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Gene duplications have long been recognized as a driving force in the evolution of genes, giving rise to novel functions. The soybean (Glycine max) genome is characterized by a large number of duplicated genes. However, the extent and mechanisms of functional divergence among these duplicated genes in soybean remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that 4 MYB genes (GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, GmMYBA1, and Glyma.09g235000)—presumably generated by tandem duplication specifically in the Phaseoleae lineage—exhibited a stronger purifying selection in soybean compared to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). To gain insights into the diverse functions of these tandemly duplicated MYB genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, we examined the expression, transcriptional activity, induced metabolites, and evolutionary history of these 4 MYB genes. Our data revealed that Glyma.09g235000 is a pseudogene, while the remaining 3 MYB genes exhibit strong transcriptional activation activity, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis in different soybean tissues. GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, and GmMYBA1 induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulating the expression of anthocyanin pathway-related genes. Notably, GmMYBA5 showed a lower capacity for gene induction compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1. Metabolomics analysis further demonstrated that GmMYBA5 induced distinct anthocyanin accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1, suggesting their functional divergence leading to the accumulation of different metabolites accumulation following gene duplication. Together, our data provide evidence of functional divergence within the MYB gene cluster following tandem duplication, which sheds light on the potential evolutionary directions of gene duplications during legume evolution. Tandemly duplicated MYB genes in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis exhibit functional divergence and a strong purifying selection in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with a variety of adverse maternal and infant outcomes. However, reports of its associations with early infant neurodevelopment are limited and the mechanisms of this association have not been elucidated. Maternal–fetal glucose metabolism has been shown to be associated with infant neurodevelopmental. The objective of this study was to determine whether this metabolism plays a role in the relationship between IPI and neurodevelopment. Methods: This prospective birth cohort study included 2599 mother-infant pairs. The IPI was calculated by subtracting the gestational age of the current pregnancy from the interval at the end of the previous pregnancy. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months in infants were assessed by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire Edition 3 (ASQ-3). Maternal fasting venous blood was collected at 24–28 weeks and cord blood was collected at delivery. The association between IPI and neurodevelopment was determined by logistic regression. Mediation and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Results: In our cohort, 14.0% had an IPI < 12 months. IPI < 12 months increased the failure of the communication domain, fine motor domain, and personal social domain of the ASQ (relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73 [1.11,2.70]; 1.73 [1.10,2.72]; 1.51 [1.00,2.29]). Maternal homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and cord blood C-peptide was significantly associated with failure in the communication domain [RRs with 95% CI: 1.15 (1.02, 1.31); 2.15 (1.26, 3.67)]. The proportion of the association between IPI and failure of the communication domain risk mediated by maternal HOMA-IR and cord blood C-peptide was 14.4%. Conclusions: IPI < 12 months was associated with failing the communication domain in infants. Maternal–fetal glucose metabolism abnormality may partially explain the risk of neurodevelopmental delay caused by short IPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear properties of the low-frequency shear Alfvén waves such as those associated with the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs) and the low-frequency modes observed in reversed-magnetic-shear DIII-D discharges [W. Heidbrink et al., Nucl. Fusion 61, 066031 (2021)] are theoretically investigated and delineated based on the theoretical framework of the general fishbone-like dispersion relation (GFLDR). By adopting representative experimental equilibrium profiles, it is found that, even though both modes are predominantly of Alfvénic polarization, the low-frequency mode is a reactive unstable mode with weak coupling to the energetic particles, while the BAE involves a dissipative instability due to resonant excitation by the energetic ions. Thus, the low-frequency mode is more appropriately called a low-frequency Alfvén mode (LFAM). Moreover, the ascending frequency spectrum patterns of the experimentally observed BAEs and LFAMs can be theoretically