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Forest is a huge green wealth bestowed by nature to mankind, but forest fire will cause great harm. Automatic forest fire early warning and alarm system can warn the high fire risk areas in the forest, or find and alarm the forest fire as early as possible, which is of great significance to reduce the loss of forest fire. This paper introduces a construction method of forest fire automatic early warning and alarm system, which provides knowledge and experience accumulation for the subsequent research and development of related systems.

Background and Objectives: High‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GSs) composition has a significant influence on wheat gluten strength and product quality. Flour protein content and gluten strength required for making soft‐bite white salted noodles (WSNs) are well established, whereas the association of HMW‐GS composition with WSN quality is poorly understood. Eastern US soft winter (ESW) wheat varieties carrying diverse HMW‐GS profiles were evaluated for protein characteristics and WSN‐making quality and compared to those of commercial noodle flours (CNFs) to identify HMW‐GSs desirable for making noodles. Findings: Subunit 2* showed associations with low cooking yield and high hardness of cooked WSN. ESW wheat varieties carrying subunits 2 + 121 produced WSN with higher cooking loss, and lower hardness and tensile force than those carrying subunits 5 + 10, 2 + 12, or 2 + 10. The 1BL/1RS translocation exhibited an association with increased adhesiveness of WSN. Conclusions: ESW wheat varieties carrying one of three HMW‐GS profiles, (2*, 7* + 8, 5 + 10), (2*, 7 + 9, 5 + 10) or (2*, 13 + 16, 2 + 12), produced WSN of comparable quality to those prepared from CNFs. Significance and Novelty: The determination of HMW‐GS composition would be an effective tool for the identification and development of ESW wheat varieties possessing protein characteristics suitable for making WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil has become a serious worldwide environmental and health problem. Cd is easily taken up by plants and translocated to aboveground tissues. A pot experiment was carried out to explore the role of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and endogenous hormones in enhancing Cd tolerance and promoting translocation of Cd in one-year-old seedlings of Populus x euramericana 'Neva'. The antioxidant substances ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG); the activities of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbic acid reductase (DHAR); the levels of the endogenous hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (G[A.sub.3]), and zeatin riboside (ZR); and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide ([H.sub.2][O.sub.2]) were investigated after 30 days of irrigation with half-Hoagland solution containing 0 or 100 [micro]mol*[L.sup.-1] Cd[(N[O.sub.3]).sub.2] under magnetic treatment (MT) or nonmagnetic treatment (NMT). The results were as follows. (i) Compared with NMT, MT increased the AsA levels in roots compared with those in leaves under Cd stress, whereas it increased the DHA levels in the leaves but decreased the DHA levels in the roots. The GSH and GSSG levels both increased by 8%-151% under MT. (ii) MT inhibited the APX activity in blades and roots, and a similar effect was observed on the foliar activities of GR and MDHAR, with a decrease of 8%-50%; however, MT increased the activation of DHAR in the blades and GR in the roots. In addition, compared with NMT, MT increased the activities of GR, MDHAR, and DHAR by 19%-285% in Populus (poplar). (iii) With the exogenous addition of Cd, the Cd accumulation and biological transport coefficient of Cd from roots to leaves (S/R) were enhanced in poplar, accompanied by increased levels of [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] and MDA due to MT. (iv) The levels of IAA, ABA, GA, and ZR were inhibited by 19%-95% in the leaves following MT. In contrast, the levels of these endogenous hormones were increased by 18%-203% in the roots following MT. (v) MT improved the seedling growth of poplar, with an increase of 0.4%-90%, compared with that of the NMT. The ground diameter and number of root tips showed the greatest increases, with average ratios of 29% and 87%, respectively. These results suggested a large increase in AsA and decreases in poplar antioxidant enzymes, especially in the leaves, with a high GSH level. In this review, we concluded that the antioxidant substance GSH