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Abstract In this study, a temperature staged anaerobic treatment (TSAT) system featured by thermophilic reactor (R1)-mesophilic reactor (R2) co-digestion was introduced to treat PTA wastewater. The process was successively conducted at three organic loading rates (OLRs): 3.34, 4.45, 6.68 kg COD/(m³·d), respectively (OLRs were R1 basis). The results indicated that TSAT system was highly efficient in PTA wastewater treatment at OLR lower than 4.45 kg COD/(m³·d). Miseq sequencing analysis demonstrated that R1 and R2 were predominated by hydrogenotrophic Methanolinea and acetotrophic Methanosaeta , separately. In addition, TA06 , Caldisericia and Acetothermia associated groups were highly abundant in R1, whereas Chlorobiaceae and Syntrophobacteraceae were largely observed in R2. Tax4Fun analysis suggested that the important functional capabilities were significantly different between R1 and R2 (P < 0.05). The pathways related to aromatic compounds degradation mainly occurred in mesophilic stage, while the biosynthesis and metabolism pathways were more favored in thermophilic stage. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • TSAT system showed excellent capability on PTA wastewater treatment. • Microbiota promoting PTA wastewater treatment were determined in TSAT system. • Enzyme involved in aromatic compounds degradation process were analyzed. • Metabolic characteristics within the TSAT system were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Sleep quality may partially mediate the effect of personality on quality of life both in underground workers and surface workers. • The indirect effects of personality on quality of life mediated by sleep quality may be consistent in different working environment. • Mediation analysis was conducted by multi-group SEM with latent response variable method. • Strengthening understanding of the mechanisms connecting personality, sleep quality, and quality of life in coal miners. • Helping individuals with sleep issues and low QOL to get personalized interventions. Abstract The aim of this study was to examine whether the association between personality traits and quality of life (QOL) was mediated by sleep quality in coal miners and to explore whether the relationship between surface workers and underground workers was different. The cross-sectional study including 3090 coal mine workers aged 20 to 65 years from Shanxi province of China was conducted. Personality traits, QOL and sleep quality were respectively assessed using Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese, World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF, and sleep status questionnaire. The multi-group SEM with latent response variable method was conducted to evaluate the association between personality traits and QOL mediated by sleep quality. The difference of indirect effects between two subgroups was examined by Wald chi-square test. For surface workers, underground workers and overall sample, passive personality traits had a negative impact on QOL through poor sleep quality, whereas the active personality traits acted the opposite. However, the difference of indirect effect between two subgroups was not statistically significant. These results indicated that sleep quality may act as a partial mediator in the relationship between personality traits and QOL, and the relationship may not be affected by working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent years, thermophilic digestion was constantly focused owing to its various advantage over mesophilic digestion. Notably, the startup approach of thermophilic digester needs to be seriously considered as unsuitable startup ways may result in system inefficiency. In this study, one-step temperature increase startup strategy from 37 °C to 55 °C was applied to establish a thermophilic anaerobic system treating terephthalic acid (TA) contained wastewater, meanwhile, the archaeal and bacterial community compositions at steady periods of 37 °C and 55 °C during the experimental process was also compared using Illumina Miseq Sequencing. The process operation demonstrated that the thermophilic TA degradation system was successfully established at 55 °C with over 95% COD reduction. For archaea community, the elevation of operational temperature from 37 °C to 55 °C accordingly increase the enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens but decrease the abundance of the acetotrophic ones. While for bacterial community, the taxonomic analysis suggested that Syntrophorhabdus (27.40%) was the dominant genus promoting the efficient TA degradation under mesophilic condition, whereas OPB95 (24.99%) and TA06 (14.01%) related populations were largely observed and probably take some crucial role in TA degradation under thermophilic condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate long-term effect of cefalexin (CFX) on the performance of expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) system and microbial community structure, two 1.47 L EGSB reactors E1 and E2 were designed and run for 224 days treating with synthetic antibiotic wastewater. For the purpose of comparison, E1 was fed with synthetic antibiotic industry wastewater with CFX added as the test reactor, while, E2 was fed without any CFX added as the control reactor (E2). The addition of CFX resulted in the continual increasing of soluble COD (sCOD) and accumulation of VFAs in the effluent of E1 system. Besides, it was found that the