328,607 results on '"MacDonald, A"'
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2. From Spinster to Career Woman: Middle-Class Women and Work in Victorian England by Arlene Young (review)
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MacDonald, Anna E.
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- 2022
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3. Popular Music and the Modernist Dystopia: Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four
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MacDonald, Alex
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- 2021
4. Letter to the Editors
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Macdonald, Andy
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- 2023
5. JWST/NIRISS reveals the water-rich 'steam world' atmosphere of GJ 9827 d
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Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline, Benneke, Bjorn, Radica, Michael, Raul, Eshan, Coulombe, Louis-Philippe, Ahrer, Eva-Maria, Kubyshkina, Daria, Howard, Ward S., Krissansen-Totton, Joshua, MacDonald, Ryan, Roy, Pierre-Alexis, Louca, Amy, Christie, Duncan, Fournier-Tondreau, Marylou, Allart, Romain, Miguel, Yamila, Schlichting, Hilke E., Welbanks, Luis, Cadieux, Charles, Dorn, Caroline, Evans-Soma, Thomas M., Fortney, Jonathan J., Pierrehumbert, Raymond, Lafreniere, David, Acuna, Lorena, Komacek, Thaddeus, Innes, Hamish, Beatty, Thomas G., Cloutier, Ryan, Doyon, Rene, Gagnebin, Anna, Gapp, Cyril, and Knutson, Heather A.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
With sizable volatile envelopes but smaller radii than the solar system ice giants, sub-Neptunes have been revealed as one of the most common types of planet in the galaxy. While the spectroscopic characterization of larger sub-Neptunes (2.5-4R$_\oplus$) has revealed hydrogen-dominated atmospheres, smaller sub-Neptunes (1.6--2.5R$_\oplus$) could either host thin, rapidly evaporating hydrogen-rich atmospheres or be stable metal-rich "water worlds" with high mean molecular weight atmospheres and a fundamentally different formation and evolutionary history. Here, we present the 0.6--2.8$\mu$m JWST NIRISS/SOSS transmission spectrum of GJ 9827 d, the smallest (1.98 R$_\oplus$) warm (T$_\mathrm{eq, A_B=0.3} \sim 620$K) sub-Neptune where atmospheric absorbers have been detected to date. Our two transit observations with NIRISS/SOSS, combined with the existing HST/WFC3 spectrum, enable us to break the clouds-metallicity degeneracy. We detect water in a highly metal-enriched "steam world" atmosphere (O/H of $\sim 4$ by mass and H$_2$O found to be the background gas with a volume mixing ratio of >31%). We further show that these results are robust to stellar contamination through the transit light source effect. We do not detect escaping metastable He, which, combined with previous nondetections of escaping He and H, supports the steam atmosphere scenario. In water-rich atmospheres, hydrogen loss driven by water photolysis happens predominantly in the ionized form which eludes observational constraints. We also detect several flares in the NIRISS/SOSS light-curves with far-UV energies of the order of 10$^{30}$ erg, highlighting the active nature of the star. Further atmospheric characterization of GJ 9827 d probing carbon or sulfur species could reveal the origin of its high metal enrichment., Comment: 37 pages, 18 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJL
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- 2024
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6. Improved formulation for long-duration storage in capacity expansion models using representative periods
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Parolin, Federico, Colbertaldo, Paolo, and Macdonald, Ruaridh
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control ,Mathematics - Optimization and Control - Abstract
With the increasing complexity and size of capacity expansion models, temporal aggregation has emerged as a common method to improve computational tractability. However, this approach inherently complicates the inclusion of long-duration storage (LDS) systems, whose operation involves the entire time horizon connecting all time steps. This work presents a detailed investigation of LDS modelling with temporal aggregation. A novel compact formulation is proposed to reduce the number of constraints while effectively tracking the storage content and enforcing limits on the state of charge throughout the entire time horizon. The developed method is compared with two leading state-of-the-art formulations. All three methods are implemented in the Dolphyn capacity expansion model and tested on a case study for the continental United States, considering different configurations in terms of spatial resolutions and representative periods. The performance is assessed with both the commercial solver Gurobi and the open-source solver HiGHS. Results show that the developed compact formulation consistently outperforms the other methods in terms of both runtime (30%-70% faster than other methods) and memory usage (1%-9% lower than other methods).
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- 2024
7. The Unknowns of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Hinder New Physics Searches
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MacDonald, Miller, Martínez-Miravé, Pablo, and Tamborra, Irene
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,High Energy Physics - Phenomenology - Abstract
Neutrinos traveling over cosmic distances are ideal probes of new physics. We leverage on the approaching detection of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) to explore whether, if the DSNB showed departures from theoretical predictions, we could attribute such modifications to new physics unequivocally. In order to do so, we focus on visible neutrino decay. Many of the signatures from neutrino decay are degenerate with astrophysical unknowns entering the DSNB modeling. Next generation neutrino observatories, such as Hyper-Kamiokande, JUNO, as well as DUNE, will set stringent limits on a neutrino lifetime over mass ratio $\tau/m \sim 10^{9}$-$10^{10}$ s eV$^{-1}$ at $90\%$ C.L., if astrophysical uncertainties and detector backgrounds were to be fully under control. However, if the lightest neutrino is almost massless and the neutrino mass ordering is normal, constraining visible decay will not be realistically possible in the coming few decades. We also assess the challenges of distinguishing among different new physics scenarios (such as visible decay, invisible decay, and quasi-Dirac neutrinos), all leading up to similar signatures in the DSNB. This work shows that the DSNB potential for probing new physics strongly depends on an improved understanding of the experimental backgrounds at next generation neutrino observatories as well as progress in the DSNB modeling., Comment: 30 pages, including 9 figures, 1 table, and 3 appendices
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- 2024
8. Unravelling compound risks of hydrological extremes in a changing climate: Typology, methods and futures
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Chun, Kwok P, Octavianti, Thanti, Papacharalampous, Georgia, Tyralis, Hristos, Sutanto, Samuel J., Terskii, Pavel, Mazzoglio, Paola, Treppiedi, Dario, Rivera, Juan, Dogulu, Nilay, Olusola, Adeyemi, Dieppois, Bastien, Dembélé, Moctar, Moulds, Simon, Li, Cheng, Morales-Marin, Luis Alejandro, Macdonald, Neil, Amoussou, Toundji Olivier, Yonaba, Roland, Obahoundje, Salomon, Massei, Nicolas, Hannah, David M., Chidepudi, Sivarama Krishna Reddy, and Hamududu, Byman
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Physics - Physics and Society ,Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Abstract
We have witnessed and experienced increasing compound extreme events resulting from simultaneous or sequential occurrence of multiple events in a changing climate. In addition to a growing demand for a clearer explanation of compound risks from a hydrological perspective, there has been a lack of attention paid to socioeconomic factors driving and impacted by these risks. Through a critical review and co-production approaches, we identified four types of compound hydrological events based on autocorrelated, multivariate, and spatiotemporal patterns. A framework to quantify compound risks based on conditional probability is offered, including an argument on the potential use of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for identifying emerging trends and patterns for climate change. Insights for practices are discussed, highlighting the implications for disaster risk reduction and knowledge co-production. Our argument centres on the importance of meaningfully considering the socioeconomic contexts in which compound risks may have impacts, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to effectively translate climate science to climate actions., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure
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- 2024
9. Bayesian estimation of the number of significant principal components for cultural data
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Macdonald, Joshua C., Blanco-Portillo, Javier, Feldman, Marcus W., and Ram, Yoav
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Statistics - Applications ,62P25, 62P10 - Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to analyze multivariate data together with cluster analysis, which depends on the number of principal components used. It is therefore important to determine the number of significant principal components (PCs) extracted from a data set. Here we use a variational Bayesian version of classical PCA, to develop a new method for estimating the number of significant PCs in contexts where the number of samples is of a similar to or greater than the number of features. This eliminates guesswork and potential bias in manually determining the number of principal components and avoids overestimation of variance by filtering noise. This framework can be applied to datasets of different shapes (number of rows and columns), different data types (binary, ordinal, categorical, continuous), and with noisy and missing data. Therefore, it is especially useful for data with arbitrary encodings and similar numbers of rows and columns, such as cultural, ecological, morphological, and behavioral datasets. We tested our method on both synthetic data and empirical datasets and found that it may underestimate but not overestimate the number of principal components for the synthetic data. A small number of components was found for each empirical dataset. These results suggest that it is broadly applicable across the life sciences., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures
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- 2024
10. A mathematical model for Nordic skiing
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MacDonald, Jane Shaw, Cardales, Rafael Ordoñez, and Stockie, John M.