plays an important role in the AsA-GSH cycle following exposure to a magnetic field under Cd stress. Additionally, the roots play a major role in eliminating oxygen free radicals by regulating the levels and ratios of various endogenous hormones. Moreover, magnetization could alleviate Cd-induced oxidative stress by stimulating MDHAR, DHAR, and GR activities; enhance the defense capability of the AsA-GSH cycle; and maintain normal physiological metabolism in poplar. Key words: cadmium stress, magnetization, antioxidant substance, antioxidant enzymes, endogenous hormone. La contamination des sols par le cadmium (Cd) est devenue un serieux probleme environnemental et sanitaire partout dans le monde. Le Cd est facilement absorbe par les plantes et transporte vers les parties aeriennes. Une experience en pot a ete realisee pour etudier le role du cycle de l'ascorbate-glutathion (AsA-GSH) et des hormones endogenes dans l'augmentation de la tolerance au Cd et la promotion de la translocation du Cd chez des semis de Populus x euramericana 'Neva'. Les substances antioxydantes telles que l'acide ascorbique (AsA), l'acide dehydroascorbique (DHA), le glutathion (GSH), et le glutathion oxyde (GSSG); l'activite des enzymes antioxydantes telles que l'acide ascorbique peroxydase (APX), la glutathion reductase (GR), la monodehydroascorbique reductase (MDHAR) et l'acide dehydroascorbique reductase (DHAR); le niveau des hormones endogenes telles que l'acide 3-indole acetique (IAA), l'acide abscisique (ABA), la gibberelline (G[A.sub.3]) et la zeatine riboside (ZR); et la teneur en malonaldehyde (MDA) et en peroxyde d'hydrogene ([H.sub.2][O.sub.2]) ont ete etudies apres 30 jours d'irrigation avec une solution de Hoagland diluee de moitie contenant 0 ou 100 [micro]mol*[L.sup.-1] de Cd[(N[O.sub.3]).sub.2] avec (MT) ou sans (NMT) traitement magnetique. Voici les resultats. (i) Relativement a NMT, MT a augmente la teneur en AsA dans les racines comparativement a ce qui a ete observe dans les feuilles en presence d'un stress du au Cd, tandis qu'il a augmente la teneur en DHA dans les feuilles mais l'a diminue dans les racines. MT a augmente de 8 a 151 % les teneurs en GSH et GSSG. (ii) MT a inhibe l'activite de l'APX dans les limbes et les racines et un effet semblable a ete observe dans le cas de l'activite foliaire de la GR et de la MDHAR entrainant une diminution de 8 a 50%; cependant, MT a augmente l'activite de la DHAR dans les limbes et celle de la GR dans les racines. De plus, comparativement a NMT, MT a augmente de 19 a 285 % l'activite de la GR, de la MDHAR et de la DHAR chez le peuplier (Populus). (iii) L'ajout exogene de Cd a favorise l'accumulation de Cd et augmente le coefficient de transport biologique de Cd des racines vers les feuilles (S/R) chez le peuplier, accompagne par une augmentation des teneurs en [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] et MDA a cause de MT. (iv) Les teneurs en IAA, ABA, G[A.sub.3] et ZR ont ete reduites de 19 a 95 % dans les feuilles a la suite de MT. Par contre MT a augmente de 18 a 203 % la teneur en hormones endogenes dans les racines. (v) MT a augmente de 0,4 a 90 % la croissance des semis de peuplier comparativement a NMT. Le diametre au sol et le nombre d'apex racinaires ont connu la plus forte augmentation, soit des ratios respectifs de 29 et 87 %. Ces resultats indiquent que l'AsA connait une forte augmentation et que l'activite des enzymes antioxydantes diminue chez le peuplier, particulierement dans les feuilles, avec une teneur elevee en GSH. Dans cette revue de litterature, nous arrivons a la conclusion que la substance antioxydante GSH joue un role important dans le cycle de l'AsA-GSH a la suite d'une exposition a un champ magnetique en presence d'un stress du au Cd. En outre, les racines jouent un role majeur dans l'elimination des radicaux libres d'oxygene en controlant les niveaux et les ratios d'une variete d'hormones endogenes. De plus, la magnetisation pourrait attenuer le stress oxydatif induit par le Cd en stimulant l'activite de la MDHAR, de la DHAR et de la GR, en ameliorant la capacite de defense du cycle de l'AsA-GSH et en maintenant un metabolisme physiologique normal chez le peuplier. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: stress du au cadmium, magnetisation, substance antioxydante, enzymes antioxydantes, hormone endogene., Introduction Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential nutrient for plant growth and is one of the most biotoxic heavy metal elements (Gallego et al. 2012; Cornu et al. 2016). Cd pollution [...]