reproduced by varying qmin and also be well interpreted based on the GFLDR. The present analysis illustrates the solid predictive capability of the GFLDR and its practical usefulness in enhancing the interpretative capability of both experimental and numerical simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical and numerical studies of the two-dimensional (2D) global stability and mode structures of high-n beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes excited by magnetically trapped energetic electrons in tokamaks are carried out by employing the WKB-ballooning mode representation along with the generalized fishbone-like dispersion relation. Depending on parameter regimes, it is found that (i) the mode growth rate has a maximum with increasing energetic electron density at the ground radial eigenstate; (ii) the ground and excited radial eigenstates can be unstable simultaneously, and the most unstable mode is related not only to the pressure gradient of energetic electrons, but also to the width of the mode itself; (iii) the corresponding 2D mode structures are twisted due to the anti-Hermitian contribution from wave-energetic electron interaction and show opposite deformation directions compared with that in the presence of energetic ions; and (iv) the mode structures, especially, the mode width and its radial asymmetry, can be affected by radial eigen-mode number, energetic electron density, and magnetic shear. Finally, the radial symmetry breaking of the localized e-BAE mode structure with respect to parallel wave-number has a potential impact on toroidal momentum transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the biocompatibility and macrophage targeting of natural polysaccharides, combined with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis (UC), we prepare dexamethasone (Dex)-loaded oral colon-targeted nano-in-micro drug delivery systems coated with multilayers of chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and finally Eudragit S100 (ECHCD MPs) using a layer-by-layer coating technique for UC treatment through regulating the M1/M2 polarization of intestinal macrophages. HA/CS/Dex nanoparticles (HCD NPs) are ingested by macrophages via CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis to regulate M1-to-M2 macrophage polarization and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, ECHCD MPs show better colon-targeting properties than Dex-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CD NPs) and HCD NPs which is demonstrated by stronger mucoadhesion to inflamed colon tissues. After oral administration, ECHCD MPs exert significant anti-UC effects. Therefore, ECHCD MPs are proven to be as promising oral colon-targeting drug delivery systems for Dex and have potential application in UC treatment. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CO 2 reduction on clean and Sn doped Cu (111) with water presence is studied by DFT. • Favorable CO 2 reduction pathways towards HCOOH and CH 3 OH production are determined. • Sn-doped Cu (111) promotes CH 3 OH formation kinetics in the presence of water. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) electrochemical reduction is an important technique for CO 2 utilization. Sn-doped Cu-based catalysts usually shows good activity for CO 2 reduction reaction. However, the effect of Sn-dopant in the presence of water solvent is rarely studied. This is critical because CO 2 electrochemical reduction occurs at catalyst/electrolyte interface. In this work, H-shuttling and water-solvated solvent models are considered, and the mechanism of HCOOH and CH 3 OH production through CO 2 reduction on clean and Sn doped Cu(111) surfaces in presence of H 2 O is systematically investigated by density functional theory calculations. The results show that, in presence of H 2 O molecule, the rate-limiting step toward CH 3 OH production is found to be the reduction of CO 2 into COOH on both the Cu(111) and Sn@Cu(111) surfaces. However, the addition of Sn lowers the activation barrier of this rate control step, and thus makes Sn@Cu(111) more conductive to the formation of CH 3 OH. Also, the calculations also show that Sn doping exhibits no significant effect on the formation of HCOOH. The result provides a deep insight on the Sn doped Cu-based catalyst for CO 2 electrochemical reduction reaction. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-induced preferential migration of electrons and holes to the minor (200) and (020) facets and the dominant (002) facets of square-like WO3, respectively, resulted in the square-like WO3 nanoplates with Pt loaded mainly on dominant (002) facets shows higher photocatalytic activity than that Pt loaded on the minor facets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium has been widely used as a bone implant material due to its high mechanical strength and good biocompatibility. However, implant-related infections and insufficient osteogenic activity can lead to implant failure or delay patient recovery. With this in mind, we fabricated one multifunctional implant coating material, PDA-NOate@CuS. In the as-developed material, CuS, deposited in the outermost