accumulation of CFX by-products D-1, D-2 and D-3 was negative correlation with sCOD removal efficiency. Furthermore, the microbial community structures were also investigated. For the bacterial community, Gelria and Syntrophorhabdus which can ferment propionate and other organic pollutants as their substrate were obviously enriched in E1 system. For the archaea, there was more functional diversity in E1 system than in E2 system. Furthermore, fungi also played an important role on the removal of complex organics in E1 system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermophilic digestion usually has higher specific gas output and faster reaction rate, the temperature fluctuations of purified terephthalate (PTA) manufacturing wastewater from 45 °C to 90 °C makes PTA wastewater very suitable and favorable for thermophilic treatment. However, the startup way of thermophilic digester is very critical as unsuitable startup ways may lead to inefficiency of the system. In this study, the experimental temperatures were set at 37 °C, 43 °C and 52 °C respectively by step increase strategy in order to culture thermophilic microbial organisms involved in anaerobic TA degradation. The performance and microbial community profiles of PTA wastewater treatment system were investigated under different operational temperatures using 454-pyrosequencing approach. During the step temperature increase process, 37 °C was proved to be the most favorable operational temperature with a highest COD removal of 96.10(±1.58)%, but with undergoing 43 °C, COD removal decreased to 90.42(±2.65)%, and 52 °C seemed to be the worst as it achieved only 70.08(±5.46)% COD reduction. Step-wise temperature increase is tested not very appropriate to culture thermophilic microorganism for TA degradation as prospective. Furthermore, during startup stage, the predominant bacteria family shifted from Syntrophorhabdaceae (belonging to δ-proteobacteria) at 37 °C to Comamonadaceae (belonging to β-proteobacteria) at 43 °C and OPB95 (belonging to OP8) at 52 °C. For archaeal community, hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanobacteriaceae was predominant at all three temperatures, and it was proved to be most abundant at 37 °C compared with the other two temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To well understand the community structure and composition of mesophilic microorganisms in anaerobic system fed with PTA wastewater, an up-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor was continuously run at 33 and 37 °C for 75 and 60 days, respectively. Both fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and 454-pyrosequencing were applied to investigate the microbial distinction within mesophilic ranges. A preferable performance was achieved at 37 than 33 °C. The taxonomic complexities of two samples were further compared at phylum, class, and genus levels. Notably, microbial diversity differed a lot and the change of populations was observed mainly in the shared OTUs. Genus level analysis showed that when temperature was increased to 37 °C, the abundance of Thauera and Hydrogenophaga ( β-Proteobacteria) decreased by 93.75 and 61.47 %, respectively, whereas that of Syntrophorhabdus ( δ-Proteobacteria) increased from 4.93 to 16.01 %. Furthermore, the dominant archaeal Methanobacterium at both temperatures indicated the prevailing contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in mesophilic anaerobic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations, duplication and triplication of α-synuclein genes are linked to familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), and aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LB) is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The targeted overexpression of α-syn in the substantia nigra (SN) mediated by viral vectors may provide a better alternative to recapitulate the neurodegenerative features of PD. Therefore, we overexpressed human wild-type α-syn using rAAV2/1 vectors in the bilateral SN of mouse and examined the effects for up to 12 weeks. Delivery of rAAV-2/1-α-syn caused significant nigrostriatal degeneration including appearance of dystrophic striatal neurites, loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons and dissolving nigral neuron bodies in a time-dependent manner. In addition, the α-syn overexpressed mice also developed significant deficits in motor function at 12 weeks when the loss of DA neurons exceeded a threshold of 50%. To investigate the sensitivity to neurotoxins in mice overexpressing α-syn, we performed an MPTP treatment with the subacute regimen 8 weeks after rAAV injection. The impact of the combined genetic and environmental insults on DA neuronal loss, striatal dopamine depletion, dopamine turnover and motor dysfunction was markedly greater than that of either alone. Moreover, we observed increased phosphorylation (S129), accumulation and nuclear distribution of α-syn after the combined insults. In summary, these results reveal that the overexpressed α-syn induces progressive nigrostriatal degeneration and increases the susceptibility of DA neurons to MPTP. Therefore, the targeted overexpression of α-syn and the combination with environmental toxins may provide valuable models for understanding PD pathogenesis and developing related therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: α-Synuclein (α-syn), a 14 kDa pre-synaptic protein, is widely involved in the Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that the nuclear accumulation