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Physics - Classical Physics ,Mathematics - Numerical Analysis ,65D05, 65L05, 97M10 - Abstract
Nordic skiing provides fascinating opportunities for mathematical modelling studies that exploit methods and insights from physics, applied mathematics, data analysis, scientific computing and sports science. A typical ski course winds over varied terrain with frequent changes in elevation and direction, and so its geometry is naturally described by a three-dimensional space curve. The skier travels along a course under the influence of various forces, and their dynamics can be described using a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that are derived from Newton's laws of motion. We develop an algorithm for solving the governing equations that combines Hermite spline interpolation, numerical quadrature and a high-order ODE solver. Numerical simulations are compared with measurements of skiers on actual courses to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model., Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures
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- 2024
11. Learnings from curating a trustworthy, well-annotated, and useful dataset of disordered English speech
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Jiang, Pan-Pan, Tobin, Jimmy, Tomanek, Katrin, MacDonald, Robert L., Seaver, Katie, Cave, Richard, Ladewig, Marilyn, Heywood, Rus, and Green, Jordan R.
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing ,Computer Science - Sound - Abstract
Project Euphonia, a Google initiative, is dedicated to improving automatic speech recognition (ASR) of disordered speech. A central objective of the project is to create a large, high-quality, and diverse speech corpus. This report describes the project's latest advancements in data collection and annotation methodologies, such as expanding speaker diversity in the database, adding human-reviewed transcript corrections and audio quality tags to 350K (of the 1.2M total) audio recordings, and amassing a comprehensive set of metadata (including more than 40 speech characteristic labels) for over 75\% of the speakers in the database. We report on the impact of transcript corrections on our machine-learning (ML) research, inter-rater variability of assessments of disordered speech patterns, and our rationale for gathering speech metadata. We also consider the limitations of using automated off-the-shelf annotation methods for assessing disordered speech., Comment: Interspeech 2024
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- 2024
12. Model-free Rayleigh weight from x-ray Thomson scattering measurements
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Dornheim, Tobias, Bellenbaum, Hannah M., Bethkenhagen, Mandy, Hansen, Stephanie B., Böhme, Maximilian P., Döppner, Tilo, Fletcher, Luke B., Gawne, Thomas, Gericke, Dirk O., Hamel, Sebastien, Kraus, Dominik, MacDonald, Michael J., Moldabekov, Zhandos A., Preston, Thomas R., Redmer, Ronald, Schörner, Maximilian, Schwalbe, Sebastian, Tolias, Panagiotis, and Vorberger, Jan
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Physics - Plasma Physics - Abstract
X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the diagnostics of matter under extreme conditions. In principle, it gives one access to important system parameters such as the temperature, density, and ionization state, but the interpretation of the measured XRTS intensity usually relies on theoretical models and approximations. In this work, we show that it is possible to extract the Rayleigh weight -- a key property that describes the electronic localization around the ions -- directly from the experimental data without the need for any model calculations or simulations. As a practical application, we consider an experimental measurement of strongly compressed Be at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [D\"oppner \emph{et al.}, \textit{Nature} \textbf{618}, 270-275 (2023)]. In addition to being interesting in their own right, our results will open up new avenues for diagnostics from \emph{ab initio} simulations, help to further constrain existing chemical models, and constitute a rigorous benchmark for theory and simulations.
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- 2024
13. VistaFormer: Scalable Vision Transformers for Satellite Image Time Series Segmentation
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MacDonald, Ezra, Jacoby, Derek, and Coady, Yvonne
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Abstract
We introduce VistaFormer, a lightweight Transformer-based model architecture for the semantic segmentation of remote-sensing images. This model uses a multi-scale Transformer-based encoder with a lightweight decoder that aggregates global and local attention captured in the encoder blocks. VistaFormer uses position-free self-attention layers which simplifies the model architecture and removes the need to interpolate temporal and spatial codes, which can reduce model performance when training and testing image resolutions differ. We investigate simple techniques for filtering noisy input signals like clouds and demonstrate that improved model scalability can be achieved by substituting Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHSA) with Neighbourhood Attention (NA). Experiments on the PASTIS and MTLCC crop-type segmentation benchmarks show that VistaFormer achieves better performance than comparable models and requires only 8% of the floating point operations using MHSA and 11% using NA while also using fewer trainable parameters. VistaFormer with MHSA improves on state-of-the-art mIoU scores by 0.1% on the PASTIS benchmark and 3% on the MTLCC benchmark while VistaFormer with NA improves on the MTLCC benchmark by 3.7%.
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- 2024
14. 3D hybrid fluid-particle jet simulations and the importance of synchrotron radiative losses
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Kramer, Joana A., MacDonald, Nicholas R., Paraschos, Georgios F., and Ricci, L.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
Context. Relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei are known for their exceptional energy output, and imaging the synthetic synchrotron emission of numerical jet simulations is essential for a comparison with observed jet polarization emission. Aims. Through the use of 3D hybrid fluid-particle jet simulations (with the PLUTO code), we overcome some of the commonly made assumptions in relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations by using non-thermal particle attributes to account for the resulting synchrotron radiation. Polarized radiative transfer and ray-tracing (via the RADMC-3D code) highlight the differences in total intensity maps when (i) the jet is simulated purely with the RMHD approach, (ii) a jet tracer is considered in the RMHD approach, and (iii) a hybrid fluid-particle approach is used. The resulting emission maps were compared to the example of the radio galaxy Centaurus A. Methods. We applied the Lagrangian particle module implemented in the latest version of the PLUTO code. This new module contains a state-of-the-art algorithm for modeling diffusive shock acceleration and for accounting for radiative losses in RMHD jet simulations. The module implements the physical postulates missing in RMHD jet simulations by accounting for a cooled ambient medium and strengthening the central jet emission. Results. We find a distinction between the innermost structure of the jet and the back-flowing material by mimicking the radio emission of the Seyfert II radio galaxy Centaurus A when considering an edge-brightened jet with an underlying purely toroidal magnetic field. We demonstrate the necessity of synchrotron cooling as well as the improvements gained when directly accounting for non-thermal synchrotron radiation via non-thermal particles.
