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A new species of Diatrype (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales), D. genheensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Diatrype genheensis, from a fallen angiosperm branch in Inner Mongolia, is characterized by having 3–14 perithecia embedded within a stroma, polysporous asci and ascospores that are allantoid, slightly curved, aseptate and subhyaline. The phylogeny of Diatrypaceae was inferred from a combined dataset of ITS and β-tubulin sequences. The phylogenetic tree indicated that D. genheensis belongs to a clade with two other polysporous species, D. betulaceicola and D. larissae. In the phylogenetic trees, D. genheensis was clearly separated from other sampled species of Diatrype.

Two new species, Hypoxylon larissae and Hypoxylon jianfengense, are described and illustrated on the basis of a combination of morphological and molecular characters from China. Hypoxylon larissae was collected from southwest China (Yunnan province), while H. jianfengense was collected from southern China (Hainan province). Hypoxylon larissae is characterized by effused-pulvinate stromata, Orange (7) and Luteous (12) pigments extracted in 10% KOH and light brown to dark brown ascospores with straight germ slit. It is phylogenetically and morphologically closely related to H. fenderi. Hypoxylon jianfengense is distinguished by tubular to long tubular perithecia, Dark Green (21), Isabelline (65) and Dull Green (70) pigments extracted in 10% KOH and conspicuous coil-like perispore ornamentation. Hypoxylon jianfengense clustered with H. invadens and H. trugodes in a well-supported clade. Phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequences (ITS-LSU-RPB2-TUB2) support the recognition of the taxa as distinct.

We present a new three-dimensional test in terms of Jeans equations to the gravitational potential models of the Milky Way Galaxy (MW), based on the data with Gaia DR2 astrometry. Both the rotation curve and velocity dispersion data are used to discriminate the modified-gravity models such as quasi-linear MOND (QUMOND) and modified gravity (MOG), versus the cold dark matter (CDM) models of various prescribed parameters. We find that, given the current data -- precision within ~10km/s in rotation velocity and ~1km/s in velocity dispersion, and based on any set of the mass distribution parameters recently calibrated in the CDM context, both the two modified-gravity models and the fine-tuned CDM models are generally consistent with the data, except that MOG is beyond the 95 percent confidence level in a few cases of certain data or baryonic parameter sets. Our tests in terms of 3-integral Jeans equations, especially on the vertical direction (namely T_z), are sensitive to the density profile of the tracer; i.e., in turn, our methods can be used to place tight constraints on the mass profile of tracer stars in the future. But, no matter what a density profile of the tracers is used, QUMOND and CDM models work almost equivalently for most data and baryonic parameter sets. Because there is no free parameter in the QUMOND model and the baryonic parameters used by QUMOND are actually fine-tuned in the CDM context, this equivalence is intriguing and might be suggesting a deep causality between baryons and dark matter., 11 pages, 9 figures; Submitted to MNRAS

Hypoxylon jianfengense Hai X. Ma & Z. K. Song, sp.nov. (Fig. 3) MycoBank: MB839550, Facesoffungi number: FoF 09870. Etymology:��� In reference to the locality where the species was collected. Holotype: ��� CHINA. Hainan Province, Jianfengling National Natural Reserve, Mingfeng Valley, saprobic on decaying wood, 23 October 2020, Haixia Ma (FCATAS 845). Sexual state: ��� Stromata pulvinate to effused-pulvinate, continuous, with inconspicuous or slightly conspicuous perithecial mounds, 0.1���0.2 cm thick; surface Dark Brick (60), Livid Vinaceous (83) and Brown Vinaceous (84); yellowish-brown granules immediately beneath surface and between perithecia; yielding Dark Green (21), Isabelline (65) and Dull Green (70) pigments in 10% KOH; tissue below the perithecial layer inconspicuous, brown to black, woody to carbonaceous, 0.2���0.5 mm thick. Perithecia tubular to long tubular or obovoid, black, 0.2���0.3 