, such as ferulates, α, ω‐diacids, and ω‐hydroxy acids. In conclusion, StMYB24, StMYB144, and StMYB168 have an elaborate division of labor in regulating the synthesis of suberin during tuber wound healing. Significance Statement: Three MYBs enhance potato wound suberin synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Our findings shed light on the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in chickpea seed coats. Expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors CaLAP1 and CaLAP2 enhanced the anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins content in chickpea. The seed coat color is a major economic trait in leguminous crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are two classes of flavonoids that mainly contribute to the flower, seed coat and color of Desi chickpea cultivars. Throughout the land plant lineage, the accumulation of anthocyanins and PAs is regulated by MYB and bHLH transcription factors (TFs), which form an MBW (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) complex. Here, we report two R2R3-MYB TFs in chickpea belonging to the anthocyanin-specific subgroup-6, CaLAP1 (Legume Anthocyanin Production 1), and CaLAP2 (Legume Anthocyanin Production 2), which are mainly expressed in the flowers and developmental stages of the seeds. CaLAP1 and CaLAP2 interact with TT8-like CabHLH1 and WD40, forming the MBW complex, and bind to the promoter sequences of anthocyanin- and PA biosynthetic genes CaCHS6, CaDFR2, CaANS, and CaANR, leading to anthocyanins and PA accumulation in the seed coat of chickpea. Moreover, these CaLAPs partially complement the anthocyanin-deficient phenotype in the Arabidopsis thaliana sextuple mutant seedlings. Overexpression of CaLAPs in chickpea resulted in significantly higher expression of anthocyanin and PA biosynthetic genes leading to a darker seed coat color with higher accumulation of anthocyanin and PA. Our findings show that CaLAPs positively modulate anthocyanin and PA content in seed coats, which might influence plant development and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the early 1900s, Erwin Baur established Antirrhinum majus as a model system, identifying and characterising numerous flower colour variants. This included Picturatum/Eluta, which restricts the accumulation of magenta anthocyanin pigments, forming bullseye markings on the flower face.We identified the gene underlying the Eluta locus by transposon‐tagging, using an Antirrhinum line that spontaneously lost the nonsuppressive el phenotype. A candidate MYB repressor gene at this locus contained a CACTA transposable element. We subsequently identified plants where this element excised, reverting to a suppressive Eluta phenotype. El alleles inhibit expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, confirming it to be a regulatory locus. The modes of action of Eluta were investigated by generating stable transgenic tobacco lines, biolistic transformation of Antirrhinum petals and promoter activation/repression assays.Eluta competes with MYB activators for promoter cis‐elements, and also by titrating essential cofactors (bHLH proteins) to reduce transcription of target genes. Eluta restricts the pigmentation established by the R2R3‐MYB factors, Rosea and Venosa, with the greatest repression on those parts of the petals where Eluta is most highly expressed.Baur questioned the origin of heredity units determining flower colour variation in cultivated A. majus. Our findings support introgression from wild species into cultivated varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Most of kiwifruit cultivars (e.g. Actinidia chinensis cv. Donghong, "DH") were sensitive to waterlogging, thus, waterlogging resistant rootstocks (e.g. Actinidia valvata Dunn, "Dunn") were widely used for kiwifruit industry. Those different species provided ideal materials to understand the waterlogging responses in kiwifruit. Compared to the weaken growth and root activities in "DH", "Dunn" maintained the relative high root activities under the prolonged waterlogging. Based on comparative analysis, transcript levels of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDCs) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHs) showed significantly difference between these two species. Both PDCs and ADHs had been significantly increased by waterlogging in "DH", while they were only limitedly triggered by 2 days stress and subsided during the prolonged waterlogging in "Dunn". Thus, 19 differentially expressed transcript factors (DETFs) had been isolated using weighted gene co‐expression network analysis combined with transcriptomics and transcript levels of PDCs and ADHs in waterlogged "DH". Among these DETFs, dual luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated AcMYB68 could bind to and trigger the activity of AcPDC2 promoter. The stable over‐expression of AcMYB68 significantly up‐regulated the transcript levels of PDCs but inhibited the plant growth, especially the roots. Moreover, the enzyme activities of PDC in 35S::AcMYB68 were significantly enhanced during the waterlogging response than that in wild type plants. Most interestingly, comparative analysis indicated that the expression patterns of AcMYB68 and the previously characterized AcERF74/75 (the direct regulator on ADHs) either showed no responses (AcMYB68 and AcERF74) or very limited response (AcERF75) in "Dunn". Taken together, the restricted responses of AcMYB68 and AcERF74/75 in "Dunn" endow its waterlogging tolerance. Significance Statement: Comparative analysis on Actinidia chinensis cv. Donghong ("DH") and A. valvata Dunn ("Dunn") had been carried out, and found that the higher root activities in "Dunn" contributed to its tolerance to waterlogging stress. Based on transcriptome data, AcMYB68, AcERF74 and AcERF75 had been continuously triggered during waterlogging stress in "DH", while they either showed no responses (AcMYB68 and AcERF74) or very limited response (AcERF75) in "Dunn". A stable over‐expression of AcMYB68 significantly up‐regulated PDCs expression, and weakened the root activities and growth compared to wild type "DH" plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anthocyanins are important contributors to coloration across a wide phylogenetic range of plants. Biological functions of anthocyanins span from reproduction to protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Owing to a clearly visible phenotype of mutants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis and its sophisticated regulation have been studied in