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- 2024
15. Enhancing Sequential Music Recommendation with Personalized Popularity Awareness
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Abbattista, Davide, Anelli, Vito Walter, Di Noia, Tommaso, Macdonald, Craig, and Petrov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich
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Computer Science - Information Retrieval - Abstract
In the realm of music recommendation, sequential recommender systems have shown promise in capturing the dynamic nature of music consumption. Nevertheless, traditional Transformer-based models, such as SASRec and BERT4Rec, while effective, encounter challenges due to the unique characteristics of music listening habits. In fact, existing models struggle to create a coherent listening experience due to rapidly evolving preferences. Moreover, music consumption is characterized by a prevalence of repeated listening, i.e., users frequently return to their favourite tracks, an important signal that could be framed as individual or personalized popularity. This paper addresses these challenges by introducing a novel approach that incorporates personalized popularity information into sequential recommendation. By combining user-item popularity scores with model-generated scores, our method effectively balances the exploration of new music with the satisfaction of user preferences. Experimental results demonstrate that a Personalized Most Popular recommender, a method solely based on user-specific popularity, outperforms existing state-of-the-art models. Furthermore, augmenting Transformer-based models with personalized popularity awareness yields superior performance, showing improvements ranging from 25.2% to 69.8%. The code for this paper is available at https://github.com/sisinflab/personalized-popularity-awareness., Comment: Accepted by RecSys'24 as an LBR paper
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- 2024
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16. Lapse-supported life insurance and adverse selection
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Haçarız, Oytun, Kleinow, Torsten, and Macdonald, Angus S.
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Quantitative Finance - Risk Management - Abstract
If individuals at the highest mortality risk are also least likely to lapse a life insurance policy, then lapse-supported premiums magnify adverse selection costs. As an example, we model 'Term to 100' contracts, and risk as revealed by genetic test results. We identify three methods of managing lapse surplus: eliminating it by design; disposing of it retrospectively (through participation); or disposing of it prospectively (through lapse-supported premiums). We then assume a heterogeneous population in which: (a) insurers cannot identify individuals at high mortality risk; (b) a secondary market exists that prevents high-risk policies from lapsing; (c) financial underwriting is lax or absent; and (d) life insurance policies may even be initiated by third parties as a financial investment (STOLI). Adverse selection losses under (a) are typically very small, but under (b) can be increased by multiples, and under (c) and (d) increased almost without limit. We note that the different approaches to modeling lapses used in studies of adverse selection and genetic testing appear to be broadly equivalent and robust., Comment: 32 pages, 2 figures
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- 2024
17. The MIRI Exoplanets Orbiting White Dwarfs (MEOW) Survey: Mid-Infrared Excess Reveals a Giant Planet Candidate around a Nearby White Dwarf
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Limbach, Mary Anne, Vanderburg, Andrew, Venner, Alexander, Blouin, Simon, Stevenson, Kevin B., MacDonald, Ryan J., Jenkins, Sydney, Bowens-Rubin, Rachel, Soares-Furtado, Melinda, Morley, Caroline, Janson, Markus, Debes, John, Xu, Siyi, Kleisioti, Evangelia, Kenworthy, Matthew, Butler, Paul, Crane, Jeffrey D., Osip, Dave, Shectman, Stephen, and Teske, Johanna
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
The MIRI Exoplanets Orbiting White dwarfs (MEOW) Survey is a cycle 2 JWST program to search for exoplanets around dozens of nearby white dwarfs via infrared excess and direct imaging. In this paper, we present the detection of mid-infrared excess at 18 and 21 microns towards the bright (V = 11.4) metal-polluted white dwarf WD 0310-688. The source of the IR excess is almost certainly within the system; the probability of background contamination is $<0.1\%$. While the IR excess could be due to an unprecedentedly small and cold debris disk, it is best explained by a $3.0^{+5.5}_{-1.9}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$ cold (248$^{+84}_{-61}$ K) giant planet orbiting the white dwarf within the forbidden zone (the region where planets are expected to be destroyed during the star's red giant phase). We constrain the source of the IR excess to an orbital separation of 0.1-2 AU, marking the first discovery of a white dwarf planet candidate within this range of separations. WD 0310-688 is a young remnant of an A or late B-type star, and at just 10.4 pc it is now the closest white dwarf with a known planet candidate. Future JWST observations could distinguish the two scenarios by either detecting or ruling out spectral features indicative of a planet atmosphere., Comment: Accepted for publication to ApJL
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- 2024
18. Efficient Inference of Sub-Item Id-based Sequential Recommendation Models with Millions of Items
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Petrov, Aleksandr V., Macdonald, Craig, and Tonellotto, Nicola
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Computer Science - Information Retrieval ,Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms - Abstract
Transformer-based recommender systems, such as BERT4Rec or SASRec, achieve state-of-the-art results in sequential recommendation. However, it is challenging to use these models in production environments with catalogues of millions of items: scaling Transformers beyond a few thousand items is problematic for several reasons, including high model memory consumption and slow inference. In this respect, RecJPQ is a state-of-the-art method of reducing the models' memory consumption; RecJPQ compresses item catalogues by decomposing item IDs into a small number of shared sub-item IDs. Despite reporting the reduction of memory consumption by a factor of up to 50x, the original RecJPQ paper did not report inference efficiency improvements over the baseline Transformer-based models. Upon analysing RecJPQ's scoring algorithm, we find that its efficiency is limited by its use of score accumulators for each item, which prevents parallelisation. In contrast, LightRec (a non-sequential method that uses a similar idea of sub-ids) reported large inference efficiency improvements using an algorithm we call PQTopK. We show that it is also possible to improve RecJPQ-based models' inference efficiency using the PQTopK algorithm. In particular, we speed up RecJPQ-enhanced SASRec by a factor of 4.5 x compared to the original SASRec's inference method and by a factor of 1.56 x compared to the method implemented in RecJPQ code on a large-scale Gowalla dataset with more than a million items. Further, using simulated data, we show that PQTopK remains efficient with catalogues of up to tens of millions of items, removing one of the last obstacles to using Transformer-based models in production environments with large catalogues., Comment: Accepted by RecSys 2024
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- 2024
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19. From the Shadows: The Impact of Nightside Thermal Emission on Ultra-hot Jupiter Transmission Spectra Retrievals
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Kappelmeier, John A., MacDonald, Ryan J., and Lewis, Nikole K.
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Transmission spectroscopy is the most widely used technique for studying exoplanet atmospheres. Since the planetary nightside faces the observer during a transit, highly irradiated giant exoplanets with warm nightsides emit thermal radiation that can contaminate transmission spectra. Observations of ultra-hot Jupiters in the near- and mid-infrared with JWST are especially susceptible to nightside contamination. However, nightside thermal emission is generally not considered in atmospheric retrievals of exoplanet transmission spectra. Here, we quantify the potential biases from neglecting nightside thermal emission in multidimensional atmospheric retrievals of an ultra-hot Jupiter. Using simulated JWST transmission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33b (0.8-12 $\mu$m), we find that transmission spectra retrievals without nightside emission can overestimate molecular abundances by almost an order-of-magnitude and underestimate the dayside temperature by $\gtrsim$ 400 K. We show that a modified retrieval prescription, including both transmitted light and nightside thermal emission, correctly recovers the atmospheric properties and is favored by Bayesian model comparisons. Nightside thermal contamination can be readily implemented in retrieval models via a first-order approximation, and we provide formulae to estimate whether this effect is likely to be significant for a given planet. We recommend that nightside emission should be included as standard practice when interpreting ultra-hot Jupiter transmission spectra with JWST., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
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- 2024
20. Rosie
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Kull, Sammy and Macdonald, Aroha
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- 2023
21. 'We live with a soul-crushing shame'
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Macdonald, Anna
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- 2023
22. 'Unsexy' realities of voting from below the poverty line; The price we are paying for retail politics
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Macdonald, Anna and Davis, Peter
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- 2023
23. Priscilla J. Bawcutt 1931–2021
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MacDonald, Alasdair A.