layer, not only significantly improved the photothermal properties of polydopamine (PDA), but also released Cu ions to effectively prevent bacterial adhesion. The NO-donor (NOate) under near-infrared irradiation generated NO which strengthened the antibacterial effect of materials. The in vitro antibacterial experiments proved that PDA-NOate@CuS displayed an excellent S. aureus and E. coli inhibitory effect. MC3T3-E1 cell experiment results showed that PDA-NOate@CuS promoted cell adhesion, growth and mineralization. Moreover, the in vivo study demonstrated that a titanium implant coated with Ti@PDA-NOate/CuS markedly enhanced osseointegration and inhibited infection, with good biocompatibility. The present study paves the way for developing novel materials for implant modification, which would benefit the treatment of orthopedic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Seed morphology and quality of cultivated soybean (Glycine max) have changed dramatically during domestication from their wild relatives, but their relationship to selection is poorly understood. Here, we describe a semi‐dominant locus, ST1 (Seed Thickness 1), affecting seed thickness and encoding a UDP‐D‐glucuronate 4‐epimerase, which catalyses UDP‐galacturonic acid production and promotes pectin biosynthesis. Interestingly, this morphological change concurrently boosted seed oil content, which, along with up‐regulation of glycolysis biosynthesis modulated by ST1, enabled soybean to become a staple oil crop. Strikingly, ST1 and an inversion controlling seed coat colour formed part of a single selective sweep. Structural variation analysis of the region surrounding ST1 shows that the critical mutation in ST1 existed in earlier wild relatives of soybean and the region containing ST1 subsequently underwent an inversion, which was followed by successive selection for both traits through hitchhiking during selection for seed coat colour. Together, these results provide direct evidence that simultaneously variation for seed morphology and quality occurred earlier than variation for seed coat colour during soybean domestication. The identification of ST1 thus sheds light on a crucial phase of human empirical selection in soybeans and provides evidence that our ancestors improved soybean based on taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male‐sterile plants are used in hybrid breeding to improve yield in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Developing the capability to alter fertility under different environmental conditions could broaden germplasm resources and simplify hybrid production. However, molecular mechanisms potentially underlying such a system in soybean were unclear. Here, using positional cloning, we identified a gene, MALE STERILITY 3 (MS3), which encodes a nuclear‐localized protein containing a plant homeodomain (PHD)‐finger domain. A spontaneous mutation in ms3 causing premature termination of MS3 translation and partial loss of the PHD‐finger. Transgenetic analysis indicated that MS3 knockout resulted in nonfunctional pollen and no self‐pollinated pods, and RNA‐seq analysis revealed that MS3 affects the expression of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Strikingly, the fertility of mutant ms3 can restore under long‐d conditions. The mutant could thus be used to create a new, more stable photoperiod‐sensitive genic male sterility line for two‐line hybrid seed production, with significant impact on hybrid breeding and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean seed appearance quality greatly affects the marketability. The objective of this study was to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the appearance quality of soybean seeds. A total of 256 recombinant inbred lines from Qi Huang No.34 × Ji Dou No.17 were utilized for QTL mapping. We innovatively applied a machine vision system to quantify the seed appearance of each line. As a result of QTL mapping, a total of 145 QTLs for the machine vision parameters were detected across three environments. We integrated QTLs mapped overlapped and obtained 16 QTL hotspots in total. Of these hotspots, hotspot-4–1 was suggested to be a major locus controlling seed size, and hotspot-15 was identified to affect the seed color and texture. The mapping for principal components of the seed appearance also supported it. This study comprehensively dug up the QTLs for seed appearance quality of soybean cultivars while providing an efficient method for phenotyping of seed appearance. These results would contribute to dissecting the genetic bases of seed appearance quality for the improvement of soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that plays key roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Interestingly, LCN2 appears to have a contradictory function in developing lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Thus, we intend to explore the role of LCN2 in LUAD through bioinformatics and experimental validation. LCN2 expression of LUAD was investigated in the TCGA, TIMER and HPA databases. The relationship between LCN2 and prognosis was investigated by KM plotter, TCGA and GEO databases. GO, KEGG and protein-protein interactions network analysis were conducted to investigate the potential mechanism of LCN2. The relevance of LCN2 to cancer-immune infiltrates was investigated in the TCGA and TIMER databases. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to identify the expression level of LCN2 in cells and serum samples. The CCK-8, wound healing and transwell assay were used to confirm the effect of LCN2 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion in LUAD. The receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to assess the diagnostic efficiency of LCN2 further. LCN2 expression was significantly upregulated in LUAD (P < 0.05), and was correlated with the clinical stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). There was a high correlation between high LCN2 and worse prognosis in LUAD. Functional network analysis suggested that LCN2 was associated with multiple signal pathways in cancers, such as JAK-STAT, TNF, NF-κB, HIF-1 and PI3K-Akt signal pathways. In addition, the knockdown of LCN2 significantly inhibited the ability of cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Immune infiltration analysis indicated that LCN2 is associated with multiple immune cell infiltration. Notably, LCN2 demonstrated high diagnostic efficiency for LUAD (AUC = 0.818, P < 0.05), especially for stage III-IV patients could reach 0.895. LCN2 as an oncogenic glycoprotein promotes the cancer progression related to immune infiltrates, which might be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in LUAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The precancerous disease of breast cancer is an inevitable stage in the tumorigenesis and development of breast neoplasms. Quercetin (Que) has shown great potential in breast cancer treatment by inhibiting cell proliferation and regulating T cell function. γδ T cells are a class of nontraditional T cells that have long attracted attention due to their potential in immunotherapy. In this study, we revealed the immunomodulatory function of Que through regulation of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway, which was followed by the synergistic killing of breast cancer cells. Methods: In the experimental design, we first screened target genes with or without Que treatment, and we intersected the Que target with the disease target by functional enrichment analysis. Second, MCF-10A, MCF-10AT, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with Que for 0 h, 24 h and 48 h. Then, we observed the expression of its subsets by coculturing Que and γδ T cells and coculturing Que and γδ T cells with breast tumor cells to investigate their synergistic killing effect on tumor cells. Finally, Western blotting was used to reveal the changes in proteins related to the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway after Que treatment in MCF-10AT and MCF-7 cells for 48 h. Results: The pathway affected by Que treatment was the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway and was associated with precancerous breast cancer, as shown by network pharmacology analysis. Que induced apoptosis of MCF-10AT, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Most importantly, Que promoted the differentiation of γδ T cells into the Vδ2 T cell subpopulation. The best ratio of effector cells to target cells (E/T) was 10:1, the killing percentages of γδ T cells against MCF-10A, MCF-10AT, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 were 61.44 ± 4.70, 55.52 ± 3.10, 53.94 ± 2.74, and 53.28 ± 1.73 (P = 0.114, P = 0.486, and P = 0.343, respectively), and the strongest killing effect on precancerous breast cancer cells and breast cancer cells was found when the Que concentration was 5 μM and the E/T ratio was 10:1 (64.94 ± 3.61, 64.96 ± 5.45, 55.59 ± 5.98, and 59.04 ± 5.67, respectively). In addition, our results showed that Que increased the protein levels of IFNγ-R, p-JAK2 and p-STAT1 while decreasing the protein levels of PD-L1 (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: In conclusion, Que plays a synergistic role in killing breast cancer cells and promoting apoptosis by regulating the expression of IFNγ-R, p-JAK2, p-STAT1 and PD-L1 in the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway and promoting the regulation of γδ T cells. Que may be a potential drug for the prevention of precancerous breast cancer and adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In this paper, the experimental results indicated that the hydrostatic pressure descent (HPD) curves of cement slurry include a stabilization stage, slow descent stage, and rapid descent stage. In the stabilization stage, the gravity of the solid particles dispersed in pore water was effectively transferred by the pore water. In the slow descent stage, the microstructure of cement slurry changed from "dispersed particles" to "gel network", causing the gravity of the particles to be diverted to external interfaces. In the rapid descent stage, hydrostatic pressure of the cement slurries was attributed to the pore water. But the rapid reduction in the pore size increased the capillary pressure of the pore water, causing the