Search

Drip irrigation is gaining increased interest in the production of soybeans. The changing climate causes an increased demand for water sources of good quality. Consequently, the drip irrigation method should be adapted for the rational use of limited water supplies. Introducing deficit irrigation instead of traditional watering rates is imposed as a potential solution to achieve this goal. Therefore, the research examines the possibility of deficit irrigation in soybean production. The experiment was conducted in field conditions during 2022-2023, in the Vojvodina region, the northern part of Serbia, at the experimental field in Bački Petrovac, the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The irrigation was scheduled using the water balance method. The irrigation rate was 30 mm in the vegetative and 40 mm in the reproductive stages. Three treatments were investigated: full irrigation of soybean (F), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) with 20% less irrigation rates in the vegetative stages, and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) with 20% less irrigation rates through the whole season. The rainfed treatment was also included. No significant yield decrease was found between F and RDI, while the yield reduction was the highest on SDI. The lowest yield was on rainfed treatment. Irrigation and evapotranspiration water use efficiency were similar on F and SDI, while lower values were found on SDI. The yield response factor is below 1, indicating that the soybean is tolerant to water deficit. The average value in the dry year is about 0.68 and in the humid year 0.74 without major variations between F and RDI. Lower values were found on SDI which corresponds to the achieved yields. Based on the data on yield and water use efficiency, it can be concluded that RDI can be recommended in soybean production in climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region.

Drip irrigation is gaining importance in mitigating the consequences of water scarcity even in regions with abundant rainfall. The transition from surface to subsurface drip irrigation is accompanied by numerous problems. To overcome these issues, shallow subsurface drip irrigation can be potentially used as an effective drought control tool that brings additional benefits compared to conventional surface drip irrigation techniques. This research investigated the effects of different calculations of daily crop water requirements, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and pan evaporation (Eo) on the yield and water use efficiency of pepper irrigated with a surface and shallow subsurface drip irrigation system. The experiment was conducted in field conditions in the Vojvodina region, the northern part of Serbia. The irrigation scheduling was based on the water balance approach. The calculated evapotranspiration rate was about 400 mm for the pepper growing period, regardless of the calculation method. The highest yield of pepper and evapotranspiration water use efficiency was obtained on the Eo variant with surface drip irrigation. However, irrigation water use efficiency showed no statistical significance concerning the calculation of evapotranspiration and irrigation type. The results indicated that both calculation methods and irrigation types can be used in pepper production, but priority should be given to pan-evaporation-based calculation.

The objective of this study was to investigate the structure of vertisol, the aggregate distribution, and the stability of structural aggregates. The investigation was conducted in the municipality of Smederevo in eastern Serbia. At ten locations, disturbed samples, as well as soil samples for structure analysis were taken. The distribution of aggregates shows the high amount of macro aggregates, low content of aggregates 2-3 mm size, and according to the structural coefficient satisfactory structure. The stability of macroaggregates to dispersion by water in the arable layer of vertisol is excellent. The results of this research could be used in cultivation practices planning since there is a possibility of improving the structure of vertisol., Cilj rada je bio da se ispita struktura smonice, distribucija agregata i stabilnost strukturnih agregata prema rasplinjavanju u vodi. Istraživanje je obavljeno u opštini Smederevo u istočnoj Srbiji. Na deset lokacija uzeti su uzorci u poremećenom stanju i uzorci zemljišta za analizu strukture. Distribucija agregata pokazuje veću zastupljenost makroagregata, nizak sadržaj agregata veličine 2-3 mm, a prema koeficijentu strukturnosti zadovoljavajuću strukturu. Stabilnost makroagregata u obradivom sloju smonice je odlična. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu da se koriste u planiranju poljoprivredne proizvodnje jer postoji mogućnost poboljšanja strukture smonice.

The development of irrigation schedules based on water balance implies a study of daily plant water requirements. A properly selected irrigation method is also of most importance. The objective of this study was to find out how surface drip irrigation (SDI) and shallow subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI), as well as different ET-based irrigation scheduling for maize (reference evapotranspiration (ETo), pan evaporation (Eo), and local climatic coefficients (lc)), affect grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield response factor (Ky) of maize. The field experiments were conducted in Vojvodina, a northern part of the Republic of Serbia, on the calcareous gleyic chernozem soil, using a complete block design in three replicates in 2019–2021. The water balance method was used for irrigation scheduling. The nonirrigated treatment was used as a control. The yield in irrigation conditions was statistically higher as compared with the nonirrigated control variant. Concerning the tested parameters, especially the maize yield, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) should be recommended as the most acceptable method for assessing maize evapotranspiration. Preference should be given to SSDI compared to SDI because the installation of laterals can be performed together with the sowing, which can ensure the uniform and timely emergence of plants. Based on the Ky coefficient of 0.71, it can be concluded that maize is moderately tolerant to water stress in Vojvodina’s temperate climate. The results can contribute to precise planning and efficient irrigation of maize in the region, implying high and stable yields.

Pesticides, is chemical agents for plant protection, and are mostly used in agriculture and forestry (90%), i.e. in plant production. In addition to accumulating in the environment, pesticides act on plants, microorganisms and other members of the biocenosis, and through the food chain, they reach the human body, where they exhibit active biological effects. In this study, the impact of pesticides on plants, soil microorganisms and food safety in crop production is considered., Pesticidi, su hemijska sredstva za zaštitu bilja, i najviše se upotrebljavaju u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu (90%), odnosno u biljnoj proizvodnji. Pored akumuliranja u životnoj sredini, pesticidi djeluju na biljke, mikroorganizme i ostale članove biocenoza, a preko lanaca ishrane, dospevaju i u organizam čoveka, u kojem ispoljavaju aktivna biološka dejstva. U ovoj stidiji razmatra se uticaj pesticida na biljke, mikroorganizme zemljišta i zdravstvenu bezbednost hrane u biljnoj proizvodnji.