of α-syn might have a toxic effect. The main purpose of the present study was to explore which amino acid residues in α-syn are associated with its nuclear accumulation, the molecule(s) mediated the nuclear import of α-syn, and the role of α-syn accumulated in the nucleus. It has been noted that the nuclear import of α-syn may be mediated by importin α and that both the amino acid residues 1–60 and 103–140 of α-syn were indispensable for its nuclear import. After imported into the nucleus, the accumulated α-syn played a toxic role in both the PC12 cells and the C57 mice. Furthermore, α-syn-nuclear localization signal-injected mice showed behavioral symptoms associated with PD. Further studies performed in vitro showed that the toxicity of α-syn in the nucleus might be due to an interference of the cell cycle. Thus, it can be concluded that α-syn can accumulate in nucleus, which is mediated by importin α, and promote neurotoxicity by accelerating the cell cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that is widely implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies. Evidence suggests that α-syn could be imported into the nucleus and subsequently disrupt normal neuronal function. The existence of α-syn in the nucleus provides the possibility of interaction with DNA leading to gene transcript regulation. Thus, CD spectra were used to determine the specific DNA sequence with which α-syn is most likely to interact. Our results indicated that α-syn was prone to preferentially interact with the GC-box-like sequence in vitro at a ratio of 2:1 or less (α-syn: the GC-box-like sequence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tree shrew, a new experimental animal model, has been used to study a variety of diseases, especially diseases of the nervous system. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the gold standard for toxin-based animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) because MPTP treatment replicates almost all of the pathological hallmarks of PD. Therefore, in this study, the effects of MPTP on the motor function of the tree shrew were examined. After five daily injections of a 3 mg/kg dose of MPTP, the motor function of MPTP-injected tree shrews decreased significantly, and the classic Parkinsonian symptoms of action and resting tremor, bradykinesia, posture abnormalities, and gait instability were observed in most MPTP-injected tree shrews. HPLC results also showed significantly reduced striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in tree shrews after MPTP injection. Increased oxidative stress levels are usually considered to be the cause of dopaminergic neuron depletion in the presence of MPTP and were observed in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated tree shrews, as indicated by a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity and increased levels of malondialdehyde. In addition, elevated α-synuclein mRNA levels in the midbrain of MPTP-treated tree shrews were observed. Furthermore, MPTP-treated tree shrews showed the classic Parkinsonian symptoms at a lower MPTP dosage compared with other animal models. Thus, the MPTP-treated tree shrew may be a potential animal model for studying the pathogenesis of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that is widely implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinson''s disease (PD). Recently, four α-syn isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing have been described, they are α-syn140, α-syn126, α-syn112, and α-syn98. The stable cell lines which expressed the four α-syn isoforms respectively were obtained, and the aggregation formation of these α-syn isoforms and their associated toxicity to PC12 cell were investigated. The results of this study indicate that over-expression of α-syn isoforms alone in dopaminergic cells have no effect on the formation of α-syn oligomeric species and cell viabilities. When exposed to rotenone, these cell lines which over expressed exon 5-lacking form of α-syn isoforms showed the formation of oligomeric species and toxicity to PC12 cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The α-synuclein protein is a major component of Lewy bodies found in the brains of patients with Parkinson''s disease (PD). Recently, α-synuclein 98 (α-syn98), a small isoform of the wild type protein was isolated. The neurotoxicity of this protein was assessed by over-expressing α-syn98 in dopaminergic cells. Enhanced expression of α-syn98 was insufficient to adversely affect the survival of neurons or to promote aggregation of the protein. However, when exposed to rotenone, α-syn98 over-expressing dopaminergic cells demonstrated significantly increased cytotoxicity and aggregate formation. Furthermore, we found enhanced basal ROS production and MDA levels in α-syn98 over-expressing neurons. High basal oxidative stress induced by α-syn98, combined with oxidative stress caused by rotenone treatment, promoted aggregate formation and significantly decreased cell viability. These data indicate that α-syn98 can enhance the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative insults by raising steady-state levels of oxidative stress. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines the association of sleep quality with job burnout among Chinese coal mine staff. 