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The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PMS (premenstrual syndrome)-related pain among young women following a particular type of diet during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was compared to the period before the pandemic. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the increase in the intensification of pain was correlated to their age, body weight, height and BMI, and whether there are differences in PMS-related pain between women who differ in their diet. A total of 181 young female Caucasian patients who met the criteria for PMS were involved in the study. Patients were divided according to the kind of diet they had followed during the last 12 months before the first medical evaluation. The rise in pain score was evaluated according to the Visual Analog Scale before and during the pandemic. Women following a non-vegetarian (“basic”) diet had a significantly higher body weight in comparison to those on a vegetarian diet. Furthermore, a significant difference was noted between the level of intensification of pain before and during the pandemic in women applying a basic diet, a vegetarian and an elimination diet. Before the pandemic, women from all groups felt weaker pain than during the pandemic. No significant difference in the intensification of pain during the pandemic was shown between women with various diets, nor was there a correlation between intensification of pain and the girl’s age, BMI, their body weight and also height for any of the diets applied.

Background Research studies indicate that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease. The mechanisms that link both conditions are not entirely understood. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the impact of hormonal and metabolic disturbances on the gingival health and salivary levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL1-β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in adolescent girls with PCOS. Methods Thirty-one patients with PCOS and twenty-eight healthy age-mates (as the control group) were enrolled in the study. Individuals with PCOS underwent blood tests for the determination of hormonal and metabolic parameters. Saliva samples were collected to measure salivary testosterone and proinflammatory cytokines in both studied groups. Calibrated dentist assessed oral hygiene and gingival health of all subjects. Results Salivary testosterone was significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.0007). The groups did not differ significantly concerning periodontal parameters. Patients with PCOS revealed higher levels of salivary cytokines (p s ≥ 0.60, p s = − 0.44, p = 0.0138 and rs = − 0.37, p = 0.0424, respectively). BOP% was also positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) in the control group (rs = 0.40, p = 0.0368) and index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the study group (rs = 0.48, p = 0.0068). Salivary testosterone was positively correlated with TNF-α in the control group (rs = 0.41, p = 0.0321), while in the study group, total testosterone (TT) was positively correlated with IL-6 (rs = 0.37, p = 0.0400) and free androgen index (FAI) with TNF-α (rs = 0.36, p = 0.0491). Conclusions Gingival health of the examined population was associated primarily with oral hygiene and, to a lesser extent, with the hormonal and metabolic profile. Despite similar periodontal parameters in the both studied groups, patients with PCOS revealed significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in saliva, which might be the manifestation of the systemic low-grade inflammation associated with PCOS.

Objectives Research studies suggest that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may influence the composition of the oral microflora in women. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the number of selected periopathogens in a young cohort of females with PCOS and to assess the association between oral hygiene, subgingival microbiome, gingival health, and metabolic and hormonal parameters. Materials and methods Thirty-two subjects with PCOS and twenty-three healthy controls aged 15–19 years were examined periodontally by a calibrated dentist. A real-time PCR method was used for the identification of 9 subgingival microorganisms. Subjects with PCOS underwent blood tests for determination of FSH, LH, total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, SHBG, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid profile. Results Gingival index (GI), the proportion of bleeding sites (BOP%), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PLI) did not differ significantly between cases and healthy age-mates. The control group had significantly higher levels of Peptostreptococcus micros and substantially greater percentage of subjects infected by Treponema denticola. Capnocytophaga gingivalis count was positively correlated with the level of estradiol, while the concentration of HDL-C was negatively correlated with the number of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and orange complex bacteria. Conclusions PCOS in young patients was not associated with higher pathogenicity of subgingival biofilms. Clinical relevance Further studies are needed to explain the relationship between hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, subgingival microflora, and periodontal health in patients with PCOS.