mm broad �� 0.6���0.9 mm high. Ostioles umbilicate, encircled with black areas 87���198 ��m diam on stromatal surface, opening lower than stromatal surface. Asci cylindrical, with eight uniseriate ascospores, 69���161 ��m total length �� 5.5���7.7 ��m broad, the spore-bearing portion 60���83 ��m long and stipes (5���) 12���82 ��m long, with amyloid and discoid apical apparatus bluing in Melzer���s reagent, 0.7���1.2 ��m high �� 1.8���2.4 ��m broad. Ascospores smooth, light brown to dark brown, unicellular, inequilateral ellipsoid, with narrowly rounded ends, 10.3���13.6 �� (4.2���) 4.7���6.1 ��m (n=39, M=12.1 �� 5.5 ��m), with conspicuous straight germ slit spore-length on the convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH, with conspicuous coil-like ornamentation in SEM; epispore smooth. Asexual state:��� Undetermined. Additional specimens examined: ��� CHINA. Hainan Province, Jianfengling National Natural Reserve, Mingfeng Valley, on decaying wood, 23 October 2020, Hai X. Ma (FCATAS 847). Note: ���Despite the strong statistical support reflected on the phylogenetic relationships with H. invadens J. Fourn., this species exhibits conspicuous distinction in the teleomorph. The most striking feature of H. invadens is that its stromata grow on aborted primordia of Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.: Fr.) J. Kickx f. to form hemispherical stromata. In addition, H. jianfengense can be distinguished from H. invadens easily by its pulvinate to effused-pulvinate stromata and tubular to long tubular perithecia, while the latter has glomerate stromata and subglobose to obovoid perithecia (Fournier 2014). Furthermore, the first non-volatile secondary metabolites were isolated from H. invadens (Becker et al. 2020) and these seems to be a strong chemotaxonomic marker to separate other species. Morphologically, H. jianfenense resembles H. trugodes in obovoid, tubular, to long tubular perithecia. However, the latter differs by Pure yellow (14) or Amber (47) pigments extracted in the 10% KOH, smaller size of apical apparatus (0.3���0.8 ��m high �� 1.5���2 ��m broad) and ascospores (8���11 �� 3.5���4.5 ��m) (Ju & Rogers 1996)., Published as part of Song, Zikun, Pan, Xiaoyan, Li, Changtian, Ma, Hai-Xia & Li, Yu, 2022, Two new species of Hypoxylon (Hypoxylaceae) from China based on morphological and DNA sequence data analyses, pp. 213-224 in Phytotaxa 538 (3) on pages 220-221, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.538.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6336775, {"references":["Fournier, J. (2014) Two new species of Hypoxylon (Xylariaceae) from French Central Pyrenees occurring on Fagus sylvatica. Ascomycete. org 6: 53 - 60.","Becker, K., Lambert, C., Wieschhaus, J. & Stadler, M. (2020) Phylogenetic assignment of the fungicolous Hypoxylon invadens (Ascomycota, Xylariales) and investigation of its secondary metabolites. Microorganisms 8: 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / microorganisms 8091397","Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1996) A revision of the genus Hypoxylon. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota."]}

Hypoxylon larissae Hai X. Ma & Z. K. Song, sp.nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank: MB839549, Facesoffungi number: FoF 09871. Etymology: ���In reference to honour Russian mycologist Prof. Dr. Larissa N. Vasilyeva, who contributed to studies of pyrenomycetes. Holotype: ��� CHINA. Yunnan Province, Mopanshan National Forest Park, saprobic on dead wood, 10 November 2019, Haixia Ma (FCATAS 844). Sexual state: ��� Stromata effused-pulvinate with rounded margins, 1.2���5.9 cm long �� 0.3���1.3 cm broad �� 0.1���0.14 cm thick; with conspicuous perithecial mounds; surface Rust (39), Sienna (8), Fulvous (43), or Bay (6), distributed with tiny cracks; with orange-brown granules immediately beneath the surface and between perithecia; yielding Orange (7) and Luteous (12) pigments in 10% KOH; tissue below the perithecial layer inconspicuous, brown to black, homogeneous, 0.2���0.6 mm thick. Perithecia spherical to obovoid, black, 0.2���0.5 mm broad �� 0.3���0.7 mm high. Ostioles umbilicate, with colored coating worn off exposing encircled black areas 70���182 ��m diam on stromatal surface, opening lower than