numerous plant species. Genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes are regulated by a transcription factor complex comprising MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins. Results: A systematic comparison of anthocyanin-pigmented vs. non-pigmented varieties was performed within numerous plant species covering the taxonomic diversity of flowering plants. The literature was screened for cases in which genetic factors causing anthocyanin loss were reported. Additionally, transcriptomic data sets from four previous studies were reanalyzed to determine the genes possibly responsible for color variation based on their expression pattern. The contribution of different structural and regulatory genes to the intraspecific pigmentation differences was quantified. Differences concerning transcription factors are by far the most frequent explanation for pigmentation differences observed between two varieties of the same species. Among the transcription factors in the analyzed cases, MYB genes are significantly more prone to account for pigmentation differences compared to bHLH or WD40 genes. Among the structural genes, DFR genes are most often associated with anthocyanin loss. Conclusions: These findings support previous assumptions about the susceptibility of transcriptional regulation to evolutionary changes and its importance for the evolution of novel coloration phenotypes. Our findings underline the particular significance of MYBs and their apparent prevalent role in the specificity of the MBW complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: DzMYB2 functions as an MYB activator, while DzMYB3 acts as an MYB repressor. They bind to promoters, interact with DzbHLH1, and influence phenolic contents, revealing their roles in phenylpropanoid regulation in durian pulps. Durian fruit has a high nutritional value attributed to its enriched bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins. While various transcription factors (TFs) regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) TFs have emerged as pivotal players in regulating key genes within this pathway. This study aimed to identify additional candidate MYB TFs from the transcriptome database of the Monthong cultivar at five developmental/postharvest ripening stages. Candidate transcriptional activators were discerned among MYBs upregulated during the ripe stage based on the positive correlation observed between flavonoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid contents in ripe durian pulps. Conversely, MYBs downregulated during the ripe stage were considered candidate repressors. This study focused on a candidate MYB activator (DzMYB2) and a candidate MYB repressor (DzMYB3) for functional characterization. LC–MS/MS analysis using Nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing DzMYB2 revealed increased phenolic compound contents compared with those in leaves expressing green fluorescence protein controls, while those transiently expressing DzMYB3 showed decreased phenolic compound contents. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that DzMYB2 controls phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in durian by regulating the promoters of various biosynthetic genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR). Meanwhile, DzMYB3 regulates the promoters of PAL, 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), CHS, and CHI, resulting in the activation and repression of gene expression. Moreover, it was discovered that DzMYB2 and DzMYB3 could bind to another TF, DzbHLH1, in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the pivotal role of MYB proteins in regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway in durian pulps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Water plays crucial roles in expeditious growth and osmotic stress of bamboo. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of water transport remains unclear.In this study, an aquaporin gene, PeTIP4‐3, was identified through a joint analysis of root pressure and transcriptomic data in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). PeTIP4‐3 was highly expressed in shoots, especially in the vascular bundle sheath cells. Overexpression of PeTIP4‐3 could increase drought and salt tolerance in transgenic yeast and rice.A co‐expression pattern of PeSAPK4, PeMYB99 and PeTIP4‐3 was revealed by WGCNA. PeMYB99 exhibited an ability to independently bind to and activate PeTIP4‐3, which augmented tolerance to drought and salt stress. PeSAPK4 could interact with and phosphorylate PeMYB99 in vivo and in vitro, wherein they synergistically accelerated PeTIP4‐3 transcription. Overexpression of PeMYB99 and PeSAPK4 also conferred drought and salt tolerance in transgenic rice.Further ABA treatment analysis indicated that PeSAPK4 enhanced water transport in response to stress via ABA signaling. Collectively, an ABA‐mediated cascade of PeSAPK4‐PeMYB99‐PeTIP4‐3 is proposed, which governs water transport in moso bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of red-skinned pear (Pyrus spp.) is primarily attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, which provide nutritional benefits for human health and are closely associated with the commercial value of fruits. Here, we reported the functional characterization of a R2R3-MYB repressor PyMYB107, which forms an 'activator-repressor' loop to control anthocyanin accumulation in the red-skinned pear. PyMYB107 overexpression inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in both pear calli and fruits, while virus-induced gene silencing of PyMYB107 increased anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PyMYB107 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in tomato, strawberry and tobacco. PyMYB107 can competitively bind to PybHLH3 with PyMYB10/MYB114, thereby suppressing the transcriptional activation of key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, PyANS and PyUFGT. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations within the R3 domain and EAR motif of PyMYB107 eliminated its repressive activity. Additionally, PyMYB107 exhibited a comparable expression pattern to PyMYB10/MYB114 and was transcriptionally activated by them. Our finding advanced comprehension of the repression mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation, providing valuable molecular insights into improving quality of pear fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepino (Solanum muricatum) is an herbaceous crop phylogenetically related to tomato and potato. Pepino fruit vary in color, size and shape, and are eaten fresh. In this study, we use pepino as a fruit model to understand the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling fruit quality. To identify the key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepino, two genotypes were studied that contrasted in foliar and fruit pigmentation. Anthocyanin profiles were analyzed, as well as the expression of genes that encode enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis and transcriptional regulators using both RNA-seq and quantitative PCR. The differential expression of the transcription factor genes R2R3 MYB SmuMYB113 and R3MYB SmuATV suggested their association with purple skin and foliage phenotype. Functional analysis of these genes in both tobacco and pepino showed that SmuMYB113 activates anthocyanins, while SmuATV suppresses anthocyanin accumulation. However, despite elevated expression in all tissues, SmuMYB113 does not significantly elevate flesh pigmentation, suggesting a strong repressive background in fruit flesh tissue. These results will aid understanding of the differential regulation controlling fruit quality aspects between skin and flesh in other fruiting species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrolysed tannins (HTs) are polyphenols, which are related to the astringency, flavour, colour, stability, medicinal value and other characteristics of many fruits and vegetables. The biosynthetic mechanism of the majority of HTs remains unknown, and many biosynthetic pathways of HTs are speculative conclusions that have not been confirmed. The fruit of Canarium album L. (Chinese olive), which is notable for its pharmacological and edible properties, is rich in HTs. The fruit has a distinctive bitter and astringent taste when initially consumed, which mellows to a sweet sensation upon chewing. HTs serve as the primary material basis for the formation of the Chinese olive fruit's astringent quality and pharmacological effects. In this study, the fruit of C. album Changying was utilised as the research material. The objective of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for the quality control of Chinese olive fruit and the application and development of its medicinal value. In addition, the study aimed to identify and screen related MYB transcription factors involved in the synthesis of HTs in the fruit and to clarify the mechanism of MYBs in the process of synthesis and regulation of HTs in Chinese olive fruit. The principal findings were as follows. A total of 83 differentially expressed Chinese olive MYB transcription factors (CaMYBs) were identified, including 54 1R-MYBs (MYB-related), 25 2R-MYBs (R2R3-MYBs), 3 3R-MYBs, and 1 4R-MYB. Through trend analysis and correlation analysis, it was found that CaMYBR04 (Isoform0032534) exhibited a significantly higher expression (FPKM) than the other CaMYBs. The full-length cDNA sequence of CaMYBR04 was cloned and transformed into strawberry. The results demonstrated that CaMYBR04 significantly enhanced the fruit's hydrolysable tannin content. Consequently, this study elucidated the function of CaMYBR04, a regulator of the Chinese olive fruit hydrolysable tannin synthesis pathway, and established a theoretical foundation for the synthesis and regulation of fruit HTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids are naturally occurring tetraterpenoids that play a key role in fruit coloration, and yellow peaches are one of the best sources of carotenoid intake. MYB transcription factors are one of the largest families in plants and play an important role in the regulation of plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, peach MYB family genes have not been fully analyzed, and in particular, MYBs that regulate carotenoid biosynthesis have not been fully characterized. In this study, 190 peach MYB genes, containing 68 1R-MYBs, 118 2R-MYBs, 3 3R-MYBs, and 1 4R-MYB, were identified at the genome level using bioinformatics methods. These 190 MYBs were classified into 27 subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis thaliana MYB family members, and they were unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. MYB genes of the same subfamily exhibit similar but not identical gene structures and conserved motifs. The promoter regions contain cis-acting elements associated with stress response, hormone response, and plant growth and development. There were 54 collinear pairs of MYB genes in the peach genome, compared with 233 and 221 collinear pairs with Rosa chinensis and Arabidopsis, respectively. Thirteen differentially expressed genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in yellow peach were identified by transcriptome sequencing and contained MYB binding sites on their promoters. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, we identified 13 PpMYBs that may be involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, and a correlation analysis revealed that they regulate carotenoid accumulation by positively or negatively regulating the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Further degradome sequencing screened that mdm-miR858 was able to target PpMYB17 and PpMYB126 involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. Our findings provide new insights into the potential role of MYB transcription factors in carotenoid biosynthesis and provide a theoretical basis for their molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enhancer reprogramming plays a significant role in the heterogeneity of cancer. However, we have limited knowledge about the impact of chromatin remodeling in B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL) patients, and how it affects tumorigenesis and drug response. Our research focuses on investigating the role of enhancers in sustaining oncogenic transformation in children with BCP-ALL. Methods: We used ATAC-seq to study the accessibility of chromatin in pediatric BCP-ALL at three different stages—onset, remission, and relapse. Using a combination of computational and experimental methods, we were able to analyze the accessibility landscape and focus on the most significant cis-regulatory sites. These sites were then functionally validated through the use of Promoter capture Hi-C in a primary cell line model called LAL-B, followed by RNA-seq and genomic deletion of target sites using CRISPR-Cas9 editing. Results: We found that enhancer activity changes during cancer progression and is mediated by the production of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). CRISPR-Cas9-mediated validation of previously unknown eRNA productive enhancers demonstrated their capability to control the oncogenic activities of the MYB and DCTD genes. Conclusions: Our findings directly support the notion that productive enhancer engagement is a crucial determinant of the BCP-ALL and highlight the potential of enhancers as therapeutic targets in pediatric BCP-ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal highly toxic to living organisms. Cd pollution of soils has become a serious problem worldwide, posing a severe threat to crop production and human health. When plants are poisoned by Cd, their growth and development are inhibited, chloroplasts are severely damaged, and respiration and photosynthesis are negatively affected. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie Cd tolerance in plants is important. Transcription factors can bind to specific plant cis-acting genes. Transcription factors are frequently reported to be involved in various signaling pathways involved in plant growth and development. Their role in the resistance to environmental stress factors, particularly Cd, should not be underestimated. The roles of several transcription factor families in the regulation of plant resistance to Cd stress have been widely demonstrated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of five major transcription factor families-WRKY, ERF, MYB, bHLH, and bZIP-in plant resistance to Cd stress to provide useful information for using molecular techniques to solve Cd pollution problems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to explore the regulatory effect of anserine on HUVEC cell injury and thrombosis in deep venous thrombosis (DVT) rats, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Non-targeted metabolomics data analyses were conducted using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography system Vanquish UHPLC and mass spectrometer to detect plasma metabolism profiles. The transcriptome sequencing and gene intervention experiments were performed to verify the regulatory effect. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of P-selectin, E-selectin, and vWF, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe thrombotic and inflammatory cell infiltration, flow cytometry and TUNEL assays were performed to detect apoptosis, and qPCR and WB assays were conducted to determine the gene and protein expression. Results: Anserine alleviated HUVECs injury, reduced adhesion molecule expression, and inflammation. It decreased P-selectin, E-selectin, vWF, THBD, TFPI levels, and apoptosis while promoting NOS3, ET-1, and NO release in HUVECs. In DVT rats, anserine reduced P-selectin, E-selectin, vWF, thrombosis, cell infiltration, apoptosis, and promoted NO release. Transcriptome sequencing and gene intervention confirmed anserine's regulation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and coagulation via MYB. CARNMT1, a regulatory enzyme for anserine metabolism, increased anserine content, inhibiting coagulation, thrombosis, cell infiltration, and promoting NO release in rats. Conclusion: This study confirmed anserine could alleviate DVT by improving the inflammatory response, inhibiting blood agglutination, and promoting vasodilation, providing new potential therapeutic targets, important scientific evidence for the development of DVT management, and new clues for an indepth understanding of its molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant cuticle controls non‐stomatal water loss and can serve as a barrier against biotic agents, whereas the heteropolymer suberin and its associated waxes are deposited constitutively at specific cell wall locations. While several transcription factors controlling cuticle formation have been identified, those involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin biosynthesis remain poorly characterized. The major goal of this study was to further analyse the function of the R2R3‐Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor AtMYB41 in formation of the cuticle, suberin, and suberin‐associated waxes throughout plant development.For functional analysis, the organ‐specific expression pattern of AtMYB41 was analysed and Atmyb41ge alleles were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These were investigated for root growth and water permeability upon stress. In addition, the fatty acid, wax, cutin, and suberin monomer composition of different organs was evaluated by gas chromatography.The characterization of Atmyb41ge mutants revealed that AtMYB41 negatively regulates the production of cuticular lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively. Remarkably, biochemical analyses indicate that AtMYB41 also positively regulates the formation of cuticular waxes in stems of Arabidopsis thaliana.Overall, these results suggest that the AtMYB41 acts as a negative regulator of cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively, but also as a positive regulator of wax production in A. thaliana stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora pathogens possess hundreds of effector genes that exhibit diverse expression patterns during infection, yet how the expression of effector genes is precisely regulated remains largely elusive. Previous studies have identified a few potential conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoters of Phytophthora effector genes. Here, we report a MYB‐related protein, PsMyb37, in Phytophthora sojae, the major causal agent of root and stem rot in soybean. Yeast one‐hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that PsMyb37 binds to the TACATGTA motif, the most prevalent TFBS in effector gene promoters. The knockout mutant of PsMyb37 exhibited significantly reduced virulence on soybean and was more sensitive to oxidative stress. Consistently, transcriptome analysis showed that numerous effector genes associated with suppressing plant immunity or scavenging reactive oxygen species were down‐regulated in the PsMyb37 knockout mutant during infection compared to the wild‐type P. sojae. Several promoters of effector genes were confirmed to drive the expression of luciferase in a reporter assay. These results demonstrate that a MYB‐related transcription factor contributes to the expression of effector genes in P. sojae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the Bartholin's gland (AdCC-BG) is a very rare gynecologic vulvar malignancy. AdCC-BGs are slow-growing but locally aggressive and are associated with high recurrence rates. Here we sought to characterize the molecular