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- 2021
24. Reflect, Assess, Visualize: Cultivating Skill Development in User Experience Education
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Emma J. Rose, Cynthia Putnam, and Craig M. MacDonald
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In the field of user experience (UX), there is a wide range of skills that practitioners are expected to acquire and demonstrate as a competitive candidate for a job. Previous research identified three main skill categories of UX practitioners: technical skills, human skills, and dispositions. However, as educators, we have found that students often struggle to understand and incorporate the breadth of the skills they need into their learning and development. To help students identify, assess, and cultivate their skill sets, we designed a pedagogical intervention in the form of an 'advance organizer' that asks students to reflect on their initial and changing skill sets while enrolled in a UX-focused course. In this article, we present the basis of the intervention, including background on learning theories that supported its design. The intervention asks students to read and reflect on an academic article about the desired skills of aspiring UX practitioners, conduct an inventory of their existing and desired skill sets, and design a visualization to represent their current and future skill levels. We report on how the intervention was implemented in three different programs related to UX (one undergraduate, and two graduate programs). An analysis of the resulting assignments suggests the intervention was effective and valuable and helped give students a better sense of the range of skills required in industry. We conclude with considerations for implementing the intervention.
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- 2024
25. Use of Learning Theories to Guide Simulation-Based Learning in Allied Health Student Professional Placements: A Narrative Review
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Kelly Squires, Susan Heaney, Lesley MacDonald-Wicks, Catherine Johnston, and Leanne Brown
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Using a learning theory is key when designing simulation-based learning linked to allied health professional placements to ensure the purposeful selection of educational methods and to understand how it may assist learners in achieving desired learning outcomes. A narrative review was undertaken to identify the learning theories reported in simulation-based learning linked to allied health professional placements and how the learning outcomes aligned with the reported theories. Only eight of the 25 reviewed studies explicitly reported a learning theory, with minimal attempt to link them to the learning experience. Educators are encouraged to develop an understanding of the breadth and depth of learning theories and how they can best align these with the desired learning outcomes to allow the best fit for purpose. As a result, the authors have developed a practical guide to assist educators in designing simulation-based learning to better understand how learning theories could be incorporated and the anticipated outcomes that could be measured.
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- 2024
26. Positive Digital Practices: Supporting Positive Learner Identities and Student Mental Wellbeing in Technology-Enhanced Higher Education
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Kate Lister, Elena Riva, Alison Hartley, Philippa Waterhouse, Naomi Moller, Leigh Downes, Tim Coughlan, Agnes Kukulska-Hulme, Elaine McPherson, Ian Macdonald, Sophie Jones-Tinsley, Cath Brown, and Ruth Tudor
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Embedding mental wellbeing in learning is a priority for the UK Higher Education sector, as increasing numbers of students disclose mental health difficulties, challenges and conditions. Technology-enhanced, distance and blended learning is uniquely positioned to make a change for good in the sector; it can provide alternatives to traditional education models, support hard-to-reach students and make positive changes to practice. However, to make positive change, it needs to address the barriers to mental health that are inherent throughout education, and embed student wellbeing throughout its practices, cultures and digital environments. The Positive Digital Practices project aims to scale up existing work on mental wellbeing in technology-enhanced learning, creating resources to support practitioners in three focus areas: "Positive Learner Identities"--supporting students' emotional awareness, reflection, resilience in adversity and wellbeing literacy; "Positive Digital Communities"--supporting students' sense of belonging and facilitating meaningful connections that do not rely on a campus environment; "Positive Digital Pedagogies"--creating and sharing pedagogical practices that support mental wellbeing. In this paper, we present baseline data from staff and students on perceptions of barriers and enablers to student mental wellbeing, and we explore examples of positive practice from the "Positive Learner Identities" work area. We present the participatory co-creation methodologies used, the resources created, and we discuss how these can be applied by practitioners. These resources are a call to action for post-secondary practitioners to work together to enhance student mental health and wellbeing, and make education a more inclusive, equitable experience.
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- 2024
27. 'It's Like We're in Two Different Schools': Contrasting Stories of Teacher and Leader Autonomy within a Distributed Approach to Leadership
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Amanda Keddie, Jill Blackmore, and Katrina MacDonald
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The articulation of school autonomy into practice nationally, regionally and locally is highly situated in terms of what it enables or impedes with regard to the professional autonomy of principals and teachers. Principal autonomy does not necessarily mean greater teacher professional autonomy. In this paper, we draw on a three-year qualitative study investigating the social justice implications of school autonomy reform in Australia. We present interview data from a case study of a large secondary college to present two conflicting stories of autonomy. Supported by a managerial restructure reflecting distributed leadership, we juxtapose the positive account of autonomy expressed by the leadership team with the negative one expressed by teachers. We explore the justice implications of this disjuncture and argue the importance of critically examining the complex ways in which the intentions and enactments of distributed leadership can be differently articulated and understood within the context of school autonomy reform.
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- 2024
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28. Leveraging Systematic Review Practice for Research Skill Development in an Undergraduate Science Course: A Case Study
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Heather MacDonald and Veronic Bezaire
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Information literacy skills are an important part of research skills for undergraduate science students. This case study presents a novel approach to developing these types of research skills. By deconstructing the research process into separate steps, explicitly defining, and practicing the skills involved, students can progressively develop these skills and apply them. In this course, systematic reviews are used as exemplars for the research process. We align the Research Skills Development Framework with the steps of a systematic review and present specific skills and accompanying activities for each step. This workshop-based course emphasizes skill development and can help overcome assessments that rely solely on a final paper, with no record or evidence of the student research process, that could be created by a generative artificial intelligence tool.
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- 2024
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29. Australian Teachers' Views on How Primary Science Education Can Be Improved
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James Deehan and Amy MacDonald
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Teachers are crucial to bridging the theory-praxis divide in science education by utilising evidence-based teaching practices to improve outcomes for their learners. However, the perspectives of primary teachers have seldom been considered beyond the confines of specific professional development programs. This paper aims to explore Australian primary teachers' beliefs about how primary science education could be improved. A sample of 165 primary educators responded to an open-ended digital survey prompt. The results showed that teachers viewed themselves and their colleagues as central to the improvement of primary science education as evidenced by the most prominent themes of Professional Development (47.27%), Funding-Resources (37.58%), Classroom Practice (21.82%) and Personal-Teacher Improvement (21.21%). Curiously, university did not feature strongly, suggesting the participants may hold neutral views regarding the impact of universities on primary science education. The findings should serve as a catalyst for future research and engagement with primary teachers. Universities could expand their roles in building relationships with and providing accessible professional development to a group of primary teachers who, quite rightly, view themselves as key to improving primary science education.
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- 2024
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30. Power and Change: The Arms Trade Treaty
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Green, Duncan and Macdonald, Anna
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Conflict and disasters - Abstract
In October 2003, Oxfam, together with Amnesty International, the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) and many other organizations across the world launched the Control Arms campaign. The aim of the campaign was to reduce armed violence and conflict through global controls on the arms trade, and the primary objective was an international Arms Trade Treaty. In April 2013, a decade of campaigning paid off as the Arms Trade Treaty, the world’s first global treaty to regulate the transfer of conventional arms and ammunition, was adopted by overwhelming majority at the UN in New York, and opened for signature two months later. As of June 2014, the Arms Trade Treaty looks set to enter into force around a year after it opened for signature, which will make it one of the fastest ever multilateral treaties to become international law., This case study evaluates the Control Arms campaign in order to explore how change happens and help inform future active citizenship programme design and ways of working. This publication forms part of a series of Active Citizenship Case Studies.