gravity of pore water to transfer to external interfaces via the "gel network". Finally, when the most probable pore diameter decreased to approximately 50 nm, the hydrostatic pressure of the cement slurry was reduced to zero. • This paper investigated the microstructure evolution of the cement particles. • A quantitative method was developed to test the pore structure of cement slurry. • The pore structure evolution of the cement slurry in the early stage of hydration was studied. • Three-dimensional pores of the cement slurry was obtained. • Combining the microstructure and pore structure, hydrostatic pressure descent mechanism of cement slurry was analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple broadband Alfvénic chirping modes (CMs), with frequencies in the wide range of f ∼ 35–150 kHz and chirping down rapidly, are found in HL-2A neutral beam injection plasmas, and the CMs can even coexist. The frequency chirping down process can be completed within ∼1 ms, and the frequency shift can reach 30–50 kHz. The CMs propagate in ion diamagnetic drift directions poloidally. The toroidal mode number is confirmed to be n = 1, 2, 3 and 4 for the f ∼ 35–65, 55–90, 70–120 and 100–150 kHz CMs, respectively. The CMs are more like to be energetic-particle continuum modes (EPMs), since the modes almost locate on the Alfvén continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the drift kinetic effect of thermal ions is taken into account, a high-frequency fishbone-like mode (FLM) is found to be driven unstable by trapped thermal ions (TTIs) in tokamak plasmas, according to self-consistent magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD)-kinetic hybrid modeling utilizing the MARS-K code [Liu et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 112503 (2008)] as well as an analytic theory. It is found that, similar to energetic particles, TTIs can also stabilize the internal kink mode, whereas the FLM is excited when the effective beta of TTIs exceeds a threshold value. The real frequency of the FLM is comparable to the bounce frequency of TTIs. The mode structure of the FLM can be significantly different from the conventional step-like function for the associated plasma radial displacement. This drift kinetic induced modification of the mode structure near the q = 1 surface is captured by non-perturbative MHD-kinetic hybrid computations with MARS-K. Furthermore, the FLM can only be triggered by TTIs at sufficiently high thermal temperatures. Both the FLM and the internal kink can be stabilized by sufficiently fast plasma toroidal rotation and parallel sound wave damping. These two conditions of high thermal temperature and (fast) flow stabilization, though making it challenging to observe the TTI-driven FLM in present day experiments, are favorable for the mode excitation in future reactor scale devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zero frequency zonal flow (ZFZF) excitation by trapped energetic electron driven beta-induced Alfvén eigenmode (eBAE) is investigated using non-linear gyrokinetic theory. It is found that, resonant energetic electrons (EEs) not only effectively drive eBAE unstable, but also contribute to the non-linear coupling, leading to ZFZF excitation. The trapped EE contribution to ZFZF generation is dominated by EE responses to eBAE in the ideal region, and is comparable to thermal plasma contribution to Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phytophthora root rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) is one of the most serious limitations to soybean production worldwide. The identification of resistance gene(s) and their incorporation into elite varieties is an effective approach for breeding to prevent soybean from being harmed by this disease. A valuable mapping population of 228 F8:11 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of the resistant cultivar Guizao1 and the susceptible cultivar BRSMG68 and a high-density genetic linkage map with an average distance of 0.81 centimorgans (cM) between adjacent bin markers in this population were used to map and explore candidate gene(s). Results: PRR resistance in Guizao1 was found to be controlled by a single Mendelian locus and was finely mapped to a 367.371-kb genomic region on chromosome 3 harbouring 19 genes, including 7 disease resistance (R)-like genes, in the reference Willliams 82 genome. Quantitative real-time PCR assays of possible candidate genes revealed that Glyma.03 g05300 was likely involved in PRR resistance. Conclusions: These findings from the fine mapping of a novel Rps locus will serve as a basis for the cloning and transfer of resistance genes in soybean and the breeding of P. sojae-resistant soybean cultivars through marker-assisted selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The Mendelian locus conferring resistance to powdery mildew in soybean was precisely mapped using a combination of phenotypic screening, genetic analyses, and high-throughput genome-wide sequencing. Powdery mildew (PMD), caused by the fungus Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Peck, leads to considerable yield losses