underpinning of AdCC-BGs. AdCC-BGs (n = 6) were subjected to a combination of RNA-sequencing, targeted DNA-sequencing, reverse-transcription PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and MYB immunohistochemistry (IHC). Clinicopathologic variables, somatic mutations, copy number alterations and chimeric transcripts were assessed. All six AdCC-BGs were biphasic, composed of ductal and myoepithelial cells. Akin to salivary gland and breast AdCCs, three AdCC-BGs had the MYB :: NFIB fusion gene with varying breakpoints, all of which were associated with MYB overexpression by IHC. Two AdCC-BGs were underpinned by MYBL1 fusion genes with different gene partners, including MYBL1 :: RAD51B and MYBL1 :: EWSR1 gene fusions, and showed MYB protein expression. Although the final AdCC-BG studied had MYB protein overexpression, no gene fusion was identified. AdCC-BGs harbored few additional somatic genetic alterations, and only few mutations in cancer-related genes were identified, including GNAQ , GNAS , KDM6A , AKT1 and BCL2 , none of which were recurrent. Two AdCC-BGs, both with a MYB :: NFIB fusion gene, developed metastatic disease. AdCC-BGs constitute a convergent phenotype, whereby activation of MYB or MYBL1 can be driven by the MYB :: NFIB fusion gene or MYBL1 rearrangements. Our observations further support the notion that AdCCs, irrespective of organ site, constitute a genotypic–phenotypic correlation. Assessment of MYB or MYBL1 rearrangements may be used as an ancillary marker for the diagnosis of AdCC-BGs. • Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland (AdCC-BG) is underpinned by MYB or MYBL1 fusion genes. • AdCC-BGs have few somatic genetic alterations in addition to the MYB/ MYBL1 fusion gene. • AdCC-BG constitutes a genotypic–phenotypic correlation. • MYB/ MYBL1 rearrangement assessment may be used as an ancillary marker for AdCC-BG diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees can be proactive in establishing good working relationships with their managers to enhance their own effectiveness. We propose that an important way that they can do so is by engaging in behaviors we refer to as "Managing Your Boss" (MYB) that involve employees taking the initiative to understand their managers' goals, needs, and working styles and adapt their job priorities and actions accordingly. We integrate theories on proactivity and followership to lay the conceptual foundation for the study of MYB. We underscore the conceptual distinctiveness of MYB from related constructs. Moreover, we propose that MYB can help employees improve their performance by enabling them to develop high quality leader-member exchanges (LMX) and argue that these effects are amplified in unstructured work environmentswhere jobs are not standardized orwhenmanagers fail to provide adequate task structure. Using 1313 working adults across a set of four studies and seven samples, we develop a validated measure of MYB, establish its nomological network, and demonstrate support for key elements of our theoretical model. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Larch, a prominent afforestation, and timber species in northeastern China, faces growth limitations due to drought. To further investigate the mechanism of larch’s drought resistance, we conducted full-length sequencing on embryonic callus subjected to PEG-simulated drought stress. The sequencing results revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily played roles in cellular activities and cell components, with molecular functions such as binding, catalytic activity, and transport activity. Furthermore, the DEGs showed significant enrichment in pathways related to protein processing, starch and sucrose metabolism, benzose-glucuronic acid interconversion, phenylpropyl biology, flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as nitrogen metabolism and alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism. Consequently, the transcription factor T_transcript_77027, which is involved in multiple pathways, was selected as a candidate gene for subsequent drought stress resistance tests. Under PEG-simulated drought stress, the LoMYB8 gene was induced and showed significantly upregulated expression compared to the control. Physiological indices demonstrated an improved drought resistance in the transgenic plants. After 48 h of PEG stress, the transcriptome sequencing results of the transiently transformed LoMYB8 plants and control plants exhibited that genes were significantly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Function analyses indicated for the enrichment of multiple KEGG pathways, including energy synthesis, metabolic pathways, antioxidant pathways, and other relevant processes. The pathways annotated by the differential metabolites mainly encompassed signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism.

Abstract Background The brown planthopper (BPH) is a kind of piercing-sucking insect specific to rice, with the damage tops the list of pathogens and insects in recent years. microRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators of plant–environment interactions, while the mechanism underlying their function against insects is largely unknown. Results Here, we confirmed that OsmiR319, an ancient and conserved miRNA, negatively regulated resistance to BPHs, with overexpression of OsmiR319 susceptible to BPH, while suppression of OsmiR319 resistant to BPH in comparison with wild type. Meanwhile, we identified several targets of OsmiR319 that may mediate BPH resistance. Among them, OsPCF5 was the most obviously induced by BPH feeding, and over expression of OsPCF5 was resistance to BPH. In addition, various biochemical assays verified that OsPCF5 interacted with several MYB proteins, such as OsMYB22, OsMYB30, and OsMYB30C.Genetically, we revealed that both OsMYB22 and OsMYB30C positively regulated BPH resistance. Genetic interaction analyses confirmed that OsMYB22 and OsMYB30C both function in the same genetic pathway with OsmiR319b to mediate BPH resistance. Conclusions Altogether, we revealed that OsPCF5 regulates BPH resistance via association with several MYB proteins downstream of OsmiR319, these MYB proteins might function as regulators of BPH resistance through regulating the phenylpropane synthesis.