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- 2015
31. Significant challenges to the sustainability of the California coast considering climate change.
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Thorne, Karen M, MacDonald, Glen M, Chavez, Francisco P, Ambrose, Richard F, and Barnard, Patrick L
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Environmental Sciences ,Environmental Management ,Climate Action ,climate change ,coast ,management ,sea-level rise ,sustainability - Abstract
Climate change is an existential threat to the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of the coastal zone and impacts will be complex and widespread. Evidence from California and across the United States shows that climate change is impacting coastal communities and challenging managers with a plethora of stressors already present. Widespread action could be taken that would sustain California's coastal ecosystems and communities. In this perspective, we highlight the main threat to coastal sustainability: the compound effects of episodic events amplified with ongoing climate change, which will present unprecedented challenges to the state. We present two key challenges for California's sustainability in the coastal zone: 1) accelerating sea-level rise combined with storm impacts, and 2) continued warming of the oceans and marine heatwaves. Cascading effects from these types of compounding events will occur within the context of an already stressed system that has experienced extensive alterations due to intensive development, resource extraction and harvesting, spatial containment, and other human use pressures. There are critical components that could be used to address these immediate concerns, including comanagement strategies that include diverse groups and organizations, strategic planning integrated across large areas, rapid implementation of solutions, and a cohesive and policy relevant research agenda for the California coast. Much of this has been started in the state, but the scale could be increased, and timelines accelerated. The ideas and information presented here are intended to help expand discussions to sharpen the focus on how to encourage sustainability of California's iconic coastal region.
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- 2024
32. Architecting the Future: Exploring Coordinated Control Frameworks for Connected Communities
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Paul, lazlo, Pritoni, Marco, Regnier, Cynthia, MacDonald, Jason S, Brown, Richard, and Johnson, Cecilia
- Abstract
Connected communities are groups of grid-interactive efficient buildings able to worktogether to address grid challenges and building needs at a community level. They providegreater benefits than building-by-building approaches, optimizing multiple buildings to reducedistribution infrastructure capacity requirements, improve grid utilization of diverse energytechnologies, and create new value streams from buildings. Connected communities have beenidentified as an important part of decarbonizing the grid, particularly in their role to use demandflexibility to support greater degrees of variable renewable energy in the power supply.The DOE Connected Communities program selected 10 projects throughout the U.S. todemonstrate cutting edge connected communities approaches. These projects utilize diverseenergy technologies and include both residential and commercial buildings, retrofit and newconstruction, numbering in the tens to thousands per community. These projects are led bydiverse stakeholders driven by different use cases, including utilities, homebuilders, energyservice providers, universities, research organizations, and more.To enable community-scale benefits, these projects must have control mechanisms forcoordinating the operation of buildings and distributed energy resources such as generation andstorage. Several types of coordinated control architectures have evolved in the ConnectedCommunities program, influenced by the stakeholder use case, existing market conditions, andthe types of building and energy resources integrated. This paper describes these architectures, aswell as their use cases, benefits, and challenges they face during their implementation. Thefindings can support scalability of community-scale coordinated energy systems by clarifyingtradeoffs in their design for utilities, control vendors, and developers.
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- 2024
33. Inhomogeneous terminators on the exoplanet WASP-39 b.
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Espinoza, Néstor, Steinrueck, Maria, Kirk, James, MacDonald, Ryan, Savel, Arjun, Arnold, Kenneth, Kempton, Eliza, Murphy, Matthew, Carone, Ludmila, Zamyatina, Maria, Lewis, David, Samra, Dominic, Kiefer, Sven, Rauscher, Emily, Christie, Duncan, Mayne, Nathan, Helling, Christiane, Rustamkulov, Zafar, Parmentier, Vivien, May, Erin, Carter, Aarynn, Zhang, Xi, López-Morales, Mercedes, Allen, Natalie, Blecic, Jasmina, Decin, Leen, Mancini, Luigi, Molaverdikhani, Karan, Rackham, Benjamin, Palle, Enric, Tsai, Shang-Min, Ahrer, Eva-Maria, Bean, Jacob, Crossfield, Ian, Haegele, David, Hébrard, Eric, Kreidberg, Laura, Powell, Diana, Schneider, Aaron, Welbanks, Luis, Wheatley, Peter, Brahm, Rafael, and Crouzet, Nicolas
- Abstract
Transmission spectroscopy has been a workhorse technique used over the past two decades to constrain the physical and chemical properties of exoplanet atmospheres1-5. One of its classical key assumptions is that the portion of the atmosphere it probes-the terminator region-is homogeneous. Several works from the past decade, however, have put this into question for highly irradiated, hot (Teq ≳ 1,000 K) gas giant exoplanets, both empirically6-10 and through three-dimensional modelling11-17. While models have predicted clear differences between the evening (day-to-night) and morning (night-to-day) terminators, direct morning and evening transmission spectra in a wide wavelength range have not been reported for an exoplanet so far. Under the assumption of precise and accurate orbital parameters for the exoplanet WASP-39 b, here we report the detection of inhomogeneous terminators on WASP-39 b, which has allowed us to retrieve its morning and evening transmission spectra in the near-infrared (2-5 μm) using the James Webb Space Telescope. We have observed larger transit depths in the evening, which are, on average, 405 ± 88 ppm larger than the morning ones, and also have qualitatively larger features than the morning spectrum. The spectra are best explained by models in which the evening terminator is hotter than the morning terminator by 17 7 - 57 + 65 K, with both terminators having C/O ratios consistent with solar. General circulation models predict temperature differences broadly consistent with the above value and point towards a cloudy morning terminator and a clearer evening terminator.
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- 2024
34. Image-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning with Intrinsically Motivated Stimuli: On the Execution of Complex Robotic Tasks
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Valencia, David, Williams, Henry, Xing, Yuning, Gee, Trevor, Liarokapis, Minas, and MacDonald, Bruce A.
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been widely used to solve tasks where the environment consistently provides a dense reward value. However, in real-world scenarios, rewards can often be poorly defined or sparse. Auxiliary signals are indispensable for discovering efficient exploration strategies and aiding the learning process. In this work, inspired by intrinsic motivation theory, we postulate that the intrinsic stimuli of novelty and surprise can assist in improving exploration in complex, sparsely rewarded environments. We introduce a novel sample-efficient method able to learn directly from pixels, an image-based extension of TD3 with an autoencoder called \textit{NaSA-TD3}. The experiments demonstrate that NaSA-TD3 is easy to train and an efficient method for tackling complex continuous-control robotic tasks, both in simulated environments and real-world settings. NaSA-TD3 outperforms existing state-of-the-art RL image-based methods in terms of final performance without requiring pre-trained models or human demonstrations.