The role of inappropriate lifestyle in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its metabolic and reproductive complications has attracted much attention in recent years, however, most studies involve adult patients. Thus, the study aimed to compare dietary patterns, physical activity, metabolic, anthropometric and inflammatory markers of 14–18-year-old girls with and without PCOS (n = 61 and n = 35, respectively) as well as to assess correlations between concentrations of metabolic and inflammatory markers and macronutrient intake and to identify the independent predictors of PCOS, related to diet and physical activity (PA). Compared to the control group, PCOS girls consumed significantly more total fat (p = 0.0005), including both saturated (SFA) (p = 0.03), monounsaturated (MUFA) (p = 0.0003) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.01). A significantly higher percentage of PCOS patients consumed high and medium glycemic index (GI) foods (p = 0.03) and represented a low level of PA, both during school and in leisure time (41.67 vs. 6.06%, p = 0.0001 and 32.79 vs. 5.71%, p = 0.003, respectively). The PCOS group had also significantly higher waist circumference (WC), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.01), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.01), fasting insulin (p = 0.002) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.006) levels. There was an inverse correlation between fiber intake and fasting insulin, (p = 0.0002, r = −0.37), HOMA-IR (p = 0.0004, r = −0.35), WC (p = 0.029, r = −0.222) and a positive relationship between high and medium GI diet and insulin concentration (p = 0.003, r = 0.3). An increase of 10 g/day in total fat intake per day increases the probability of PCOS by 1.4 times. If the SFA or MUFA intakes increase by 10 g, the probability of PCOS increase 1.7-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. The consumption of foods with a medium GI raises the probability of PCOS by more than 3 times, after adjusting for age. The odds ratio decreased for the moderate and high PA at school/work and in leisure time. Further research in girls with PCOS is needed to test whether low GI and dietary fatty acid reduction combined with increased PA is effective in the nonpharmacological treatment and prevention of PCOS complications. ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.

Purpose: All possible measures should be taken to prevent glucose tolerance disorders and limit their consequences. The aim of this study was to show the relationship between maternal eating habits...

Introduction. In gynecology, the proper selection of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, including conservative and/or surgical procedures, plays an important role. An outline of these issues is presented in the context of static disorders of female genital organs. The period of a woman’s life predisposing to pelvic organ prolapse is menopause, especially the period of senium, which is associated with hypoestrogenism. An analysis of the factors affecting the risk of disorders of genital statics indicates that pelvic floor exercises and a proper diet, which does not lead to constipation or obesity, are important in the prevention of genital static disorders. Aim. The aim of the study is to analyze the problem of disorders of the statics of genital organs, which is significant in nursing and medicine, in the light of the literature data.

The impact of diet on inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) in girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate, in PCOS girls, whether certain macronutrient intakes can be associated with these disturbances. For this purpose, 59 PCOS participants (aged 14–18 years) were recruited to this study and divided into two subgroups: overweight/obese—Ov/Ob group (n = 22) and normal weight—N group (n = 37). Nutrition was assessed using a 3-day food record. The studied markers were total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6). We found plant protein intake inversely correlated with IL-6 (p = 0.007, r = −0.557), TNF-α (p = 0.006, r = −0.564), MDA (p = 0.01, r = −0.539) in the Ov/Ob group and with TAC (p = 0.021, r = −0.38) in the N group. Inverse correlations in the Ov/Ob group were observed between protein intake and IL-6 (p = 0.031, r = −0.461), TNF- α (p = 0.043, r = −0.435), carbohydrates and IL-6 (p = 0.037, r = −0.448), MDA (p = 0.045, r = −0.431), fiber and IL-6 (p = 0.025, r = −0.475). A positive relationship between cholesterol intake and CRP concentration (p = 0.038, r = 0.342) was also found in the N group. These findings revealed that inflammation and OS are increased in Ov/Ob girls with decreased plant protein intake and low carbohydrates in the diet. Moreover, inflammation may be increased by cholesterol intake in slim PCOS girls. On the other hand, decreased intake of fiber and total protein intake increased inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.

One of the most important problems in anti-aging medicine, family medicine, gynecology and sexology are disorders of the statics of female genital organs, usually resulting in sexual dysfunction and urogynecological problems. Although in the era of a pandemic, the fight against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections is a priority. COVID-19, and in this context one of the most important problems also related to family medicine are geriatric issues – issues related to aging societies, and the more elderly people there are, the more attention should be paid to them in the context of their health – also in terms of sexual health.

