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Efficient routing is essential for the proper functioning of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Recent research has focused on optimizing energy and delay for these networks. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of studies that have examined the effects of volatile settings, such as chemical plants, coal mines, nuclear power plants, and battlefields, where connectivity is inconsistent. In such contexts, sensor networks may face security incidents, and environmental factors such as node movement and death can result in dynamic changes to the network topology. A novel design algorithm grounded on Dynamic Minimum Hop Selection (DMHS) was introduced in this paper. The key principle behind DMHS is to use a probabilistic forwarding decision-making process through a distributed route discovery strategy that utilizes dynamically adjusted minimum hop counts of nodes. Simulation results indicate that the life cycle of the DMHS algorithm increases by more than 12% over 700 nodes when compared to the traditional energy-saving algorithm. Furthermore, our algorithm performs better in the average delivery rate of node, and has a 10% to 21% improvement compared to the other algorithms. Overall, the DMHS algorithm represents an important contribution to the development of WSNs that can function robustly in high-risk and unstable environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White phosphorus (P 4) is an essential raw material for the production of phosphorus chemicals. The conventional carbothermal reduction process used to extract P 4 from phosphate rock is known as energy intensive and environmentally polluting, posing obstacles to meeting the urgent global demands for clean production and carbon neutrality. Moreover, the low product purity restricts its application in high-value industries. This paper presents an original approach that is both simple and coke-free for extracting high-purity P 4. The method involves electrolyzing dissolved phosphate rock in molten CaCl 2 at a mild temperature. We undertake an in-depth investigation into the dissolution behavior of phosphate rock in molten CaCl 2 and the electrolysis behavior of the melt. The experiments demonstrate the rapid dissolution of phosphate in the rock when exposed to molten CaCl 2 , reaching saturation within a short time (e.g., within 10 min at 850 °C). The dissolution of phosphate shows a preference over silicates present in the phosphate rock. The electrochemical reduction of PO 4 3− in molten CaCl 2 is electrochemically reversible, as observed at potential scan rates not exceeding 0.20 V s−1. The obtained P 4 product through electrolysis is of higher purity compared to the industrial-grade commercial product produced via carbothermal reduction. The implementation of pre-electrolysis can further improve the purity of the product and the current efficiency of the electrolysis process. The theoretical electricity and carbon consumption in the electrolysis method are estimated to be 9.12 kWh and 0.53 kg, respectively, for every 1 kg of P 4 produced. These values are lower than the conventional carbothermal reduction process. This cutting-edge electrolysis method represents a paradigm shift towards a more sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry, thereby showcasing its potential for revolutionizing the field. [Display omitted] • High-purity P 4 is extracted from phosphate rock through molten salt electrolysis. • The phosphate-bearing phase in phosphate rock readily dissolves in molten CaCl 2. • Pre-electrolysis improves the purity of the P 4 product and the current efficiency. • The electrolysis method demonstrates lower theoretical electricity and carbon consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]