3832 subjects were selected from a coal mine group located in Shanxi Province in China. Job burnout was evaluated by the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and sleep quality was acquired with a self-reported questionnaire. We used the inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity score to mimic the randomization and to minimize bias in estimations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the robustness of our findings. We identified that good sleep quality was significantly associated with lower risk of job burnout (OR: 0.70; 95%CI, 0.60 to 0.82, p = 6.02e-06), with 0.21 decrease in the score of exhaustion (95%CI,−0.29 to −0.12, p = 5.00e-06), and with 0.13 decrease in the score of cynicism (95%CI,−0.21 to −0.04, p = 3.73e-03). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the results were robust to the choice of estimation models, as well as unmeasured confounding. Stratification analysis demonstrated that the associations of sleep quality with job burnout were largely heterogeneous for male and female workers. This study implicated that good sleep quality benefits the workers in relief of job burnout. Further research may be warranted in support of a definite causal relationship and intervention strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several observational studies have investigated the association of insomnia with psychiatric disorders. Such studies yielded mixed results, and whether these associations are causal remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify the causal relationships between insomnia and five major psychiatric disorders. The analysis was implemented with six genome-wide association studies; one for insomnia and five for psychiatric disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder). A heterogeneity in dependent instrument (HEIDI) approach was used to remove the pleiotropic instruments, Mendelian randomization (MR)-Egger regression was adopted to test the validity of the screened instruments, and bidirectional generalized summary data-based MR was performed to estimate the causal relationships between insomnia and these major psychiatric disorders. We observed significant causal effects of insomnia on the risk of autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder, with odds ratios of 1.739 (95% confidence interval: 1.217–2.486, p = 0.002) and 1.786 (95% confidence interval: 1.396–2.285, p = 4.02 × 10−6), respectively. There was no convincing evidence of reverse causality for insomnia with these two disorders (p = 0.945 and 0.546, respectively). When insomnia was considered as either the exposure or outcome variable, causal estimates for the remaining three psychiatric disorders were not significant. Our results suggest a causal role of insomnia in autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Future disease models should include insomnia as a factor for these two disorders to develop effective interventions. More detailed mechanism studies may also be inspired by this causal inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to explore the pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in non‐laying hens after a single oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) dose, both at 5 mg/kg body weight (BW). Eighteen 13‐week‐old healthy hens were equally and randomly divided into two groups. After both doses, blood samples (approximately 1 ml) were collected at different time points. Danofloxacin concentrations were quantified by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method followed by a non‐compartmental analysis using the software of WinNonLin. The elimination half‐lives (t1/2λzs) after PO and IV routes were determined as 8.15 ± 3.37 and 7.69 ± 3.40 h, respectively. After IV administration, danofloxacin had an initial concentration (C0) of 3.62 μg/ml, a volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) of 3579.72 ± 454.29 ml/kg, and a total body clearance (Cl) of 0.49 ml/h/g. After PO administration, the absolute bioavailability and absorption half‐life (t1/2ka) were calculated as 100.99% ± 23.10% and 0.82 ± 0.58 h, respectively. Based on the calculated ratio values of AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC, an oral dose of 5 mg/kg danofloxacin would be expected to successfully treat hens infected with strains with MIC values ≤0.1 μg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uric acid metabolism pathway is more similar in primates and humans than in rodents. However, there are no reports of using primates to establish animal models of hyperuricaemia (HUA). To establish an animal model highly related to HUA in humans. Inosine (75, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 5/group). Blood samples were collected over 8 h, and serum uric acid (SUA) level was determined using commercial assay kits. XO and PNP expression in the liver and URAT1, OAT4 and ABCG2 expression in the kidneys were examined by qPCR and Western blotting to assess the effects of inosine on purine and uric acid metabolism. The validity of the acute HUA model was assessed using ulodesine, allopurinol and febuxostat. Inosine (200 mg/kg) effectively increased the SUA level in rhesus monkeys from 51.77 ± 14.48 at 0 h to 178.32 ± 14.47 μmol/L within 30 min and to peak levels (201.41 ± 42.73 μmol/L) at 1 h. PNP mRNA level was increased, whereas XO mRNA and protein levels in the liver were decreased by the inosine group compared with those in the control group. No changes in mRNA and protein levels of the renal uric acid transporter were observed. Ulodesine, allopurinol and febuxostat eliminated the inosine-induced elevation in SUA in tested monkeys. An acute HUA animal model with high reproducibility