Family doctors play a huge role in the holistic care of patients, including oncological prophylaxis also in the context of gynecology of developmental age. In the prevention of neoplastic diseases, for example, all activities in the field of family medicine are very important, and regarding pro-health education from an early age: providing patients with knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, the role of physical activity and diet. Although cases of malignant neoplasms in children are not frequent, the specific gravity of the problem makes this issue particularly important in the context of gynecology of developmental age and family medicine. These issues discussed in the paper are also important in the context of developmental medicine. It is a branch of clinical and theoretical medicine dealing with tracking the regularities and disorders of human somatic and mental development from the moment birth until the end of the puberty process. Unfortunately, health problems, including oncological diseases, also occur in the developmental period.

Introduction The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is recognized as an excellent tool for assessing female sexuality and screening female sexual dysfunction, but it also has important venereological implications as sexually transmitted diseases result from human behaviour in the sexual sphere. It is influenced by socio-economic, psychological and cultural factors. Aim To present the results of an attempt to implement FSFI in gynaecological practice. Material and methods The study comprised 91 women aged 20-35 (mean: 24.3 ±4.0) undergoing prophylactic gynaecological examinations. All of them voluntarily agreed to fill in the FSFI questionnaire, and provide data on weight, height, hormone treatments, the age of menarche and sexual initiation and information essential in health promotion and prevention, including the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Results The average age of the first sexual intercourse was 18.2 ±2.4. The total FSFI score ranged from 3.8 to 35.1 points (mean: 27.4 ±6.5). As many as 34.1% of the women presented with FSFI < 27.50, suggesting an increased risk of sexual dysfunction. Patients' age as well as the age of menarche were both negatively correlated with desire. The mean FSFI scores for almost all of the domains and the FSFI total score were higher for women taking oral contraceptives, although statistically significant differences were detected only for the orgasm domain. Conclusions A high percentage of sexually active Polish women presented with FSFI below the threshold, suggesting some grade of sexual dysfunction. Gynaecological and STI medical history should be extended to include issues related to female sexual function.

Human actions aimed at satisfying the “sexual need” are complicated – they move many different mechanisms and go far beyond sexuality itself, and only in the case of the human species, in phylogenetic terms, we talk about eroticism encompassing sexuality together with the sphere of feelings, intellect and the sphere of the psyche. Sexual health should be understood holistically, which is important in both medical and pharmacy care. In the practice of a family doctor, sexual problems are reported by patients of different ages-particular aspects of the aging are discussed. According to WHO, sexual health is the integration of biological, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of sex life important for positive personality development, communication and love, and in addition to this definition of sexual health, sexual medical standards are based on the International Classification of Diseases and Health Problems and the Declaration of Rights. Sexual WHO.

Inflammation within the genital organs in women is an important problem in gynecology and venereology. Understanding the factors contributing to the inflammatory process and the role of defense mechanisms against their occurrence is important in terms of prevention and treatment. The importance of pre and probiotics was also discussed. It has been proven that the use of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics in the diet has a beneficial effect on many body functions. Functional food including an important role in the prevention of inflammation in gynecology. The mission of the medical community, in addition to treatment, should be an emphasis on informing parents, teachers and adolescents and indicating sources of reliable knowledge on topics related to health promotion (including the promotion of a proper diet, physical activity, hygienic lifestyle), which also significantly affects the prevention of inflammation, including sexually transmitted diseases.

Background: We aimed to find the difference between girls with clinical features of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), divided into two groups: Overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob) and normal weight (N), related to diet, disordered eating attitudes (DEA), metabolic and hormonal differences, and to identify the risk factors of being overweight or obese. Methods: Seventy-eight adolescents with PCOS, aged 14–18 years, were divided into Ov/Ob and N groups. Patients underwent blood tests for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile. Nutrition was evaluated using a 3-day food record. To examine the level of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Logistic regression was carried out to identify the independent predictors of being overweight and obese. Results: An increase of 10 g in plant protein intake decreased the probability of being overweight and of obesity (OR = 0.54; p = 0.036). EAT-26 score ≥20 was correlated with a 7-fold (OR = 6.88; p = 0.02) increased odds of being overweight or of obesity. Conclusion: Being overweight and obesity in adolescents with PCOS may be associated with DEA and the type and amount of protein intake.