Through choosing bread wheat genotypes that can be cultivated in less productive areas, one can increase the economic worth of those lands, and increase the area under cultivation for this strategic crop. As a result, more food sources will be available for the growing global population. The phenotypic variation of ear mass and grain mass per ear, as well as the genotype × environment interaction, were studied in 11 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and 1 triticale (Triticosecale W.) cultivar grown under soil salinity stress (3S) during three vegetation seasons. The results of the experiment set on the control variant (solonetz) were compared to the results obtained from soil reclaimed by phosphogypsum in the amount of 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1. Using the AMMI analysis of variance, there was found to be a statistically significant influence of additive and nonadditive sources of variation on the phenotypic variation of the analyzed traits. Although the local landrace Banatka and the old variety Bankut 1205 did not have high enough genetic capacity to exhibit high values of ear mass, they were well-adapted to 3S. The highest average values of grain mass per ear and the lowest average values of the coefficient of variation were obtained in all test variants under microclimatic condition B. On soil reclaimed by 25 t × ha−1 and 50 t × ha−1 of phosphogypsum, in microclimate C, the genotypes showed the highest stability. The most stable genotypes were Rapsodija and Renesansa. Under 3S, genotype Simonida produced one of the most stable reactions for grain mass per ear.

The experiment with drip irrigated pepper was conducted at the Rimski Šančevi experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad in 2019. The irrigation was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. Two methods were used to compute the daily evapotranspiration of pepper (ETd): reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and evaporation from an open water surface (Eo). Crop coefficients (kc) and corrective coefficients (k) were used to convert ETo and Eo values into ETd. Kc and k were 0.3–0.4, 0.6–0.7, 0.9–1.1, 0.8–0.9 and 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 and 0.8 for initial stage, crop development, mid season, and late season, respectively. ETo was calculated by the Hargreaves equation. Eo values were measured by a Class-A pan located at a meteorological station near the experimental plot. Irrigation started when readily available water (RAW) in the 0.3 m soil layer was completely absorbed by plants. Differences in crop yield (Y) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) obtained using Eo (42.58 t ha-1, 15.20 kg m-3) and ETo (40.78 t ha-1, 14.56 kg m-3) were not statistically different. Evapotranspiration rate was 364.2 mm and 337.3 mm in Eo and ETo variant, respectively. The fact that the differences in Y and IWUE between different calculations of ETd were not statistically significant indicates that both methods can be recommended for irrigation scheduling programs for pepper in the climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region. However, priority should be given to ETo due to the easy accessibility and reliability of data., Navodnjavanje paprike sistemom kap po kap obavljeno je u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na oglednom polju Rimski Šančevi (Novi Sad) 2019. godine. Vreme zalivanja je određivano vodnim bilansom. Dve metode su korišćene za obračun dnevnog utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju paprike (ETd): referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) i evaporacija sa slobodne vodene površine (Eo). Koeficijenti kulture (kc) i koeficijenti korekcije (k) korišćeni su za pretvaranje ETo i Eo vrednosti u ETd. Vrednosti kc i k bile su 0,3–0,4; 0,6–0.7; 0,9–1,1; 0,8–0,9 odnosno 0,4; 0,7; 1,0 i 0,8 za početak vegetacije, intenzivni porast, centralni deo vegetacije i kraj vegetacije. ETo je računata postupkom Hargrivsa (Hargreaves). Eo vrednosti su merene evaporimetrom klase A, postavljenim na meteorološkoj stanici u neposrednoj blizini ogledne parcele. Navodnjavanje je obavljano kada je lakopristupačna voda u sloju zemljišta do 30 cm bila utrošena od strane biljaka. Razlike u prinosu (Y) i produktivnosti utrošene vode navodnjavanjem (IWUE) korišćenjem Eo (42,58 t ha-1, 15,20 kg m-3) i ETo (40,78 t ha-1, 14,56 kg m-3) nisu bile statistički značajne. Vrednosti evapotranspiracije u periodu vegetacije paprike bile su 364,2 mm odnosno 337,3 mm na varijantama obračuna Eo i ETo. Činjenica da nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u vrednostima Y i IWUE ukazuje da se obe metode mogu koristiti u obračunu ETd u realizaciji racionalnog zalivnog režima paprike u klimatskim uslovima Vojvodine. Međutim, prednost zbog dostupnosti podataka ipak treba dati postupku ETo.

This study examined the influence of agroecological conditions on the ontogenesis and production yield traits of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.). Understanding the agronomic and phenological properties related to productive properties of black oats can enable more successful introduction into new areas of oat cultivation. Field microexperiments were performed during the three consecutive years (2017-2019) on the two localities in South Banat, in Serbia, which differed in soil type: carbonate chernozem and humogley, respectively. The results showed that all investigated traits of oat in the chernozem soil type were higher when compared with measured traits obtained from the humogley soil type. The average value of yields of aboveground biomass, yield and protein content were significantly higher in relation to the humogley, by 13%, 17% and 11%, respectively for all three seasons. Observed by years, all productivity parameters differed significantly, which confirmed that the productivity of the cultivated plants was strongly influenced by different agroecological, soil and climatic conditions in Pannonian environments. The aboveground biomass and grain yield obtained from the humogley soil type indicate that this species can be successfully grown and utilized in production as a cover or fodder crop even in less favorable soil conditions.