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- 2024
35. The IBEX Knowledge-Base: Achieving more together with open science
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Radtke, Andrea J., Anidi, Ifeanyichukwu, Arakkal, Leanne, Arroyo-Mejias, Armando, Beuschel, Rebecca T., Borner, Katy, Chu, Colin J., Clark, Beatrice, Clatworthy, Menna R., Colautti, Jake, Croteau, Joshua, Denha, Saven, Dever, Rose, Dutra, Walderez O., Fritzsche, Sonja, Fullam, Spencer, Gerner, Michael Y., Gola, Anita, Gollob, Kenneth J., Hernandez, Jonathan M., Hor, Jyh Liang, Ichise, Hiroshi, Jing, Zhixin, Jonigk, Danny, Kandov, Evelyn, Kastenmueller, Wolfgang, Koenig, Joshua F. E., Kothurkar, Aanandita, Kreins, Alexandra Y., Lamborn, Ian, Lin, Yuri, Morais, Katia Luciano Pereira, Lunich, Aleksandra, Luz, Jean C. S., MacDonald, Ryan B., Makranz, Chen, Maltez, Vivien I., Moriaty, Ryan V., Ocampo-Godinez, Juan M., Olyntho, Vitoria M., Padhan, Kartika, Remmert, Kirsten, Richoz, Nathan, Schrom, Edward C., Shang, Wanjing, Shi, Lihong, Shih, Rochelle M., Speranza, Emily, Stierli, Salome, Teichmann, Sarah A., Veres, Tibor Z., Vierhout, Megan, Wachter, Brianna T., Wade-Vallance, Adam K., Williams, Margaret, Zangger, Nathan, Germain, Ronald N., and Yaniv, Ziv
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Quantitative Biology - Tissues and Organs - Abstract
Iterative Bleaching Extends multipleXity (IBEX) is a versatile method for highly multiplexed imaging of diverse tissues. Based on open science principles, we created the IBEX Knowledge-Base, a resource for reagents, protocols and more, to empower innovation., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, 9 references
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- 2024
36. Utilising Explainable Techniques for Quality Prediction in a Complex Textiles Manufacturing Use Case
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Forsberg, Briony, Williams, Dr Henry, MacDonald, Prof Bruce, Chen, Tracy, Hamzeh, Dr Reza, and Hulse, Dr Kirstine
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
This paper develops an approach to classify instances of product failure in a complex textiles manufacturing dataset using explainable techniques. The dataset used in this study was obtained from a New Zealand manufacturer of woollen carpets and rugs. In investigating the trade-off between accuracy and explainability, three different tree-based classification algorithms were evaluated: a Decision Tree and two ensemble methods, Random Forest and XGBoost. Additionally, three feature selection methods were also evaluated: the SelectKBest method, using chi-squared as the scoring function, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and the Boruta algorithm. Not surprisingly, the ensemble methods typically produced better results than the Decision Tree model. The Random Forest model yielded the best results overall when combined with the Boruta feature selection technique. Finally, a tree ensemble explaining technique was used to extract rule lists to capture necessary and sufficient conditions for classification by a trained model that could be easily interpreted by a human. Notably, several features that were in the extracted rule lists were statistical features and calculated features that were added to the original dataset. This demonstrates the influence that bringing in additional information during the data preprocessing stages can have on the ultimate model performance., Comment: Accepted at the 2024 IEEE 20th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE 2024), awaiting publication Contains seven pages and five figures
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- 2024
37. Textile Anomaly Detection: Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art for Automated Quality Inspection of Carpet
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Forsberg, Briony, Williams, Dr Henry, MacDonald, Prof Bruce, Chen, Tracy, and Hulse, Dr Kirstine
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Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
In this study, state-of-the-art unsupervised detection models were evaluated for the purpose of automated anomaly inspection of wool carpets. A custom dataset of four unique types of carpet textures was created to thoroughly test the models and their robustness in detecting subtle anomalies in complex textures. Due to the requirements of an inline inspection system in a manufacturing use case, the metrics of importance in this study were accuracy in detecting anomalous areas, the number of false detections, and the inference times of each model for real-time performance. Of the evaluated models, the student-teacher network based methods were found on average to yield the highest detection accuracy and lowest false detection rates. When trained on a multi-class dataset the models were found to yield comparable if not better results than single-class training. Finally, in terms of detection speed, with exception to the generative model, all other evaluated models were found to have comparable inference times on a GPU, with an average of 0.16s per image. On a CPU, most of these models typically produced results between 1.5 to 2 times the respective GPU inference times., Comment: Accepted at the 2023 Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation (ACRA 2023) Publication url https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85184380272&partnerID=40&md5=74fde263f4a24a1bff75d6560b423994 ISSN: 14482053 Contains 10 pages and three figures
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- 2024
38. Climate Transition to Temperate Nightside at High Atmosphere Mass
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Macdonald, Evelyn, Menou, Kristen, Lee, Christopher, and Paradise, Adiv
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Our recent work shows how M-Earth climates and transmission spectra depend on the amount of ice-free ocean on the planet's dayside and the mass of N2 in its atmosphere. M-Earths with more ice-free ocean and thicker atmospheres are hotter and more humid, and have larger water vapour features in their transmission spectra. In this paper, we describe a climate transition in high-pN2 simulations from the traditional ``eyeball" M-Earth climate, in which only the substellar region is temperate, to a ``temperate nightside" regime in which both the dayside and the nightside are entirely ice-free. Between these two states, there is a ``transition" regime with partial nightside ice cover. We use 3D climate simulations to describe the climate transition from frozen to deglaciated nightsides. We attribute this transition to increased advection and heat transport by water vapour in thicker atmospheres. We find that the nightside transitions smoothly back and forth between frozen and ice-free when the instellation or pCO2 is perturbed, with no hysteresis. We also find an analogous transition in colder planets: those with thin atmospheres can have a dayside hotspot when the instellation is low, whereas those with more massive atmospheres are more likely to be in the ``snowball" regime, featuring a completely frozen dayside, due to the increased advection of heat away from the substellar point. We show how both of these climate transitions are sensitive to instellation, land cover, and atmosphere mass. We generate synthetic transmission spectra and phase curves for the range of climates in our simulations., Comment: 20 pages, 17 figures, submitted to ApJ
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- 2024
39. EuroCropsML: A Time Series Benchmark Dataset For Few-Shot Crop Type Classification
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Reuss, Joana, Macdonald, Jan, Becker, Simon, Richter, Lorenz, and Körner, Marco
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
We introduce EuroCropsML, an analysis-ready remote sensing machine learning dataset for time series crop type classification of agricultural parcels in Europe. It is the first dataset designed to benchmark transnational few-shot crop type classification algorithms that supports advancements in algorithmic development and research comparability. It comprises 706 683 multi-class labeled data points across 176 classes, featuring annual time series of per-parcel median pixel values from Sentinel-2 L1C data for 2021, along with crop type labels and spatial coordinates. Based on the open-source EuroCrops collection, EuroCropsML is publicly available on Zenodo., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures
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- 2024
40. Distinct moir\'e trions in a twisted semiconductor homobilayer
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Liu, Zhida, Wang, Haonan, Liu, Xiaohui, Ni, Yue, Gao, Frank, Arash, Saba, Kim, Dong Seob, Liu, Xiangcheng, Zeng, Yongxin, Quan, Jiamin, Huang, Di, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Baldini, Edoardo, MacDonald, Allan H., Shih, Chih-Kang, Yang, Li, and Li, Xiaoqin
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Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons - Abstract
Many fascinating properties discovered in graphene and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) moir\'e superlattices originate from flat bands and enhanced many-body effects. Here, we discover new many-electron excited states in TMD homobilayers. As optical resonances evolve with twist angle and doping in MoSe$_2$ bilayers, a unique type of ``charge-transfer" trions is observed when gradual changes in atomic alignment between the layers occur. In real space, the optically excited electron-hole pair mostly resides in a different site from the doped hole in a moir\'e supercell. In momentum space, the electron-hole pair forms in the single-particle-band $K$-valley, while the hole occupies the $\Gamma$-valley. The rich internal structure of this trion resonance arises from the ultra-flatness of the first valence band and the distinct influence of moir\'e potential modulation on holes and excitons. Our findings open new routes to realizing photon-spin transduction or implementing moir\'e quantum simulators with independently tunable fermion and boson densities., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures
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- 2024
41. Neural Passage Quality Estimation for Static Pruning