A family doctor, as well as a sexologist, gynecologist, in his medical practice encounters problems related to skin diseases significantly affecting the sense of femininity or masculinity. An example of such an issue, especially in gynecology of developmental age, is the problem of skin changes associated with androgenization syndromes. Typical dermatological diseases are sometimes associated with enormous pain, not only physical, but also mental, resulting from the fact that skin disease processes significantly disfigure the body, lower self-esteem and significantly affect the sexual sphere. Selected aspects related to the holistic approach to the issue of pain and suffering, also related to skin lesions, are presented. This issue, like all medical fields, is a source of philosophical reflection. It is inseparable from psychodermatology. The experience of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, taking into account skin lesions, also prompts a similar search.

The article raises important issues regarding the use of diet and probiotics in prevention and treatment of vaginitis. Vaginitis is defined as any condition with symptoms of abnormal vaginal discharge. The most common causes of vaginitis are vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis (BV). Vaginitis has been linked to itching, burning, pain, discharge, irritation and also adverse reproductive and obstetric health outcomes. Moreover, microorganisms that build vaginal flora in the state of bacterial vaginosis are a source of cervicitis and endometritis (often in subclinical forms) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) The proper diet and probiotics consumption may influence the composition of the gut microbiota, improve gut integrity, and have an impact on maintaining and recovering the normal vaginal microbiota. Future studies and reviews investigating the role of diet and probiotics in changes to gut and vaginal microbiome need to focus on deciphering the mechanismus of host bacteria interaction in vulvovaginal health.

Zulassung: Die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie befasst sich mit angeborenen und entwicklungsbedingten gynakologischen Storungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Eine der wichtigsten-spezifischen Fragen der Gynakologie des Entwicklungsalters sind die psychologische-etische Probleme, sehr oft Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen. Zwischen mehreren gynekologischen somatischen Problemen der jugend Patientinen sind auch psychologische-etische Probleme und Probleme, die mit einer vorzeitigen sexuellen Initiation zusammenhangen. Zielsatzung : Prasentation der Bedeutung der psychologischen-etischen und sexuologischen Probleme in der Gynakologie der Pubertat. Methode: Analyse der Literatur der Problematik der Pubertatsgynakologie in Bezug auf Sexuologie und Psychologie. Schlussfolgerung: Die kurze Uberprufung der gewahlten sexuologischen Themen in Bezug auf die Kinder- und Jugendgynakologie weist auf die Bedeutung der sexuologischen Ausbildung, der Gesundheitspromotion, inklusiv sexuelles Wohlstandes hin.

The roles of dietary macronutrients and physical activity (PA) in patients with PCOS have not been sufficiently reported, especially in adolescent girls. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated the associations between serum concentrations of total testosterone (tT), free testosterone (fT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and dietary macronutrients intake as well as different types and levels of PA. The study population consisted of 96 girls of Caucasian ancestry, aged 14–18 years: 61 participants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 35 healthy controls. Serum tT, fT, A, DHEA-S, and SHBG were determined in fasting blood. Macronutrient intake and PA levels were assessed by using the three-day food record method and the Beliefs and Eating Habits Questionnaire (KomPAN), respectively. We found several positive correlations between dietary macronutrients such as total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and hormonal parameters across the entire cohort and in healthy girls. A positive correlation between SHBG and total protein consumption as well as an inverse correlation between SHBG and carbohydrate intake could be determined. No correlation between androgens and macronutrients was found in the PCOS group. In contrast, we observed an inverse correlation between androgen concentrations (except of DHEA-S) and “work/school” and/or “leisure time” PA only in PCOS patients. Moreover, the hormone levels differed according to PA intensity. In conclusion, the impact of diet and PA was strikingly different in adolescents with and without PCOS. These findings indicate that disturbed hormonal homeostasis in PCOS, at least in the youngest patients, likely “overtrump” dietary influences, and otherwise, PA offers a therapeutic potential that requires further evaluation of the long-term effects in randomized studies. (ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier: NCT04738409.)

Introduction. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is considered to be an excellent tool for assessing female sexuality and screening for sexual dysfunctions in women. Aim. An attempt was made to demonstrate the desirability of using the FSFI questionnaire in gynaecological and general practice. Materials and methods. The study included 147 mature women (18 to 63 years of age) who reported for preventive gynaecological examinations and agreed to answer questions about their sexuality in the form of an anonymous FSFI questionnaire. Before proceeding with the questionnaire, the patients were asked, as part of an expanded medical history, if they received sexual education in their subjective assessment. Results. The average FSFI scores for all domains and the FSFI total score were higher in women with basic sex education compared to women who received no such education. Conclusions. Regardless of the issue of sex education, the important aspect of gynaecological counselling is the sexological aspect – it is also important in the general practice. This sphere still seems to be a taboo subject in many patients. The usefulness of the IFSK questionnaire for assessing female sexuality and the factors influencing it was confirmed.