Analiza rasporeda navodnjvanja kukuruza rađena je korišćenjem evaporacije sa slobodne vodene površine (Eo) uz korišćenje korekcionih koeficijenata (k) i referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo) uz primenu koeficijenata kulture (kc). Terenski ogled je rađen 2018. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada u Odeljenju za alternativne biljne kulture u Bačkom Petrovcu. U ogledu je korišćenn hibrid kukuruza NS-6030. Biljke su navodnjavan sistemom kap po kap sa lateralima u svakom redu, razmaknutih kapaljki na svakih 0,33 m. Prosečna brzina protok kapaljki bila je 2,0 l h-1 i pod pritiskom od 70 kPa. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike uticaja navodnjavanja na prinos kukuruza u odnosu na varijantu prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom jer je godina bila povoljna za proizvodnju kukuruza. Takođe, nije bilo razlike između različitih varijanti obračuna utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza. Vrednosti utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju u periodu vegetacije kukruza (ETm) izračunate su metodom bilansa primenom ETo i kc bile su 502 mm, a primenom Eo i k 429 mm. Mesečne vrednosti ETm u periodu vegetacije bile su ujednačene bez obzira na postupak izračunvanja, osim u julu. Vrednosti u julu od 151 mm, odnosno 107 mm izračunate postupkom ETo i kc, odnosno Eo i k, kao i dnevne vrednosti koje su u korelaciji sa mesečnim treba proveriti u realizaciji zalivnog režima kukuruza u narednom istraživačkom periodu. Ukoliko se utvrdi statistička značajnost u ostvarenom prinosu kukuruza između ražličitih metoda izrčunavanja, postupak sa većim prinosom treba prihvatiti u obračunu utrošaka vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza u klimatskim uslovima Vojvodine. U suprotnom, ako se ne utvrde statistički značajne razlike u prinosu, biće preporučen metoda izračunavanja pomoću Eo uz korišćenje k, zbog toga što se niže dnevne vrednosti utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza mogu smatrati realnijim., Analysis of irrigation scheduling of maize was done by using evaporation from the free water surface (Eo) and correction coefficients (k) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc). The field experiment was carried out in 2018 on the Experimental field of the Institute of field and vegetable crops in the Department of alternative crops in Bački Petrovac. Maize hybrid NS 6030 was used for the trials. The plants were irrigated by a drip system with a lateral in each row with drippers spaced every 0.33 m. The drippers had an average flow rate of 2.0 l h-1 under the pressure of 70 kPa. The differences in yield of maize in the irrigation conditions were not statistically significant compared to the variant without irrigation because the year was favorable for maize production. As well there was no difference among variants used for the calculation of maize evapotranspiration. Maize evapotranspiration in the growing season (ETm) were 502 mm and 429 mm by using ETo and kc and Eo and k. Monthly values of ETm during the growing season were consistent regardless of the calculation methods, except in July. Values of ETm in July of 151 mm and 107 mm calculated by using ETo and kc and Eo and k methods as well the daily values which are correlated with the monthly have to be checked in irrigation scheduling of maize in the following investigation period. If statistical significance in maize yield between different methods of calculation is determined, the procedure with a higher yield has to be accepted in the calculation of ETm in the climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region. Otherwise, if the differences in maize yield are not statistical significance a method of calculation by using Eo and k will be recommended, because the value of the lower daily water used on maize evapotranspiration may be considered more realistic.

Ogled sa navodnjavanjem kukuruza izveden je 2019. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada u Odeljenju za alternativne biljne kulture u Bačkom Petrovcu(N 45°19`, E 19°50`), na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase. U istraživanjima je korišćen hibrid NS 3023 (FAO 390).Navodnjavanje je obavljeno sistemom kap po kap sa postavljenim lateralima u svakom redu, sa razmakom kapljača od 0,33 m i protokom 2,0 l h-1 pri radnom pritisku od 100 kPa. Vreme zalivanja je odredjivano vodnim bilansom. U ogledu je bila zastupljena i kontrolna, nenavodnjavana varijanta.Dnevni utrošak vode na evapotranspiraciju biljaka (ETd) računat je množenjem referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo) sa koeficijentima kulture (kc). ETo je računata Hargreaves jednačinom. Korišćene su kc vrednosti 0,3-0,5, 0,7-0,85, 0,9-1,1, 0,8-0,9, 0,5-0,6 za april i maj, jun, jul, avgust i septembar. Površina lista odredjena je množenjem dužine sa širinom lista sa korekcionim faktorom za kukuruz 0,75 (shape factor).Efikasnost iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (IWUE) je obračunata iz odnosa prinosa kukuruza u uslovima sa (Ym) i bez navodnjavanja (Ya) i norme navodnjavanja (I). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efekat navodnjavanja sistemom kap po kap na prinos, efikasnost iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem i indeks lisne površine kukuruza.Navodnjavanje je signifikantno uticalo na prinos kukuruza; prosečan prinos navodnjavanog kukuruza bio je 10894kg ha-1, a nenavodnjavanog7276 kg ha-1. Takodje,utvrđen je signifikantan uticaj navodnjavanja na indeks lisne površine (LAI) koji je izosio 4,07 m2 m-2 na navodnjavanoj varijanti i 3,49 m2 m-2 na nenavodnjavanoj. Vrednost IWUE bila je 2,41 kg m-3., The experiment with irrigated maize was conducted at Bački Petrovac experimental field (N 45°19`, E 19°50`) of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on the calcareous chernozem soil on the loess terrace in 2019. Maize hybrid NS 3023 (FAO 390) was used for the trials. The plants were drip irrigated with a lateral row per plant row with drippers spaced every 0.33 m. The drippers had an average flow of 2.0 l h-1 under a pressure of 100 kPa. The trial also included the non-irrigated (rainfed) control variant.Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc). ETo was calculated by Hargreaves equation. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed using ETo and kc of 0.3-0.5, 0.7-0.85, 1.05-1.2, 0.8-0.9, and 0.5-0.6 for April-May, June, July August and September respectively. Leaf area index (LAI) was determined by multiplying the leaf length by the leaf width by a shape factor for maize 0.75. Irrigation water use (IWUE) was calculated from the ratio of maize yield in conditions with (Ym) and without irrigation (Ya) and irrigation water applied (I).The aim of the study was to determine the effect of drip irrigation on yield, water use efficiency and maize leaf area index.Irrigation significantly affected maize yield; yield of irrigated maize was 10894 kg ha-1, and of nonirrigated 7276 kg ha-1.The affect of irrigation on the leaf area index (LAI) was also significantand amounted to 4.07 m2 m-2 on irrigated variant and to 3.49 m2 m-2 on nonirrigated variant. Maize IWUE value of 2.41 kg m-3 was determined.