The effects of magnetized water irrigation on the growth and ionic movements of one-year-old potted seedlings of Populus x euramericana 'Neva' were investigated. A magnetic treatment device was used to treat the plants. The contents of [K.sup.+], [Na.sup.+], [Ca.sup.2+], and [Mg.sup.2+] in leaves and roots were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and the fluxes of [K.sup.+], [Na.sup.+], [Ca.sup.2+], [Mg.sup.2+], and [H.sup.+] in mesophyll cells and in meristematic zones were measured using a noninvasive micro -test technique (NIMT) after 30 days of treatment. After 90 days, the plants were harvested, and their growth indices and root morphology were measured. The results showed that (i) compared with nonmagnetic treatments (NMT), the magnetic treatments (MT) led to higher [K.sup.+] and [Mg.sup.2+] contents and lower [Ca.sup.2+] content in roots and leaves, while the [Na.sup.+] content was lower and the [K.sup.+]/[Na.sup.+] ratio was higher; (ii) MT enhanced [Na.sup.+] efflux, increased [H.sup.+] influx, and decreased [K.sup.+] and [Mg.sup.2+] efflux compared with NMT; (iii) MT resulted in greater height, diameter, and leaf area of the plants and increased the length, surface area, and number of root tips compared with NMT; and (iv) stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular C[O.sub.2] concentration (Ci), and water use efficiency (WUE) were increased in MT, whereas both transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal limiting value (Ls) were decreased compared with NMT. The results indicate that the use of magnetized water can promote plant quality and regulate the ion absorption, transpiration, and distribution. Thus, MT is conducive to the re-establishment of ionic homeostatic mechanisms via ion-selective absorption and transportation under salt stress. Key words: ionic homeostasis, ion content, ion flux, magnetization, Populus x euramericana 'Neva'. Les effets de l'irrigation avec de l'eau magnetisee sur la croissance et la circulation des ions chez des semis en pot ages d'un an de Populus x euramericana 'Neva' ont ete etudies. Un appareil de magnetisation a ete utilise pour traiter les plants. Les teneurs en [K.sup.+], [Na.sup.+], [Ca.sup.2+] et [Mg.sup.2+] des feuilles et des racines ont ete analysees par spectrophotometrie d'absorption atomique et les flux de [K.sup.+], [Na.sup.+], [Ca.sup.2+], [Mg.sup.2+] et [H.sup.+] dans les cellules du mesophylle et dans les zones meristematiques ont ete mesures apres 30 jours a l'aide d'une technique non invasive de mesure par microelectrodes. Apres 90 jours, les plants ont ete recoltes et leurs indices de croissance et leur morphologie racinaire ont ete mesures. Les resultats montrent que : (i) comparativement a l'absence de magnetisation (AM), l'eau magnetisee (EM) a augmente la teneur en [K.sup.+] et [Mg.sup.2+] et reduit la teneur en [Ca.sup.2+] dans les racines et les feuilles tandis que la teneur en [Na.sup.+] etait plus faible et le rapport [K.sup.+] a [Na.sup.+] etait plus eleve; (ii) l'EM a ameliore le flux sortant de [Na.sup.+], augmente l'afflux de [H.sup.+] et reduit le flux sortant de [K.sup.+] et [Mg.sup.2+] comparativement a l'AM; (iii) l'EM a entraine une augmentation de la hauteur, du diametre et de la surface foliaire des plants ainsi qu'une augmentation de la longueur, de la surface et du nombre d'apex racinaires comparativement a l'AM; et (iv) la conductance stomatique (Gs), le taux de photosynthese nette (Pn), la concentration intracellulaire de C[O.sub.2] (Ci) et l'efficacite d'utilisation de l'eau (EUE) ont ete accrus par l'EM tandis que tant le taux de transpiration (Tr) que la valeur de la limitation stomatique de la photosynthese (Ls) ont diminue comparativement a l'AM. Les resultats indiquent que l'utilisation de l'EM peut ameliorer la qualite des plants et reguler l'absorption, la transpiration et la distribution des ions. Par consequent, l'EM est propice au retablissement des mecanismes homeostatiques ioniques via l'absorption et le transport selectifs des ions en situation de stress salin. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: homeostasie ionique, teneur en ions, flux ionique, magnetisation, Populus x euramericana 'Neva'., Introduction Soil salinization resulting from water shortages and irrational irrigation has become an important limiting factor for agricultural production, ecological security, and sustainable economic development (Jesus et al. 2015; Zhu [...]

Background And Objectives: The genetic backgrounds and growing conditions of eastern U.S. soft winter (ESW) wheat vary widely and thus produce grains of diverse quality characteristics, which encompass those required for making soft‐bite white salted noodles (WSN). However, these characteristics have yet to be identified and cataloged. The grain and flour characteristics and WSN making quality of 25 ESW wheat varieties and four commercial noodle flours (CNFs) were analyzed to identify grain and flour characteristics desirable for making WSN. Findings: Kernel hardness, protein content, and gluten strength‐related parameters of ESW wheat were significantly associated with WSN cooking and textural properties, while damaged starch content was the major determinant of WSN adhesiveness. A total of 9 out of 25 ESW wheat flours exhibited protein characteristics, WSN color and textural properties that closely matched to those of CNFs. Conclusions: ESW wheat varieties with kernel hardness of 16.0–45.4, damaged starch content of 1.9%–4.4%, flour protein content of 8.6%–10.2%, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume of 30.4–41.6 ml and lactic acid solvent retention capacity of 115.6%–142.7% were identified to produce WSN of comparable quality to those of CNFs. Significance and Novelty: This research provides wheat breeders and noodle manufacturers with guidance for choosing ESW wheat breeding lines and varieties suitable for noodle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]