Low temperatures affect flower development in rose (Rosa hybrida), increasing petaloid stamen number and reducing normal stamen number. We identified the low-temperature-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor RhMYB17, which is homologous to Arabidopsis MYB17 by similarity of protein sequences. RhMYB17 was up-regulated at low temperatures, and RhMYB17 transcripts accumulated in floral buds. Transient silencing of RhMYB17 by virus-induced gene silencing decreased petaloid stamen number and increased normal stamen number. According to the ABCDE model of floral organ identity, class A genes APETALA 1 (AP1) and AP2 contribute to sepal and petal formation. Transcription factor binding analysis identified RhMYB17 binding sites in the promoters of rose APETALA 2 (RhAP2) and APETALA 2-LIKE (RhAP2L). Yeast one-hybrid assays, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that RhMYB17 directly binds to the promoters of RhAP2 and RhAP2L , thereby activating their expression. RNA sequencing further demonstrated that RhMYB17 plays a pivotal role in regulating the expression of class A genes, and indirectly influences the expression of the class C gene. This study reveals a novel mechanism for the homeotic transformation of floral organs in response to low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larch, a prominent afforestation, and timber species in northeastern China, faces growth limitations due to drought. To further investigate the mechanism of larch's drought resistance, we conducted full-length sequencing on embryonic callus subjected to PEG-simulated drought stress. The sequencing results revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) primarily played roles in cellular activities and cell components, with molecular functions such as binding, catalytic activity, and transport activity. Furthermore, the DEGs showed significant enrichment in pathways related to protein processing, starch and sucrose metabolism, benzose-glucuronic acid interconversion, phenylpropyl biology, flavonoid biosynthesis, as well as nitrogen metabolism and alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid metabolism. Consequently, the transcription factor T_transcript_77027, which is involved in multiple pathways, was selected as a candidate gene for subsequent drought stress resistance tests. Under PEG-simulated drought stress, the LoMYB8 gene was induced and showed significantly upregulated expression compared to the control. Physiological indices demonstrated an improved drought resistance in the transgenic plants. After 48 h of PEG stress, the transcriptome sequencing results of the transiently transformed LoMYB8 plants and control plants exhibited that genes were significantly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Function analyses indicated for the enrichment of multiple KEGG pathways, including energy synthesis, metabolic pathways, antioxidant pathways, and other relevant processes. The pathways annotated by the differential metabolites mainly encompassed signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Leaves often turn red during senescence, providing us with a colorful life. Anthocyanin accumulation is the main cause of the coloration and its biosynthesis during leaf senescence is an important biological process, which might contain different mechanisms from other tissues. It is essential to understand the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence, which would provide new insight into leaf coloration and molecular breeding for more colorful plants in spring or autumn. In this review, we focused on leaf coloration during senescence. We emphatically discussed several networks linked to genetic, hormonal, environmental, and nutritional factors in regulating anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence. This paper aims to provide a regulatory model for leaf coloration and to put forward some prospects for future studies. Leaf senescence is the last stage of leaf development, and it is accompanied by a leaf color change. In some species, anthocyanins are accumulated during leaf senescence, which are vital indicators for both ornamental and commercial value. Therefore, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence, which would provide new insight into autumn coloration and molecular breeding for more colorful plants. Anthocyanin accumulation is a surprisingly complex process, and significant advances have been made in the past decades. In this review, we focused on leaf coloration during senescence. We emphatically discussed several networks linked to genetic, hormonal, environmental, and nutritional factors in regulating anthocyanin accumulation during leaf senescence. This paper aims to provide a regulatory model for leaf coloration and to put forward some prospects for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites like anthocyanins is often governed by metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) in the plant ancestral genome. However, the existence of gene clusters specifically regulating anthocyanin accumulation in certain organs is not well understood. Methods and results: In this study, we identify MGCs linked to the coloration of cotton reproductive organs, such as petals, spots, and fibers. Through genetic analysis and map-based cloning, we pinpointed key genes on chromosome A07, such as PCC/GhTT19, which is involved in anthocyanin transport, and GbBM and GhTT2-3A, which are associated with the regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate the coordinated control of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pathways, highlighting the evolutionary significance of MGCs in plant adaptation. The conservation of these clusters in cotton chromosome A07 across species underscores their importance in reproductive development and color variation. Our study sheds light on the complex biosynthesis and transport mechanisms for plant pigments, emphasizing the role of transcription factors and transport proteins in pigment accumulation. Discussion: This research offers insights into the genetic basis of color variation in cotton reproductive organs and the potential of MGCs to enhance our comprehension of plant secondary metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several MYB transcription factors have been identified as the regulators of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants. However, limited research has been conducted on the functional characterization of MYBs involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in cotton. In the present study, the MYB transcription factor gene GhTT2, which was differentially expressed in our previous study, was identified from a Gossypium hirsutum cultivar Zongxu 1. GhTT2 has a close genetic relationship with proanthocyanidin-related MYBs. Suppression of GhTT2 expression in cotton resulted in a significant reduction in proanthocyanidin content. Conversely, the overexpression of GhTT2 in Arabidopsis led to a substantial increase in proanthocyanidin abundance. Additionally, GhTT2-overexpresing Arabidopsis lines exhibited improved tolerance to osmotic stress compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, the transcription levels of osmotic stress response genes AtRD22 and AtMYB41, along with the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis structural gene AtBAN, exhibited significant upregulation in the seedlings of transgenic Arabidopsis compared with those in wild-type plants under the osmotic stress condition. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for comprehensively understanding the mechanisms by which MYB transcription factors regulate the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and their responses to stress in plants.Key message: A MYB transcription factor GhTT2 of Gossypium hirsutum functions as a positive regulator in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and has the potential to improve plant resistance to osmotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Protecting chromosome ends from misrecognition as double-stranded (ds) DNA breaks is fundamental to eukaryotic viability. The protein complex shelterin prevents a DNA damage response at mammalian telomeres. Mammalian shelterin proteins TRF1 and TRF2 and their homologs in yeast and protozoa protect telomeric dsDNA. N-terminal homodimerization and C-terminal Myb-domain-mediated dsDNA binding are two structural hallmarks of end protection by TRF homologs. Yet our understanding of how Caenorhabditis elegans protects its telomeric dsDNA is limited. Recently identified C. elegans proteins TEBP-1 (also called DTN-1) and TEBP-2 (also called DTN-2) are functional homologs of TRF proteins, but how they bind DNA and whether or how they dimerize is not known. TEBP-1 and TEBP-2 harbor three Myb-containing domains (MCDs) and no obvious dimerization domain. We demonstrate biochemically that only the third MCD binds DNA. We solve the X-ray crystal structure of TEBP-2 MCD3 with telomeric dsDNA to reveal the structural mechanism of telomeric dsDNA protection in C. elegans. Mutagenesis of the DNA-binding site of TEBP-1 and TEBP-2 compromises DNA binding in vitro, and increases DNA damage signaling, lengthens telomeres, and decreases brood size in vivo. Via an X-ray crystal structure, biochemical validation of the dimerization interface, and SEC-MALS analysis, we demonstrate that MCD1 and MCD2 form a composite dimerization module that facilitates not only TEBP-1 and TEBP-2 homodimerization but also heterodimerization. These findings provide fundamental insights into C. elegans telomeric dsDNA protection and highlight how different eukaryotes have evolved distinct strategies to solve the chromosome end protection problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence‐related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence‐related genes in avocado (Persea americana) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock. This study identified 226 MYB, 82 WRKY, and 174 AP2/ERF TF‐encoding genes in avocado, using a genome‐wide approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial sequence conservation within TF groups underscoring their functional significance. RNA‐sequencing analysis in a partially resistant and susceptible avocado rootstock infected with P. cinnamomi was indicative of an immune response switch occurring in either rootstock after 24 and 6 h post‐inoculation, respectively. Different clusters of co‐expressed TF genes were observed at these times, suggesting the activation of necrotroph‐related immune responses at varying intervals between the two rootstocks. This study aids our understanding of avocado immune response activation following P. cinnamomi infection, and the role of the TFs therein, elucidating the transcriptional reprogramming disparities between partially resistant and susceptible rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MYB gene family exerts significant influence over various biological processes and stress responses in plants. Despite this, a comprehensive analysis of this gene family in pumpkin remains absent. In this study, the MYB genes of Cucurbita moschata were identified and clustered into 33 groups (C1-33), with members of each group being highly conserved in terms of their motif composition. Furthermore, the distribution of 175 CmoMYB genes across all 20 chromosomes was found to be non-uniform. Examination of the promoter regions of these genes revealed the presence of cis-acting elements associated with phytohormone responses and abiotic/ biotic stress. Utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the expression patterns of 13 selected CmoMYB genes were validated, particularly in response to exogenous phytohormone exposure and various abiotic stressors, including ABA, SA, MeJA, and drought treatments. Expression analysis in different tissues showed that CmoMYB genes are expressed at different levels in different tissues, suggesting that they are functionally divergent in regulating growth and abiotic stresses. These results provide a basis for future studies to characterize the function of the MYB gene family under abiotic stresses in pumpkins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a pivotal abiotic stress factor with far-reaching consequences on global crop growth, yield, and quality and which includes strawberries. R2R3-MYB transcription factors encompass a range of roles in plant development and responses to abiotic stress. In this study, we identified that strawberry transcription factor FaMYB63 exhibited a significant upregulation in its expression under salt stress conditions. An analysis using yeast assay demonstrated that FaMYB63 exhibited the ability to activate transcriptional activity. Compared with those in the wild-type (WT) plants, the seed germination rate, root length, contents of chlorophyll and proline, and antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) were significantly higher in FaMYB63-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exposed to salt stress. Conversely, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were considerably lower. Additionally, the FaMYB63-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants displayed a substantially improved capacity to scavenge active oxygen. Furthermore, the activation of stress-related genes by FaMYB63 bolstered