The aim of this study was to examine the productivity of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.; Poaceae) in the world and its importance in the food and in industries. Millet has a high grain yield and is an important source proteins in food. It has high biomass yield which is why it is of great importance in bioenergy production. The priority is to procure raw materials and develop the process of biofuel production in an economical way. Millet has the least need for water, of other cereals and is a significant crop in sustainable systems. Millet grain is rich in iron, calcium and vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B3). In addition to their nutritive value, helps prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases, reduce tumor incidence, lower blood pressure, the risk of heart disease, cholesterol and rate of fat absorption have been reported for millet., Cilj ove studije bio je da se ispita produktivnost prosa (Panicum miliaceum L.; Poaceae) u svetu i prikaže njegov značaj u ishrani i u industriji. Proso ima visok prinos zrna i važan je izvor proteini u hrani i ima visok prinos biomase zbog čega ima veliki značaj u proizvodnji bioenergije. Prioritet je nabaviti sirovine i razviti proces proizvodnje biogoriva na ekonomičan način. Proso ima najmanje potrebe za vodom od ostalih žita i značajan je usev u održivim sistemima. Zno prosa bogato je sa gvožđem, kalcijumom i kompleksom vitamina B (B1, B2, B3). Pored njegove hranjive vrednosti, pomaže u prevenciji karcinoma i kardiovaskularnih bolesti, smanjenju incidencije tumora, sni-žavanju krvnog pritiska, riziku od bolesti srca, holesterola i brzini apsorpcije masti.

In order to raise primary agricultural production to an economically viable level, the Republic of Serbia adopted the number of documents, strategies and laws regulating important issues related to agriculture and rural areas. This documentation would create conditions for achieving the economic, ecological and social goals of sustainable development adopted by the United Nations for the period 2015–2030. When it comes to the development of rural areas of Serbia, the main goals would be to: 1/ stop the migration of the rural population by creating the prerequisites for the modernization of primary agricultural production to increase the production of health-safe and functional food in areas where sustainable and organic agriculture can be organized 2/ production of health-safe and functional organic food. The holders of these projects, with the help of scientists from the Faculty of Agriculture in Zemun, increased the volume of primary plant and animal production on surfaces that were neglicted for many years and covered with perennial weeds.

Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) is a one-year herbaceous, spicy plant, which has aromatic smell and taste. One of its important ingredients is essential oil. The experiment showing the effect of irrigation on essential oil and biomass yield of dill was conducted in rainy 2016 and dry 2017 in two variants: control (without irrigation) and variant with irrigation. Favourable water balance of the soil was provided by applying drop-by-drop irrigation method. The average yield of fresh biomass was 8,252 kg ha-1 (10,194 kg ha-1 under irrigation and 6,310 kg ha-1 in control). Under irrigation, the yield of biomass was higher than the control variant by 78.59% in 2017 and 47.41% in 2016. Under irrigation, essential oil content and yield were higher than the control by 10.73% and 95.97% in 2017, respectively, and 3.93% and 54.06% in 2016, respectively., Mirođija (Anethum graveolens L.) je jednogpdišnja zeljasta, začinska biljka, aromatičnog mirisa i ukusa čiji je najvažniji sastojak etarsko ulje. Eksperiment pokazuje efekat navodnjavanja na prinos etarskog ulja i biomase mirođije, a izveden je tokom vlažne 2016. i sušne 2017. godine u dve varijante: kontrola, bez navodnjavanja i varijanta sa navodnjavanjem. Povoljan vodni bilans zemljišta obezbeđen je primenom navodnjavanja metodom kap po kap. Prosečan prinos sveže biomase mirođije iznosio je 8.252 kg ha-1 (10.194 u navodnjavanju i 6.310 kg ha-1 na kontroli). U varijanti sa navodnjavanjem prinos biomase bio je veći u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu za 78,59% u 2017. godini, dok je u 2016. godini ostvarena razlika od 47,41%. U varijanti sa navodnjavanjem, sadržaj i prinos etarskog ulja bio je veći u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu za 10,73% i 95,97% u 2017. godini, dok je u 2016. godini ostvarena razlika od 3,93% i 54,06%.