stromatal surface. Asci cylindrical, with eight uniseriate ascospores, 110���207 ��m total length �� 8.7���13.2 ��m broad, the spore-bearing portion 86���130 ��m long, and stipes 27���96 ��m long, with amyloid and discoid apical apparatus bluing in Melzer���s reagent, 1.4���2.3 ��m high �� 2.9���4.9 ��m broad. Ascospores smooth, light brown to dark brown, unicellular, inequilateral ellipsoid, with narrowly to slightly broad rounded ends, 15.5���22.9 (���23.6) �� 7.3���10.6 ��m (n=42, M=17.9 �� 9 ��m), with conspicuously straight germ slit spore-length on the convex side; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH, with inconspicuous to conspicuous coil-like ornamentation in SEM; epispore smooth. Asexual state:��� Undetermined. Additional specimens examined: ��� CHINA. Yunnan Province, Mopanshan National Forest Park, on dead wood, 10 November 2019, Hai X. Ma (FCATAS 846). Note: ��� Hypoxylon larissae is characterized by its effused-pulvinate stromata, conspicuous perithecial mounds, Orange (7) and Luteous (12) pigments extracted in 10% KOH, amyloid apical apparatus, light brown to dark brown ascospores with straight germ slit and perispore dehiscent. In both morphological and phylogenetic aspects, the new species seems to be very similar and close to H. fenderi (bootstrap value = 96%/87%/1; Fig. 1), which has both similar perithecia [obovoid, 0.2���0.4 (���0.5) mm broad �� 0.3���0.6 mm high] and KOH-extractable pigment Orange (7) (Ju & Rogers 1996). Hypoxylon fenderi was originally described from Venezuela, and commonly found throughout the tropics. It differs from H. larissae by having smaller apical apparatus (0.5���1.2 ��m high �� 1.8���2.5 ��m broad), smaller ascospores (9���12 �� 4���5.5 ��m) and sigmoid germ slit spore-length (Ju & Rogers 1996). Unfortunately, no molecular phylogenetic data have so far been generated for the holotype of H. fenderi. The work accomplished by Hsieh et al. (2005), Sir et al. (2019) and Cedeno et al. (2020) provided additional ITS, LSU, RPB 2 and TUB2 sequence data of the species from Mexico, USA and Panama respectively, was used in our phylogeny. Microscopically, H. larissae is also similar to H. diatrypeoides Rehm, both of which have the same size of ascospores with straight germ slit spore-length, perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH. However, the holotype of H. diatrypeoides from Brazil has restrictedly pulvinate stromata and bluing apical apparatus or not in Melzer���s reagent (Ju & Rogers 1996), while H. larissae has effused-pulvinate stromata and amyloid and discoid apical apparatus bluing in Melzer���s reagent. The phylogenetic analysis showed that H. larissae from China is distantly related to the clade of H. diatrypeoides from Mexico in the phylogram (Figure 1). The other specimen of H. diatrypeoides collected from New Zealand might be a different taxon, so our comparison was based on the type species of H. diatrypeoides., Published as part of Song, Zikun, Pan, Xiaoyan, Li, Changtian, Ma, Hai-Xia & Li, Yu, 2022, Two new species of Hypoxylon (Hypoxylaceae) from China based on morphological and DNA sequence data analyses, pp. 213-224 in Phytotaxa 538 (3) on pages 219-220, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.538.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6336775, {"references":["Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1996) A revision of the genus Hypoxylon. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota.","Hsieh, H., Ju, Y. M., Rogers, J. D., Hsieh, H. & Rogers, J. D. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and closely related genera. Mycologia 97: 844 - 865. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 15572536.2006.11832776","Sir, E. B., Becker, K., Lambert, C., Bills, G. F. & Kuhnert, E. (2019) Observations on Texas hypoxylons, including two new Hypoxylon species and widespread environmental isolates of the H. croceum complex identified by a polyphasic approach. Mycologia 11: 832 - 856. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2019.1637705","Cedeno - Sanchez, M., Wendt, L., Stadler, M. & Mejia, L. C. (2020) Three new species of Hypoxylon and new records of Xylariales from Panama. Mycosphere 11: 1457 - 1476. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 11 / 1 / 9"]}