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Chang, Xuejun, Mishra, Debabrata, Macdonald, Craig, and MacAvaney, Sean
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Computer Science - Information Retrieval - Abstract
Neural networks -- especially those that use large, pre-trained language models -- have improved search engines in various ways. Most prominently, they can estimate the relevance of a passage or document to a user's query. In this work, we depart from this direction by exploring whether neural networks can effectively predict which of a document's passages are unlikely to be relevant to any query submitted to the search engine. We refer to this query-agnostic estimation of passage relevance as a passage's quality. We find that our novel methods for estimating passage quality allow passage corpora to be pruned considerably while maintaining statistically equivalent effectiveness; our best methods can consistently prune >25% of passages in a corpora, across various retrieval pipelines. Such substantial pruning reduces the operating costs of neural search engines in terms of computing resources, power usage, and carbon footprint -- both when processing queries (thanks to a smaller index size) and when indexing (lightweight models can prune low-quality passages prior to the costly dense or learned sparse encoding step). This work sets the stage for developing more advanced neural "learning-what-to-index" methods., Comment: SIGIR 2024
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Sulphur dioxide in the mid-infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-39b
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Powell, Diana, Feinstein, Adina D., Lee, Elspeth K. H., Zhang, Michael, Tsai, Shang-Min, Taylor, Jake, Kirk, James, Bell, Taylor, Barstow, Joanna K., Gao, Peter, Bean, Jacob L., Blecic, Jasmina, Chubb, Katy L., Crossfield, Ian J. M., Jordan, Sean, Kitzmann, Daniel, Moran, Sarah E., Morello, Giuseppe, Moses, Julianne I., Welbanks, Luis, Yang, Jeehyun, Zhang, Xi, Ahrer, Eva-Maria, Bello-Arufe, Aaron, Brande, Jonathan, Casewell, S. L., Crouzet, Nicolas, Cubillos, Patricio E., Demory, Brice-Olivier, Dyrek, Achrène, Flagg, Laura, Hu, Renyu, Inglis, Julie, Jones, Kathryn D., Kreidberg, Laura, López-Morales, Mercedes, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Valdés, Erik A. Meier, Miguel, Yamila, Parmentier, Vivien, Piette, Anjali A. A., Rackham, Benjamin V., Radica, Michael, Redfield, Seth, Stevenson, Kevin B., Wakeford, Hannah R., Aggarwal, Keshav, Alam, Munazza K., Batalha, Natalie M., Batalha, Natasha E., Benneke, Björn, Berta-Thompson, Zach K., Brady, Ryan P., Caceres, Claudio, Carter, Aarynn L., Désert, Jean-Michel, Harrington, Joseph, Iro, Nicolas, Line, Michael R., Lothringer, Joshua D., MacDonald, Ryan J., Mancini, Luigi, Molaverdikhani, Karan, Mukherjee, Sagnick, Nixon, Matthew C., Oza, Apurva V., Palle, Enric, Rustamkulov, Zafar, Sing, David K., Steinrueck, Maria E., Venot, Olivia, Wheatley, Peter J., and Yurchenko, Sergei N.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The recent inference of sulphur dioxide (SO$_2$) in the atmosphere of the hot ($\sim$1100 K), Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from near-infrared JWST observations suggests that photochemistry is a key process in high temperature exoplanet atmospheres. This is due to the low ($<$1 ppb) abundance of SO$_2$ under thermochemical equilibrium, compared to that produced from the photochemistry of H$_2$O and H$_2$S (1-10 ppm). However, the SO$_2$ inference was made from a single, small molecular feature in the transmission spectrum of WASP-39b at 4.05 $\mu$m, and therefore the detection of other SO$_2$ absorption bands at different wavelengths is needed to better constrain the SO$_2$ abundance. Here we report the detection of SO$_2$ spectral features at 7.7 and 8.5 $\mu$m in the 5-12 $\mu$m transmission spectrum of WASP-39b measured by the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS). Our observations suggest an abundance of SO$_2$ of 0.5-25 ppm (1$\sigma$ range), consistent with previous findings. In addition to SO$_2$, we find broad water vapour absorption features, as well as an unexplained decrease in the transit depth at wavelengths longer than 10 $\mu$m. Fitting the spectrum with a grid of atmospheric forward models, we derive an atmospheric heavy element content (metallicity) for WASP-39b of $\sim$7.1-8.0 $\times$ solar and demonstrate that photochemistry shapes the spectra of WASP-39b across a broad wavelength range., Comment: Published in Nature
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Direct observation of layer skyrmions in twisted WSe2 bilayers
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Zhang, Fan, Morales-Durán, Nicolás, Li, Yanxing, Yao, Wang, Su, Jung-Jung, Lin, Yu-Chuan, Dong, Chengye, Kim, Hyunsue, Robinson, Joshua A., Macdonald, Allan H., and Shih, Chih-Kang
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) twisted homobilayers have been established as an ideal platform for studying strong correlation phenomena, as exemplified by the recent discovery of fractional Chern insulator (FCI) states in twisted MoTe2 and Chern insulators (CI) and unconventional superconductivity in twisted WSe2. In these systems, nontrivial topology in the strongly layer-hybridized regime can arise from a spatial patterning of interlayer tunneling amplitudes and layer-dependent potentials that yields a lattice of layer skyrmions. Here we report the direct observation of skyrmion textures in the layer degree of freedom of Rhombohedral-stacked (R-stacked) twisted WSe2 homobilayers. This observation is based on scanning tunneling spectroscopy that separately resolves the {\Gamma}-valley and K-valley moir\'e electronic states. We show that {\Gamma}-valley states are subjected to a moir\'e potential with an amplitude of ~ 120 meV. At ~150 meV above the {\Gamma}-valley, the K-valley states are subjected to a weaker moir\'e potential of ~30 meV. Most significantly, we reveal opposite layer polarization of the K-valley at the MX and XM sites within the moir\'e unit cell, confirming the theoretically predicted skyrmion layer-texture. The dI/dV mappings allow the parameters that enter the continuum model for the description of moir\'e bands in twisted TMD bilayers to be determined experimentally, further establishing a direct correlation between the shape of LDOS profile in real space and topology of topmost moir\'e band.
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- 2024
44. Transmission Spectroscopy of the Habitable Zone Exoplanet LHS 1140 b with JWST/NIRISS
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Cadieux, Charles, Doyon, René, MacDonald, Ryan J., Turbet, Martin, Artigau, Étienne, Lim, Olivia, Radica, Michael, Fauchez, Thomas J., Salhi, Salma, Dang, Lisa, Albert, Loïc, Coulombe, Louis-Philippe, Cowan, Nicolas B., Lafrenière, David, L'Heureux, Alexandrine, Piaulet, Caroline, Benneke, Björn, Cloutier, Ryan, Charnay, Benjamin, Cook, Neil J., Fournier-Tondreau, Marylou, Plotnykov, Mykhaylo, and Valencia, Diana
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
LHS 1140 b is the second-closest temperate transiting planet to the Earth with an equilibrium temperature low enough to support surface liquid water. At 1.730$\pm$0.025 R$_\oplus$, LHS 1140 b falls within the radius valley separating H$_2$-rich mini-Neptunes from rocky super-Earths. Recent mass and radius revisions indicate a bulk density significantly lower than expected for an Earth-like rocky interior, suggesting that LHS 1140 b could either be a mini-Neptune with a small envelope of hydrogen ($\sim$0.1% by mass) or a water world (9--19% water by mass). Atmospheric characterization through transmission spectroscopy can readily discern between these two scenarios. Here, we present two JWST/NIRISS transit observations of LHS 1140 b, one of which captures a serendipitous transit of LHS 1140 c. The combined transmission spectrum of LHS 1140 b shows a telltale spectral signature of unocculted faculae (5.8 $\sigma$), covering $\sim$20% of the visible stellar surface. Besides faculae, our spectral retrieval analysis reveals tentative evidence of residual spectral features, best-fit by Rayleigh scattering from an N$_2$-dominated atmosphere (2.3 $\sigma$), irrespective of the consideration of atmospheric hazes. We also show through Global Climate Models (GCM) that H$_2$-rich atmospheres of various compositions (100$\times$, 300$\times$, 1000$\times$solar metallicity) are ruled out to $>$10 $\sigma$. The GCM calculations predict that water clouds form below the transit photosphere, limiting their impact on transmission data. Our observations suggest that LHS 1140 b is either airless or, more likely, surrounded by an atmosphere with a high mean molecular weight. Our tentative evidence of an N$_2$-rich atmosphere provides strong motivation for future transmission spectroscopy observations of LHS 1140 b., Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJL
- Published
- 2024
45. TRACE the Evidence: Constructing Knowledge-Grounded Reasoning Chains for Retrieval-Augmented Generation
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Fang, Jinyuan, Meng, Zaiqiao, and Macdonald, Craig
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) offers an effective approach for addressing question answering (QA) tasks. However, the imperfections of the retrievers in RAG models often result in the retrieval of irrelevant information, which could introduce noises and degrade the performance, especially when handling multi-hop questions that require multiple steps of reasoning. To enhance the multi-hop reasoning ability of RAG models, we propose TRACE. TRACE constructs knowledge-grounded reasoning chains, which are a series of logically connected knowledge triples, to identify and integrate supporting evidence from the retrieved documents for answering questions. Specifically, TRACE employs a KG Generator to create a knowledge graph (KG) from the retrieved documents, and then uses an Autoregressive Reasoning Chain Constructor to build reasoning chains. Experimental results on three multi-hop QA datasets show that TRACE achieves an average performance improvement of up to 14.03% compared to using all the retrieved documents. Moreover, the results indicate that using reasoning chains as context, rather than the entire documents, is often sufficient to correctly answer questions.