Imajući u vidu da je određivanje potreba biljaka za vodom u poljskim uslovima na eksperimentalnim parcelama, praćenjem dinamike vlažnosti zemljišta, zahtevno, predložene su brojne indirektne, obračunske metode. Uprkos brojnim merenjima i upoređenjima ostaje konstatacija da ne postoji takav indirektni metod koji bi imao univerzalnu primenu, već je svaki od njih lokalnog ili regionalnog karaktera. U analizi utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza (ETm) poređene su indirektne metode primenom referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo) i biljnih koeficijenata (kc) sa primenom obračuna bioklimatskim postupkom korišćenjem hidrofitotermičkih indeksa. ETo je računata Penman-Monteith metodom koja je od strane FAO organizacije predložena kao standardna za obračun ETo i metodom Hargreaves-a koju koristi Republički hidrometeorološki zavod Srbije (RHMZS). Meteorološki podaci za obračun uzeti su sa meteorološke stanice koja se nalazi na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada u Odeljenju za alternativne biljne kulture u Bačkom Petrovcu. Razlike u vrednostima utrošene vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza (ETm) obračunate pomenutim metodama za period vegetacije nisu bile posebno izražene. Međutim, znatno veće vrednosti ETm u julu, obračunate Hargreaves i Penman-Monteith metodama u odnosu na bioklimatski postupak primenom hidrofitotermičkih indeksa ukazuju na potrebu da se u narednom istraživačkom periodu ove metode provere u režimu navodnjavanja kukuruza. Statistička značajnost u visini prinosa na različitim varijantama preporučiće najprihvatljiviji postupak obračuna utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju kukuruza u agroekološkim uslovima Vojvodine., Bearing in mind that the determination of the plant water requirements in field conditions at experimental fields by monitoring soil moisture is very demanding, a number of indirect, calculation methods have been proposed. Despite numerous measurements and comparisons it could be said that there is no such indirect method that would have universal application, but each of them is of local or regional character. In the analysis of maize water use on evapotranspiration (ETm) reference evapotranspiration methods (ETo) and plant coefficients (kc) were compared with the bioclimatic method using hydrophytothermic indices. Penman-Monteith method, which is reported by the FAO organization as a standard for the ETo calculation and the method of Hargreaves which is used by the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia, (RHMZS) were used for ETo calculation. Meteorological data for the calculation were taken from a meteorological station located on the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad in the Alternative Crops Department in Bački Petrovac.Differences in the values of water used on evapotranspiration of maize (ETm), calculated by the mentioned methods, for the growing period were not particularly great. However, higher values of the ETm in July calculated by Hargreaves and Penman-Monteith methods in relation to the bioclimatic method using hydrophytothermic indices of Bošnjak and Dragović point to the need to check those differences in a following investigation period. The statistical significance in maize yields obtained on different variants will recommend the most suitable method for the ETm maize calculation in agroecological conditions of the Vojvodina region.

The experiments showing the effect of drip irrigation on yield and evapotranspiration of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) were conducted at the experimental field of the Alternative Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Irrigation was based on the water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (kc) 0.5, 0.9 and 1.1 from sowing to 3-4 pair of leaves, from 3-4 pair of leaves to appearance of male flowers and from appearance of male flowers to the end of the season, respectively. ETo was calculated using Hargreaves equation. The irrigation depth was restricted to the soil depth of 0.4 m. In other words, irrigation started when readily available water in the soil layer of 0.4 m was completely depleted by plants. The irrigation rate was 30 mm at the beginning of the season, 40 mm in the middle of the season, and the amount of water added by irrigation was 320 mm during the entire season. Irrigation significantly affected the yield of fresh stems, fresh leaves, flowers and plant height, but not stem diameter and fibre content. Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions (ETm) was 470 mm, while in non-irrigated control variant it amounted to 129 mm (ETa). These preliminary results could be used as a good platform for hemp growers in the region, in terms of optimizing the use of irrigation water., Eksperimentalna istraživanja o uticaju navodnjavanja kapanjem na prinos i evapotranspiraciju konoplje za vlakno (Cannabis sativa L.) su obavljena na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada u Odeljenju za alternativne biljne vrste u Bačkom Petrovcu. Vreme zalivanja je određivano obračunom vodnog bilansa. Dnevne vrednosti utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju biljaka (ETd) su obračunate korišćenjem referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo) i koeficijenata useva (kc) čije su vrednosti 0,5, 0,9 i 1,1 za potperiode vegetacije konoplje od setve do porasta 3-4 lista, od 3-4 lista do pojave muških cvetova i od pojave muških cvetova do žetve. Referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) računata je formulom Hargreaves-a. Zalivanje je obavljano kada su rezerve lakopristupačne vode u sloju zemljišta dubine 0,4 m bile iskorišćene. Zalivna norma je na početku vegetacije iznosila 30 mm, a od sredine vegetacije 40 mm. Navodnjavanjem je ukupno dodato 320 mm vode. Navodnjavanje je signifikantno uticalo na prinos sveže stabljike, svežih listova i cvetova i visinu biljaka, ali ne i na dijametar stabla i sadržaj vlakna. Utrošak vode na evapotranspiraciju biljaka u uslovima navodnjavanja (ETm) iznosio je 470 mm, a u uslovima bez navodnjavanja (ETa) 129 mm. Preliminarni rezultati istraživanja mogu biti korišćeni kao dobra osnova za proizvođače konoplje u regionu, u smislu racionalnog korišćenja vode za navodnjavanje.