the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to salt stress. It was also established that FaMYB63 binds directly to the promoter of the salt overly sensitive gene SOS1, thereby activating its expression. These findings identified FaMYB63 as a possible and important regulator of salt stress tolerance in strawberries.Key message: FaMYB63 overexpression in Arabidopsis increases survival rate under salt stress. FaMYB63 enhances salt tolerance by ROS clearance, balance of osmotic adjustment, and the regulation of stress-responsive genes expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The brown planthopper (BPH) is a kind of piercing-sucking insect specific to rice, with the damage tops the list of pathogens and insects in recent years. microRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators of plant–environment interactions, while the mechanism underlying their function against insects is largely unknown. Results: Here, we confirmed that OsmiR319, an ancient and conserved miRNA, negatively regulated resistance to BPHs, with overexpression of OsmiR319 susceptible to BPH, while suppression of OsmiR319 resistant to BPH in comparison with wild type. Meanwhile, we identified several targets of OsmiR319 that may mediate BPH resistance. Among them, OsPCF5 was the most obviously induced by BPH feeding, and over expression of OsPCF5 was resistance to BPH. In addition, various biochemical assays verified that OsPCF5 interacted with several MYB proteins, such as OsMYB22, OsMYB30, and OsMYB30C.Genetically, we revealed that both OsMYB22 and OsMYB30C positively regulated BPH resistance. Genetic interaction analyses confirmed that OsMYB22 and OsMYB30C both function in the same genetic pathway with OsmiR319b to mediate BPH resistance. Conclusions: Altogether, we revealed that OsPCF5 regulates BPH resistance via association with several MYB proteins downstream of OsmiR319, these MYB proteins might function as regulators of BPH resistance through regulating the phenylpropane synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MYB protein is a pivotal player in the cellular transcriptional network, influencing major important processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Because of its role in oncogenesis, MYB is now a compelling target for therapeutic interventions in cancer research. This review summarizes its molecular functions and current therapeutic approaches aiming to inhibit its oncogenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent/metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, incurable disease. MYB is a putative oncogenic driver in ACC that is often overexpressed through an MYB‐NFIB rearrangement. The authors hypothesized that AKT inhibition with the allosteric inhibitor MK‐2206 could decrease MYB expression and induce tumor regression in patients with incurable ACC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01604772). Methods: Patients with progressive, incurable ACC were enrolled and received MK‐2206 150 mg weekly; escalation to 200 mg was allowed. The primary end point was confirmed response. Secondary end points were progression‐free survival, overall survival, and safety. An exploratory analysis evaluating the effect of MK‐2206 on MYB expression was conducted in a subset of patients. Results: Sixteen patients were enrolled, and 14 were evaluable for efficacy. No confirmed responses were observed. Thirteen patients had stable disease, and one had disease progression as their best response. The median progression‐free survival was 9.7 months (95% CI, 3.8–11.8 months), and the median overall survival was 18.0 months (95% CI, 11.8–29.9 months). Nine of 16 patients (56%) had at least one grade 3 treatment‐related adverse event, and the most common were rash (38%), fatigue (19%), decreased lymphocyte count (13%), and hyperglycemia (13%). Twelve of 14 tumors (86%) had detectable MYB expression by immunohistochemistry, and seven of 14 tumors (50%) had an MYB‐NFIB gene rearrangement. Serial biopsies revealed decreased MYB levels with MK‐2206 in four of five patients. Conclusions: MK‐2206 failed to induce clinical responses in patients with incurable ACC. AKT inhibition may diminish MYB protein levels, although the effect was highly variable among patients. Novel approaches to target MYB in ACC are needed. This phase 2 clinical trial demonstrated that the AKT inhibitor MK‐2206 failed to induce clinical responses in patients with recurrent/metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma. Tumor tissue analyses suggest that MK‐2206 treatment may have diminished intratumoral MYB protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Red Meat Honey Crisp (RMHC)' has been widely cultivated by growers in recent years due to its early maturity, and red meat type characteristics. As a bud variant of 'Super Red (SR)' peach, red flesh is the most distinctive characteristic of 'Red Meat Honey Crisp (RMHC)'. However, the mechanism of red flesh formation in 'RMHC' remains unclear. In this study, 79 differentially produced metabolites were identified by metabolomics analysis. The anthocyanin content in 'RMHC' was significantly higher than that in 'SR' during the same period, such as cyanidin O-syringic acid and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. Other flavonoids also increased during the formation of red flesh, including flavonols (6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-glucoside, hyperin), flavanols (protocatechuic acid, (+)-gallocatechin), and flavonoids (chrysoeriol 5-O-hexoside, tricetin). In addition, transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR showed that the expression levels of the flavonoid synthesis pathway transcription factor MYB75 and some structural genes, such as PpDFR, PpCHS, PpC4H, and PpLDOX increased significantly in 'RMHC'. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that MYB75 was localized to the nucleus. Yeast single hybridization assays showed that MYB75 bound to the cis-acting element CCGTTG of the PpDFR promoter region. The MYB75-PpDFR regulatory network was identified to be a key pathway in the reddening of 'RMHC' flesh. Moreover, this is the first study to describe the cause for red meat reddening in 'RMHC' compared to 'SR' peaches using transcriptomics, metabolomics and molecular methods. Our study identified a key transcription factor involved in the regulation of the flavonoid synthetic pathway and contributes to peach breeding-related efforts as well as the identification of genes involved in color formation in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]