in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under favourable environmental conditions and can be controlled by identifying germplasm resources with resistance genes. In this study, resistance to M. diffusa among resistant varieties B3, Fudou234, and B13 is mapped as a single Mendelian locus using three mapping populations derived from crossing susceptible with resistant cultivars. The position of the PMD resistance locus in B3 is located between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers GMES6959 and Satt_393 on chromosome 16, at genetic distances of 7.1 cM and 4.6 cM, respectively. To more finely map the PMD resistance gene, a high-density genetic map was constructed using 248 F8 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of Guizao1 × B13. The final map includes 3748 bins and is 3031.9 cM in length, with an average distance of 0.81 cM between adjacent markers. This genotypic analysis resulted in the precise delineation of the B13 PMD resistance locus to a 188.06-kb genomic region on chromosome 16 that harbours 28 genes, including 17 disease resistance (R)-like genes in the reference Williams 82 genome. Quantitative real-time PCR assays of possible candidate genes revealed differences in the expression levels of 9 R-like genes between the resistant and susceptible parents. These results provide useful information for marker-assisted breeding and gene cloning for PMD resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mergence of plasma bubbles and energetic electron bunches generated by four small-angle intersecting short-pulsed petawatt lasers is investigated using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The energy spread and the emittance of merged electron bunches are analyzed, and it is shown that the total charge of energetic electrons is almost four times that generated by a single laser. Furthermore, the analysis of the electron source of merged bunches shows that two additional regimes of electron injection can be identified apart from self-injection: bow wave electrons and edge outside electrons. Trajectories and the injecting process for these two kinds of electrons are investigated, and the results imply that they are induced only by multi-laser effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Membrane voltage is an important biophysical signal that underlies intercellular electrical communications. A fluorescent voltage indicator is presented that enables the investigation of electrical signaling at high spatial resolution. The method is built upon the site‐specific modification of microbial rhodopsin proteins with organic fluorophores, resulting in a hybrid indicator scaffold that is one of the most sensitive and fastest orange‐colored voltage indicators developed to date. We applied this technique to optically map electrical connectivity in cultured cells, which revealed gap junction‐mediated long‐range coupling that spanned over hundreds of micrometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Membrane voltage is an important biophysical signal that underlies intercellular electrical communications. A fluorescent voltage indicator is presented that enables the investigation of electrical signaling at high spatial resolution. The method is built upon the site‐specific modification of microbial rhodopsin proteins with organic fluorophores, resulting in a hybrid indicator scaffold that is one of the most sensitive and fastest orange‐colored voltage indicators developed to date. We applied this technique to optically map electrical connectivity in cultured cells, which revealed gap junction‐mediated long‐range coupling that spanned over hundreds of micrometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Alternative methods for the resource utilization of municipal sludge and red mud. • Ammonium oxalate was applied to the activation of sludge and red mud for the first time, which provided amino functional groups and reduction. • Fe 2 O 3 in the red mud is reduced to Fe 3 O 4 and Fe0 during co-pyrolysis, biochar obtained in situ magnetization. • The actual adsorption capacity of adsorbent SRMBC-750 was 242.62 mg/g, which exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for Cu2+. In this study, municipal sludge and red mud were used as raw materials to prepare spontaneous magnetic biochar (SRMC-750) for the adsorption of Cu2+ from wastewater. The experimental findings demonstrated that the maximum actual adsorption capacity was 242.62 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 5. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. The potential adsorption mechanisms were electrostatic attraction, complexation, cation-exchange, and "cation-π". After five adsorption cycles, SRMBC-750 still had 75% removal efficiency for Cu2+. Overall, SRMBC-750 provides a potential pathway for the removal of Cu2+ from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Fluoreszenzsonden; FRET; Klick-Chemie; Protein-Engineering; Spannungsbasierte Bildgebung In dieser Zuschrift muss die Adresse für den Autor Yongxian Xu geändert werden zu: Fluoreszenzsonden, FRET, Klick-Chemie, Protein-Engineering, Spannungsbasierte Bildgebung. [Extracted from the article]