The objective of this study, conducted in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina, was to analyze the effect of surface and subsurface drip irrigation (with drip lateral placement depths of 0.05 and 0.1 m) on the yield and water productivity of onions (Allium cepa L., var. ‘Holandski žuti’). The irrigation applied was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. The daily evapotranspiration rate was computed using the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) based on the Hargreaves equation and the crop coefficient (kc). The irrigation rate was 30 mm, whereas the amount of water added by irrigation during the season was 150 mm. According to the results obtained, the onion yield under irrigated conditions was significantly higher than that under non-irrigated (control) conditions. Differences in the yield obtained using surface and subsurface irrigation were non-significant. The amounts of water used for evapotranspiration under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions were 363 mm and 220 mm, respectively. The value of the surface irrigation yield response factor (Ky) was 0.62, whereas the values of the subsurface irrigation yield response factor (Ky) were 0.61 (0.05 m) and 0.79 (0.1 m). Consequently, onions grown from sets proved moderately sensitive to water stress under regional climate conditions and could be grown without irrigation. The value of the irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) ranged from 3.55 to 4.97 kg m−3, whereas the value of the evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETwue) ranged from 3.72 to 5.22 kg m−3. The highest yield of onions was obtained using a drip lateral placement depth of 0.1 m, which is recommended for high-yielding onion production.

The trial with irrigated onion, growing from sets, was conducted on private farm in Bački Jarak (45°22'38.6"N 19°52'03.4"E) near Novi Sad, on the calcareous chernozem soil of the loess terrace in 2014. The trial was established in a system of random blocks in three replicates and adapted to technical specifications of irrigation method. The trial included the non-irrigated, control variant. Onion variety Holandski žuti was analyzed. A single plot size was 6 m2 (2 rows x 0.3 m x 10 m). Onion was irrigated by overhead microsprinklers (sprinkler intensity 43 mm h-1 , working pressure 200 kPa) and drip irrigation method (distance between laterals 0.3 m, distance between drippers 0.2 m, drippers flow 1.8 l h-1 , working pressure 100 kPa). The irrigation rate was 30 mm. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (kc). To compare two different type of irrigation, irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) values were calculated by dividing the yield of onion bulbs obtained in irrigation conditions and water applied by irrigation. The yield of onion bulbs obtained on the plot with drip irrigation (43.23 t ha-1 ) were statistically higher compared with sprinkler irrigation variant (39.50 t ha-1 ) and control variant without irrigation (38.29 t ha-1 ). Irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) values obtained on variant with drip irrigation (6.2 kg m-3 ) were also statistically higher compared with sprinkler irrigation variant (4.4 kg m-3 ). Higher yield of onion irrigated by drip irrigation system in relation to microsprinklers indicate that the drip irrigation method has some advantages in onion production in agroecological conditions of the Vojvodina region., Ogled sa navodnjavanjem crnog luka iz arpadžika izveden je 2014. godine na okućnici privatnog poseda u Bačkom Jarku, na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem po metodu blok sistema u tri ponavljanja i prilagodjen uslovima navodnjavanja. U istraživanjima je bila zastupljena sorta Holandski žuti na osnovnoj parcelici veličine 6 m2 (2 reda x 0,3 m x 10 m). Crni luk je navodnjavan kišenjem mikrorasprskivačima i lokalno kapanjem. U ogledu je bila zastupljena i kontrolna varijanta bez navodnjavanja. Zalivna norma je iznosila 30 mm. Vreme zalivanja je odredjivano metodom vodnog bilansa primenom koeficijenata kulture (kc) i referentne evapotranspiracije (ETo). Vrednosti koeficijenata efikasnosti iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) obračunate kao količnik prinosa lukovica dobijenim u uslovima navodnjavanja i količine vode dodate navodnjavanjem poslužile su da se uporede kišenje i kapanje kao načini navodnjavanja. Prinos lukovica na varijanti navodnjavanja kapanjem (43.23 t ha-1 ) bio je statistički signifikantno veći i u odnosu na varajantu navodnjavanja kišenjem (39.50 t ha-1 ) i kontrolnu varijantu bez navodnjavanja (38.29 t ha-1 ). Vrednosti koeficijenata iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) bile su statistički signifikantno veće na varijanti navodnjavanja kapanjem (6.2 kg m-3 ) u poredjenju sa varijantom navodnjavanja kišenjem (4.4 kg m-3 ). Veći prinosi lukovica i veće vrednosti koeficijenata Iwue ukazuju na prednost kapanja kao načina navodnjavanja u odnosu na kišenje mikrorasprskivačima u agroekološkim uslovima Vojvodine.