Developmental gynecology uses methods practiced in auxology - the science of human ontogenetic development.An important and jointly used concept in gynecology and auxology is the concept of developmental age, which, unlikecalendar age, is a measure of the biological maturity of the organism, indicating the stage of advancement in the developmentof certain features or body systems. Developmental age assessment methods include: a) morphological (somatic)age - body height and weight, b) secondary sex characteristics - breast in girls, genitalia (penis and testes) in boys, andpubic hair in both sexes, c) bone age - hand and wrist x-ray, and d) dental age. An important marker of developmentalage is also age at menarche, treated as a late indicator of puberty in girls. All of these methods are useful in the context ofassessing regularity and disorders of puberty, such as delayed puberty. The paper discusses developmental age assessmentmethods that can be used to diagnose delayed puberty as well as the causes of delayed puberty in girls. It should be emphasizedthat in assessing the process of physical development of a given individual, the cooperation of specialists in the fieldof developmental gynecology, pediatrics, auxology, dentistry, endocrinology, and dietetics would be the most desirable.

The issue of uterine bleeding is important not only in gynecology, but also in family medicine. Patients with abnormal uterine bleeding often report to family doctor's outpatient clinics. However, such situations usually require further specialist gynecological care – abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common cause of hospitalization of women in gynecological wards. These patients need detailed diagnosis, and many of them require hospitalization and specialist treatment. The problem of heavy uterine bleeding also affects patients of developmental age, with juvenile bleeding (metrorrhagia iuvenilis) being a particular issue here. This is acyclic bleeding in girls that lasts over 10 days up to 3 months. These bleeds are very heavy and prone to relapse. They can cause anemia. Severe cases and other hemorrhages in gynecology can be life-threatening. Most often pathological changes in the uterine cavity may manifest as abnormal bleeding concern menstruating patients ar reproductive age, as well as those in the peri- and postmenopausal period. However, juvenile bleeding is an important problem in gynecology

Painful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis are one of the most common problems related to the sexual cycle in adolescent girls. Metrorrhagia iuvenilis is acyclic bleeding that occurs in adolescents and lasts from over 10 days even up to 3 months. These bleeds are very abundant and have a tendency to relapse. They cause anemia, and severe cases can be life-threatening. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of somatic, emotional and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The aetiology of PMS remains unknown. According to strict diagnostic criteria, an estimated 2.5-5% of girls and women are affected by PMS. However, some researchers maintain that the symptoms of PMS may be prevalent in as many as 40-80% of girls and women. This article it has been discussed premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis and aspects related to dietotherapy were included.

Objectives: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of physical and emotional symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The study aim was to determine the relationship between PMS, and state of nutrition expressed as Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition in 18-year-old females. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 476 women divided into two groups i.e. those suffering from PMS (n = 233) and those without symptoms (n = 243). The women were examined during their luteal phase using bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine their body composition. Height and weight were measured using digital medical scales with an electronic height rod. BMI was calculated thus: BMI = body mass (weight) (kg)/height (m2). The subjects were di- vided into two sub-groups: BMI < 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Statistical analysis was carried out using STATISTICA 10 PL software and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The women with normal BMI suffered from PMS twice as often as the women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (68.2% vs. 31.8%). There were significantly higher values for Fat Mass (FM) (%) (p < 0.01) and FM (kg) (p < 0.001) in women without PMS, and significantly higher values for Fat-Free Mass (FFM) (%) (p < 0.001) and Total Body Water (TBW) (%) (p < 0.001) in women with PMS. Higher values were reported for FFM (kg) and TBW (kg) (p < 0.05) in girls with PMS and BMI ≥ 25. Conclusions: These results show PMS is more frequent in patients with BMI < 25, and less frequent in patients with higher FM (kg) and FM (%). Moreover, significant frequency of PMS was observed in patients with higher FFM and TBW. Such statistical significance was not confirmed in girls with a BMI < 25.