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During COVID-19, blood demand exceeded pre-pandemic levels due to reduced donations, causing shortages. Given the severe shortage, it's crucial to optimise blood use, prevent shortages, minimise wastage, and reduce unnecessary transfusions in all hospitalised patients. Designing a reliable blood supply chain network (BSCN) is an effective solution, especially for COVID-19 patients. This strategic decision significantly impacts emergency management performance. An efficient and reliable blood supply chain requires the consideration of multiple factors, including scarceness and perishability of blood, simultaneously. However, existing studies have not addressed all relevant factors in an integrated blood supply chain, and this paper aims to bridge this gap. Furthermore, an efficient Benders Decomposition based heuristic approach is proposed to solve the model. The solution approach has been compared with a set of commonly used meta-heuristic algorithms, including the red deer algorithm (RDA), tree growth algorithm (TGA), and genetic algorithm (GA). The outcomes illustrate that the proposed heuristic approach can solve small and large-size problems in significantly less CPU time than the other proposed solution approaches. For large-size problems, it can reduce the average CPU time by about 80% compared to TGA, about 80% compared to GA, and about 83% compared to RDA. A real case study has been implemented to validate the proposed mathematical model and solution method. The sensitivity analysis has been conducted to validate the significance of the model's parameters; consequently, several managerial insights have been derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Institutions are pivotal in university governance, symbolizing stable organizational power reflective of governance capacity. The strategic organization of a university’s internal structures aims to align with its developmental goals. The effectiveness of these arrangements is evaluated by their congruence with the university’s characteristics and norms, aiming to enhance governance for growth and sustainability. Thus, the primary aim of this study is to determine whether this layout can strengthen the university’s governance ability, enhancing its prospects for survival and development. This study introduces a novel theoretical framework across the dimensions of time, space, and quantity, utilizing governance elements to assess the impact of institutional layouts on governance capabilities. Data were gathered through a self-developed survey questionnaire, with a total of 742 valid responses collected, and by employing a high-dimensional fixed-effects model, we found that the three-dimensional institutional layouts significantly impact governance capabilities, with effects varying by the institution’s affiliation. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis shows that university governance capabilities are also manifested through different configurations of governance elements under institutional layout, and are influenced by the responsiveness, collaboration, and expansion of the entire institutional system. Moreover, our analysis indicates a threshold effect in the tenure of institutional members, where both excessive and insufficient enthusiasm impact governance capabilities differently. This suggests the importance of a strategic institutional layout that aligns with the governance elements’ dynamics of timeliness, flexibility, distribution, and scarcity across time, space, and quantity. Achieving an optimal arrangement enhances the university’s governance efficiency significantly. In light of these findings, policy implications were proposed.

The teachers of mathematics education in China have gradually demonstrated the need for the systematic theory about mathematics education. However, the philosophy of mathematics education is biased towards the academic level, and there are few "readable materials" for direct application in practice. This paper prepares a curriculum system for the philosophy of mathematics education for normal students (the students of teaching universities). The purpose is to stimulate the discussion of the philosophy of mathematics education among the (future) mathematics teachers for practical guidance, to implant the necessary "genetic genes" for the benign development of mathematics education.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attentions due to their high-efficiency, simple preparation process and low-cost. The efficiency of the PSCs has increased from 3.8% to 25.7%. So far, more and more studies focus on n-i-p structured PSCs using SnO2 as electron transport layer. However, its process reproducibility is relatively poor, and efficiency is still low. This report conducted a systematic study of planar n-i-p PSCs, mainly including the selection of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass, optimization of preparation parameters and the influence of storage conditions on device performance. Experimental results show that these parameters have an important impact on the device performance. At the same time, it was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, absorption spectrum. The devices achieved an average efficiency of 21.85% and a highest efficiency of 23.47% with good reproducibility under the optimal conditions (Indium Tin oxide substrate, PbI2 annealed at 70 ℃ for 1 min, standing time after dropping amine salt solution is less than 5 s, and stored in 4.5% humidity environment). This work provides scientific support for the preparation of high-efficiency and repeatable PSCs.