Zemljište i voda predstavljaju važne prirodne resurse koji su čovekovim korišćenjem bitno izmenjeni. Zemljište predstavlja neobnovljiv resurs čijom antropogenizacijom često dolazi do degradacije. Nestručnom ili nesavesnom primenom navodnjavanja uglavnom dolazi do pojave neželjenih posledica na zemljištu. U Vojvodini postoje i zemljišni i klimatski uslovi koji mogu prouzrokovati zaslanjivanje zemljišta u sistemima za navodnjavanje, naročito kada je voda za navodnjavanje mineralizovana. Pravilno (racionalno) navodnjavanje podrazumeva dobro poznavanje zemljišnih i klimatskih uslova područja i bioloških karakteristika gajenih biljaka. Kada se govori o promenama na zemljištu koje navodnjavanje može da izazove, treba odvojiti direktan uticaj vode i navodnjavanja od dejstva agrotehnike i ostalih pratećih činilaca i uslova. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li je dugogodišnje navodnjavanje, u uslovima intenzivne proizvodnje povrća, uticalo na promenu morfoloških, vodno fizičkih i hemijskih svojstava karbonatnog černozema. Ukoliko se primenjuje racionalno navodnjavanje, uz uvažavanje hidropedoloških osobinama zemljišta i bioloških osobenosti gajenih biljaka, pretpostavka je da na ispitivanom zemljištu tipa černozem neće doći do degradacije in situ. Istraživanja su obavljena na Oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, u Odeljenju za povrtarstvo na Rimskim šančevima. Za potrebe analiza, otvoreno je osam pedoloških profila do dva metra dubine, četiri na zemljištu koje se u kontinuitetu navodnjava orošavanjem od 1946. godine i četiri na zemljištu koje nikada nije navodnjavano. Za navodnjavanje je korišćena voda iz kopanih bunara. Za potrebe laboratorijskih istraživanja, uzeti su uzorci u poremećenom i prirodnom, neporemećenom stanju iz sredine utvrđenih genetičkih horizonata, kao i uzorci vode za navodnjavanje. Analizirani su fizička, vodno fizička i hemijska svojstva zemljišta, kao i hemijska svojstva vode za navodnjavanje, standardnim metodama koje, Land and water are important natural resources, which are substantially altered by its use. Land is a nonrenewable resource, whose anthropogenization often leads to degradation. Improper or unconscious use of irrigation usually leads to detrimental effects on soil. In Vojvodina there are soil and climate prerequisites that can cause soil salinization in irrigation systems, especially irrigation water is saline. Correct (rational) irrigation means good understanding of soil and climatic conditions of the area and the biological characteristics of cultivated plants. Direct impact of water and irrigation on soil should be distinguished from the effects of agricultural technology and other factors and conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term irrigation, in intensive vegetable production, caused the change of morphological, hydro physical and chemical properties of carbonate chernozem. If rational irrigation is applied, in respect to hydropedological soil properties and biological characteristics of cultivated plants, the assumption is that the investigated chernozem soil will not show signs of degradation. Investigations were carried out at the Experimental Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, in the Department of Vegetable Crops. For the purpose of analysis eight soil profiles were dug up to two meters deep, four on land that is irrigated by sprinkling continuously since 1946 and four on land that has never been irrigated. Water for irrigation was from the wells. For the purposes of laboratory tests, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the mid-determined genetic horizons, as well as irrigation water samples. Physical, water physical and chemical soil properties and chemical properties of irrigation water were analyzed by standard methods that are used for this type of research, as well as the modern world-recognized methods. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's LSD test for s

The objective of the study, conducted in Vojvodina a northern part of the Serbia Republic, was to analyse the effect of drip irrigation on yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity of watermelon (Cirullus lanatus Thunb.) grown with plasticulture. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration was computed using the reference evapotranspiration and crop coefficient. The yield of watermelon in irrigation conditions (37,28 t/ha) was significantly higher compared to non irrigated (9,98 t/ha). Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions was 398 mm and 117 mm on non-irrigated variant. The crop yield response factor of 1,04 for the whole growing season reveals that relative yield decrease was nearly equal to the rate of evapotranspiration deficit. The values of irrigation water use efficiency and evapotranspiration water use efficiency were 9,93 kg/m3 and 10,29 kg/m3 respectively. The determined results could be used as a good platform for watermelon growers in the region, in terms of improvement of the optimum utilization of irrigation water., Cilj istraživanja, sprovedenog u Vojvodini, bio je da se analizira efekat navodnjavanja kapanjem na prinos, evapotranspiraciju i produktivnost vode u usevu lubenice (Cirullus lanatus Thunb.), gajene na foliji. Vreme zalivanja je određeno na osnovu vodnog bilansa. Dnevne vrednosti evapotranspiracije su obračunate korišćenjem referentne evapotranspiracije i koeficijenta useva. Prinos lubenice u uslovima navodnjavanja (37,28 t/ha) bio je statistički značajno veći u odnosu na prinos u uslovima bez navodnjavanja (9,98 t/ha). Evapotranspiracija lubenice u uslovima navodnjavanja bila je 398 mm i 117 mm na nenavodnjavanoj varijanti. Obračunata vrednost koeficijenta opadanja prinosa od 1,04 za period vegetacije ukazuje da je relativno smanjenje prinosa bilo skoro jednako relativnom deficitu evapotranspiracije. Efikasnost korišćenja vode navodnjavanjem i evapotranspiracijom iznosila je 9,93 kg/m3 i 10,29 kg/m3, redom. Dobijeni rezultati mogu poslužiti kao dobra osnova za proizvođače lubenice u regionu, u smislu poboljšanja i optimizacije navodnjavanja.

The study of effects of water stress on yield and water use by onion plants was carried out at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad in the period 2005-2007. Onion sensitivity to water stress was determined using a yield response factor (Ky). The values of Ky were derived from the linear relationship between relative evapotranspiration deficits (1-ETa/ETm) and relative yield decrease (1-Ya/Ym). To assess the irrigation effect on onion yield, irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETwue) were determined. Values of Ky in the growing season (Ky 1.78) indicate that onion is highly sensitive to water stress under the climate conditions of the Vojvodina region. The amounts of water used on evapotranspiration under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions ranged from 448.4 to511.9 mm, and 290.2 to 393.9 mm, respectively. The values of Iwue and ETwue varied from 4.35 to 28.05 kg ha-1/m-3 and 7.87 to 19.51 kg ha-1/m-3, respectively, mostly depending on the favorableness of the year for the onion production and irrigation water applied. Ky, Iwue and ETwue can be used as a good basis for onion growers in the region in terms of optimum irrigation water use, for the planning, design and operation of irrigation projects in the region, and also for the improvement the production technology of the crop.

