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Summary: The role of cysteine‐rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis‐related 1 (CAP) superfamily proteins in the innate immune responses of mammals is well characterized. However, the biological function of CAP superfamily proteins in plant–microbe interactions is poorly understood.We used proteomics and transcriptome analyses to dissect the apoplastic effectors secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae during early infection of soybean leaves. By transiently expressing these effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana, we identified PsCAP1, a novel type of secreted CAP protein that triggers immune responses in multiple solanaceous plants including N. benthamiana. This secreted CAP protein is conserved among oomycetes, and multiple PsCAP1 homologs can be recognized by N. benthamiana.PsCAP1‐triggered immune responses depend on the N‐terminal immunogenic fragment (aa 27–151). Pretreatment of N. benthamiana with PsCAP1 or the immunogenic fragment increases plant resistance against Phytophthora. The recognition of PsCAP1 and different homologs requires the leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like protein RCAP1, which associates with two central receptor‐like kinases BRI1‐associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and suppressor of BIR1‐1 (SOBIR1) in planta.These findings suggest that the CAP‐type apoplastic effectors act as an important player in plant–microbe interactions that can be perceived by plant membrane‐localized receptor to activate plant resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified a glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GH12) protein, XEG1, produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae that exhibits xyloglucanase and β-glucanase activity. It acts as an important virulence factor during P. sojae infection but also acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in soybean (Glycine max) and solanaceous species, where it can trigger defense responses including cell death. GH12 proteins occur widely across microbial taxa, and many of these GH12 proteins induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. The PAMP activity of XEG1 is independent of its xyloglucanase activity. XEG1 can induce plant defense responses in a BAK1-dependent manner. The perception of XEG1 occurs independently of the perception of ethylene-inducing xylanase. XEG1 is strongly induced in P. sojae within 30 min of infection of soybean and then slowly declines. Both silencing and overexpression of XEG1 in P. sojae severely reduced virulence. Many P. sojae RXLR effectors could suppress defense responses induced by XEG1, including several that are expressed within 30 min of infection. Therefore, our data suggest that PsXEG1 contributes to P. sojae virulence, but soybean recognizes PsXEG1 to induce immune responses, which in turn can be suppressed by RXLR effectors. XEG1 thus represents an apoplastic effector that is recognized via the plant's PAMP recognition machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effect of You Gui Yin and MSCs interventional therapy on the early stage of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) and its role of improving revascularization and reossification., Methods: Twenty-four adult Beagle dogs weighing (10.0 +/- 0.5) kg were divided into 4 groups (n=6): group A (model group), group B (You Gui Yin group), group C (MSCs intervention group), group D(You Gui Yin and MSCs intervention group). The model of ANFH at early stage was established by liquid-nitrogen cryopreservation method, and MSCs were isolated, cultured and labeled by BrdU. Three weeks after modeling, groups C and D received 1 mL MSCs with artery perfusion [(0.5-1.0) x 10(6)/mL)], groups B and D received intragastric administration of 100 mL You Gui Yin per day, groups A and C received intragastric administration of 100 mL distilled water. Gross observation on femoral head was conducted 4 and 8 weeks after continuous treatment. Meanwhile, DSA and MRI were adopted to observe the quantity and the diameter of femoral head blood vessel, histology and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to observe the expression of VEGF and BrdU, and the expression of VEGF mRNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR., Results: At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, the figuration of the femoral head in group A was flat and mushroom-shaped, while it was relatively normal in groups B, C and D. DSA observation: the number and the diameter of blood vessel in groups C and D were increased, and the obstructed blood vessel was open. At 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, significant differences between group C and group D were evident in the number and the diameter of blood vessel (P < 0.05); compared with before treatment, the diameter of blood vessel in two groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05) and the number of blood vessel in group D was significantly increased (P < 0.05). MRI observation: compared with group A, groups B, C and D were obviously improved, especially group D, T1W showed lower signal, T2W and STIR showed no abnormal changes of signal. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining: compared with group A, the structure of groups B, C and D were obviously improved, the positive expression of VEGF in group D was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05), the positive rate of BrdU, the number of positive osteoblast and the number of positive blood vessel in group D was obviously higher than that of group C (P < 0.05). Real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR detection: the expression of VEGF mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05), the expression of VEGF in groups B, C and D was higher than that of group A (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The combination of You Gui Yin and MSCs interventional treatment has significant therapeutic effects on the early-stage ANFH, can improve the blood supply of the necrotic femoral head, promote repair and prevent collapse.