was induced; it can be applied to evaluate new anti-HUA drugs in vivo and explore the disease pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Chinese tree shrew (TS) has many unique advantages that make it suitable for use as an experimental animal model for human disease including moderate body size, low cost of feeding, short reproductive cycle and lifespan, and close phylogenetic relationship to primates. Our previous studies have shown that TS treated with the mitochondrial inhibitor MPTP displayed classic Parkinsonian symptoms. Additionally, the structure of TS alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is highly homologous to that found in humans. Previous studies have concluded that misfolded, fibrillar α-syn is a hallmark of α-synucleinopathies. In this study, we examined the distribution and expression levels of α-syn in different TS brain regions. We also obtained recombinant TS α-syn protein to study its aggregation and cytotoxic properties in primary neurons. Our results showed that α-syn was expressed in numerous different brain regions in TS but was most abundant in the hippocampus and midbrain. The recombinant α-syn of TS displayed straight fibrils when incubated for 72 h in vitro , which is very similar to human α-syn. When exposed to primary neurons, the TS and human α-syn fibrils led to cytotoxicity and Lewy-like pathology. Our findings indicated that TS could be a potential animal model to study the pathology of α-synucleinopathies. Highlights • α-syn was most abundantly expressed in the hippocampus and midbrain in the tree shrew. • TS α-syn aggregated into straight fibrils, similar to human α-syn. • TS and human α-syn fibrils lead to primary neuron toxicity and Lewy-like pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disease. Abnormal α-synuclein protein aggregate and sustained microglia activation contribute to the pathogenic processes of PD. However, the relationship between α-synuclein and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains unclear. We purified α-synuclein after overexpression in Escherichia coli and then used it to stimulate BV-2 cells or primary microglia cells from wild type or toll - like receptor 4 (TLR4)-defective mice. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR results confirmed that α-synuclein could enhance the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) through TLR4 activation. Western blotting results confirmed the involvement of the TLR4/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signal pathway in the inflammatory response. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) could translocate to the nucleus, promoting the expression of TNF-α when stimulated by α-synuclein in BV-2 cells. Nurr1 suppressed the production of TNF-α via interaction with NF-κB/p65 and inhibiting its nuclear translocation. In addition, both NF-κB and Nurr1 appeared to be regulated by the TLR4-mediated signal pathway. Our work demonstrated that TLR4 recognized α-synuclein and activated downstream signaling mechanisms leading to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators that are contra-balanced by Nurr1 expression. In conclusion, Nurr1 is a novel participant in the neuroinflammation stimulated by α-synuclein, thus the regulation of Nurr1 may be a novel neuroprotective target for PD treatment. Highlights • α-Synuclein enhanced the production of TNF-α through TLR4 activation. • TLR4/PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signal pathway is involved in the inflammatory response. • α-Synuclein induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65 in BV-2 cells. • Nurr1 may suppress the production of TNF-α via interaction with NF-κB/p65. • Both NF-κB and Nurr1 are regulated by the TLR4-mediated signal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report cryoglobulinaemia (CG) in a rhesus macaque whose serum sample was gel-like at <37°C and resolubilised upon warming. Mixed CG was diagnosed using serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis. Renal damage and arthrophyma were observed during necropsy. This is the first report of CG in a non-human primate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously reported that 20C, a bibenzyl compound isolated from Gastrodia elata , possesses antioxidative properties, but its in-depth molecular mechanisms against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. Recent studies indicate that without intact DJ-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) protein becomes unstable, and the activity of Nrf2-mediated downstream antioxidant enzymes are thereby suppressed. In this study, we showed that 20C clearly protected PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells against rotenone-induced oxidative injury. Furthermore, 20C markedly up-regulated the levels of DJ-1, which in turn activated phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation, eventually promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and induced the expression of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). The antioxidant effects of 20C could be partially blocked by ShRNA-mediated knockdown of DJ-1 and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathways with Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor, respectively. Conclusively, our findings confirm that DJ-1 is necessary for 20C-mediated protection against rotenone-induced oxidative damage, at least in part, by activating PI3K/Akt signaling, and subsequently enhancing