The study of effects ofwater stress on yield and water use by maize plants was carried out in the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute at Zemun Polje in the period 2006-2008. Maize sensitivity to water stress was determined using a yield response factor (Ky). The values of Ky were derived from the linear relationship between relative evapotranspiration deficits (1-ETa/ETm) and relative yield decrease (1-Ya/Ym). To assess the irrigation effect on maize yield, irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETwue) were determined. Values of Ky in the growing season (Ky 0.94) indicate that maize is moderately sensitive to water stress under the climate conditions of Serbia. The amounts of water used on evapotranspiration under irrigation (ETm) and non-irrigation (ETa) conditions ranged from 453 to 501 mm, and 257 to 363 mm, respectively. The values of Iwue and ETwue varied from 0.020 to 0.0361 ha-1/mm and 0.024 to 0.0381 ha-1/ mm, respectively, mostly depending on the favourableness of the year for the maize production and irrigation water applied. Ky, Iwue and ETwue can be used as a good basis for maize growers in the region in terms of optimum irrigation water use, for the planning, design and operation of irrigation projects in the region, and also for the improvement the production technology of the crop., Eksperimentalna istraživanja uticaja vodnog stresa na potrošnju vode i prinos kukuruza su obavljena na oglednom polju Instituta za kukuruz Zemun Polje iz Zemuna u periodu od 2006-2008 godine. Osetljivost kukuruza na vodni stres u periodu vegetacije utvrđena je na osnovu vrednosti koeficijenta opadanja prinosa - Ky. Vrednosti Ky su obračunate iz odnosa relativnog opadanja prinosa (1-Ya/Ym) i relativnog deficita evapotranspiracije (1-ETa/ETm). Za ocenu efikasnosti navodnjavanja, odnosno realizovanog zalivnog režima utvrđen je koeficijent iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) i koeficijent iskorišćenosti vode u odnosu na evapotranspiraciju (ETwue). Vrednosti Ky u vegetacionom periodu (Ky 0,94) ukazuju da je kukuruz umereno osetljiv na vodni stres u klimatskim uslovima Srbije. Utrošak vode na evapotranspiraciju u uslovima navodnjavanja (ETm) kretao se u intervalu od 453-501 mm, a u uslovima bez navodnjavanja (ETa) u intevalu od 257-363 mm. Vrednosti koeficijenta iskorišćenosti vode dodate navodnjavanjem (Iwue) su bile u intervalu 0,020 do 0,036 t ha-1/mm, a koeficijenta iskorišćenosti vode u odnosu na evapotranspiraciju (ETwue) u intervalu 0,024 do 0,038 t ha-1/mm u zavisnosti od povoljnosti godine za proizvodnju kukuruza, odnosno količine vode dodate navodnjavanjem. Utvrđene vrednosti Ky, Iwue i ETwue mogu biti dobra y osnova za proizvođače kukuruza u regionu u pogledu optimalnog korišćenja vode za navodnjavanje, za planiranje, projektovanje i korišćenje zalivnih sistema, a takodje i za unapređenje tehnologije proizvodnje kukuruza.

The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the effects of interaction of nitrogen fertilization at topdressing and irrigation on the yield of two winter wheat varieties in 2012/2013. In average for two treatments of irrigation and applied nitrogen, variety Zvezdana achieved significantly higher yield in comparison with Simonida. Comparing the yield obtained on control and irrigated treatments showed no significant differences. By analyzing the effects of increasing doses of nitrogen on the yield of winter wheat, it can be concluded that fertilization had the greatest impact on yield. However, the highest grain yield was obtained on the control treatment, and was significantly higher than yield achieved on all fertilized treatments. Unexpected results of an experiment could be explained by the specific, favourable climate conditions of the year, with abundant precipitation, relatively high temperatures and a high initial content of soil mineral nitrogen with subsequent high mineralization. Consequently, the expected effects of fertilization, especially irrigation on grain yield were not achieved., Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se u uslovima proizvodne 2012/2013. godine utvrdi i kvantifikuje efekat đubrenja azotom u prihrani u interakciji sa navodnjavanjem na prinos dve ozime sorte pšenice. U proseku za dva tretmana navodnjavanja i primenjene doze azota, sorta Zvezdana ostvarila je značajno veći prinos zrna u poređenju sa Simonidom. Poređenjem kontrolne i navodnjavane varijante utvrđeno je da je prinos zrna na ovim pod parcelama bio gotovo identičan. Posmatrajući efekte rastućih doza azota na visinu prinosa moglo se konstatovati da je đubrenje imalo najveći uticaj na prinos. Međutim, sasvim neočekivano, najveći prinos zrna dobijen je na kontrolnoj varijanti, i bio je značajno veći od prinosa na svim đubrenim varijantama. Neuobičajeni rezultati ogleda mogu se objasniti specifičnim uslovima godine, pre svega povoljnim klimatskim uslovima sa obilnim količinama padavina i visokim temperaturama, zatim visokim početnim sadržajem mineralnog azota u zemljištu i kasnijom velikom mineralizacijom, što je dovelo do toga da su izostali očekivani efekti đubrenja, a naročito navodnjavanja na prinos zrna.