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- 2024
46. GridSweep Simulation: Measuring Subsynchronous Impedance Spectra of Distribution Feeder
- Author
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Fan, Lingling, Miao, Zhixin, MacDonald, Jason, and McEachern, Alex
- Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
Peaks and troughs in the subsynchronous impedance spectrum of a distribution feeder may be a useful indication of oscillation risk, or more importantly lack of oscillation risk, if inverter-based resource (IBR) deployments are increased on that feeder. GridSweep is a new instrument for measuring the subsynchronous impedance spectra of distribution feeders. It combines an active probing device that modulates a 120-volt 1-kW load sinusoidally at a user-selected GPS-phase locked frequency from 1.0 to 40.0 Hz, and with a recorder that takes ultra-high-precision continuous point-on-wave (CPOW) 120-volt synchrowaveforms at 4 kHz. This paper presents a computer simulation of GridSweep's probing and measurement capability. We construct an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of a single-phase distribution feeder equipped with multiple inverter-based resources (IBRs). We include a model of the GridSweep probing device, then demonstrate the model's capability to measure the subsynchronous apparent impedance spectrum of the feeder. Peaks in that spectrum align with the system's dominant oscillation modes caused by IBRs., Comment: 10 pages, 18 figures
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- 2024
47. Capacitive detection of the topological magnetoelectric effect
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Lei, Chao, Mahon, Perry T., Canali, C. M., and MacDonald, A. H.
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
The topological magnetoelectric effect (TME) is a defining property of 3-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_{2}$ topological insulators that was predicted on theoretical grounds more than a decade ago, but has still not been directly measured. In this Letter we propose a strategy for direct measurement of the TME, and discuss the precision of the effect in real devices with charge and spin disorder., Comment: 5 + 1 pages, 3 figures
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- 2024
48. Intraband collective excitations in fractional Chern insulators are dark
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Wolf, Tobias M. R., Chao, Yung-Chun, MacDonald, Allan H., and Su, Jung Jung
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons - Abstract
The low-energy collective excitations of semiconductors and insulators often couple strongly to light, allowing them to be probed optically. We argue here that in fractional Chern insulators intra-band collective excitations are dark in the sense that they couple anomalously weakly to light. This conclusion is based on a relationship between ideal quantum geometry and the structure factor of a Chern band, and on a classical plasma analogy motivated by the vortexibility property of ideal Chern bands., Comment: Main text: 5 pages, 3 figures, Supmat: 5 pages, 1 figure; Comments are welcome
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- 2024
49. Effects of Mosaic Crystal Instrument Functions on X-ray Thomson Scattering Diagnostics
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Gawne, Thomas, Bellenbaum, Hannah, Fletcher, Luke B., Appel, Karen, Baehtz, Carsten, Bouffetier, Victorien, Brambrink, Erik, Brown, Danielle, Cangi, Attila, Descamps, Adrien, Göde, Sebastian, Hartley, Nicholas J., Herbert, Marie-Luise, Hesselbach, Philipp, Höppner, Hauke, Humphries, Oliver S., Konôpková, Zuzana, Garcia, Alejandro Laso, Lindqvist, Björn, Lütgert, Julian, MacDonald, Michael J., Makita, Mikako, Martin, Willow, Mishchenko, Mikhail, Moldabekov, Zhandos A., Nakatsutsumi, Motoaki, Naedler, Jean-Paul, Neumayer, Paul, Pelka, Alexander, Qu, Chongbing, Randolph, Lisa, Rips, Johannes, Toncian, Toma, Vorberger, Jan, Wollenweber, Lennart, Zastrau, Ulf, Kraus, Dominik, Preston, Thomas R., and Dornheim, Tobias
- Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors - Abstract
Mosaic crystals, with their high integrated reflectivities, are widely-employed in spectrometers used to diagnose high energy density systems. X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) has emerged as a powerful diagnostic tool of these systems, providing in principle direct access to important properties such as the temperature via detailed balance. However, the measured XRTS spectrum is broadened by the spectrometer instrument function (IF), and without careful consideration of the IF one risks misdiagnosing system conditions. Here, we consider in detail the IF of 40 $\mu$m and 100 $\mu$m mosaic HAPG crystals, and how the broadening varies across the spectrometer in an energy range of 6.7-8.6 keV. Notably, we find a strong asymmetry in the shape of the IF towards higher energies. As an example, we consider the effect of the asymmetry in the IF on the temperature inferred via XRTS for simulated 80 eV CH plasmas, and find that the temperature can be overestimated if an approximate symmetric IF is used. We therefore expect a detailed consideration of the full IF will have an important impact on system properties inferred via XRTS in both forward modelling and model-free approaches., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures
- Published
- 2024
50. Optical Imaging of Flavor Order in Flat Band Graphene
- Author
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Xie, Tian, Wolf, Tobias M., Xu, Siyuan, Cui, Zhiyuan, Xiong, Richen, Ou, Yunbo, Hays, Patrick, Holleis, Ludwig F, Guo, Yi, Sheekey, Owen I, Patterson, Caitlin, Arp, Trevor, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Tongay, Seth Ariel, Young, Andrea F, MacDonald, Allan H., and Jin, Chenhao
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
Spin and valley flavor polarization plays a central role in the many-body physics of flat band graphene, with fermi surface reconstructions often accompanied by quantized anomalous Hall and superconducting state observed in a variety of experimental systems. Here we describe an optical technique that sensitively and selectively detects flavor textures via the exciton response of a proximal transition metal dichalcogenide layer. Through a systematic study of rhombohedral and rotationally faulted graphene bilayers and trilayers, we show that when the semiconducting dichalcogenide is in direct contact with the graphene, the exciton response is most sensitive to the large momentum rearrangement of the Fermi surface, providing information that is distinct from and complementary to electrical compressibility measurements. The wide-field imaging capability of optical probes allows us to obtain spatial maps of flavor orders with high throughput, and with broad temperature and device compatibility. Our work paves the way for optical probing and imaging of flavor orders in flat band graphene systems., Comment: 29 pages, 4 figures, with supplementary materials
- Published
- 2024
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