the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. The findings from our investigation suggest that 20C should be developed as a novel candidate for alleviating the consequences of PD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to explore the residue depletion of danofloxacin in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) reared in fresh water at 17.8 ± 0.7 °C after oral administration at 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) daily for five consecutive days. Different samples, including plasma, bile, skin-on muscle, liver, kidney, gill, and intestine, were collected at 1, 4, 8, 12 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 d after the last administration, and danofloxacin concentrations in all collected samples were quantified by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Danofloxacin is widely distributed in carp and can be detected in all tissues. The highest concentration (C max = 8.149 μg/ml) was observed in the bile. A multi-peak phenomenon was observed for the absorption and distribution of danofloxacin during the period of 0–24 h following the final administration. However, after 24 h, drug concentrations in each tissue gradually decreased. On the 13th day (312 h) following the last dosing, drug residues were still detected in other tissues except for plasma and muscle plus skin. The non-compartment model was used to determine the pharmacokinetic values. And the elimination half-life (t 1/2λz) of danofloxacin in different samples from fast to slow was muscle plus skin (47.89 h), plasma (59.11 h), kidney (63.54 h), gill (104.61 h), intestine (106.25 h), liver (109.43 h), and bile (170.24 h). Considering a maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.1 μg/g for danofloxacin in the muscle plus skin, a withdrawal time was finally determined as 10 days based on the upper limit of the one-sided 95% confidence interval. • The residue depletion of danofloxacin in Yellow River carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) was studied for the first time. • All collected tissues showed multiple concentration peaks at the absorption stage. • Danofloxacin had the highest concentrations and the longest elimination half-life in bile. • The enterohepatic circulation and bile excretion were shown for danofloxacin in Yellow river carp after oral administration. • The withdrawal time following oral administration at 10 mg/kg per day for five consecutive days was determined as 162 °C-day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the organics removal and microbial community dynamics in accordance with variable amoxicillin (AMX) concentrations, a 1.47 L expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was designed and operated for 241 days treating with artificial antibiotic wastewater. Furthermore, microbiological community dynamics with increasing AMX concentrations were also investigated using clone libraries and the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. AMX concentration in the reactor was controlled at 19.2 mg L −1 at first and then gradually increased to around 241.7 mg L −1 from the day 146 to 241. COD and AMX removal efficiencies reached to 85% and 80%, respectively. And T-RFLP results showed that the microbial community structure in the reactor changed with the increased AMX concentrations. Especially for bacteria, T-RFs of 486, 482, 166, 160 and 88 bp were dominant at all stages, whereas abundance of T-RFs 91, 163 and 170 bp showed remarkable changes. Besides, clone results combined with T-RFLP showed Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Cloacimonetes, Ignavibacteriae and Thermotogae were most dominant bacterial groups in the system and some geneses were also expected to be responsible for the degradation of AMX. For achaea, its community structure (T-RFs of 96, 122 bp) kept stable in all the stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on Mo-polyoxometalates and N-heterocycle templates, namely [Ag3(DIE)6][Mo12O36·ClO4]2·Cl (1), and [(IM)4NH4] [Mo12O36·ClO4] (2) [DIE = 1,2-diimidazoloethane, IM = imidazole] have been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 possess the classical keggin-type heteropolyoxoanion with Cl as the center atom, and this is the first case. IR spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis were performed to further characterize these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Cerebral ischemic injury is associated with the induction of a series of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. The chemokine-like factor 1(CKLF1), as a novel human cytokine, displays chemotactic activities in a wide spectrum of leukocytes. The present study was conducted to determine if CKLF1 was produced in the brain of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (TMCAO). Therefore, RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were utilized to characterize the expression of CKLF1 at different times after TMCAO. The result showed that almost no expression of CKLF1 was found in the sham-operated or contralateral cerebral cortex and hippocampus. CKLF1 expression significantly increased in the ischemic cerebral cortex and hippocampus, elevating at 12h and peaking at 2 days after reperfusion. CKLF1 positive staining was mainly present in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that the expression of CKLF1 increases after focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Thus, CKLF1 may be a potential therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]