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1. Spotlight Column

Author

Baquet-Simpson, Alena M., Craig, Kelly Jean Thomas, MacKenzie, Shannon M., Miller, Hillary V., Yang, Hannah, Foreman, Robin P., Martinez, Kerry A., McNutt, Sherrie L., Verbrugge, Dorothea J., and Sharp, Jamie S.

Published
2022
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2. Towards Prebiotic Chemistry on Titan: Impact experiments on organic haze particles

Author

Pearce, Ben K. D., Hörst, Sarah M., Cline, Christopher J., Cintala, Mark J., He, Chao, Sebree, Joshua A., MacKenzie, Shannon M., Daly, R. Terik, Pontefract, Alexandra J., and Pesciotta, Cara

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics - Biological Physics, Physics - Chemical Physics, Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

Impacts are critical to producing the aqueous environments necessary to stimulate prebiotic chemistry on Titan's surface. Furthermore, organic hazes resting on the surface are a likely feedstock of biomolecules. In this work, we conduct impact experiments on laboratory-produced organic haze particles and haze/sand mixtures and analyze these samples for life's building blocks. Samples of unshocked haze and sand particles are also analyzed to determine the change in biomolecule concentrations and distributions from shocking. Across all samples, we detect seven nucleobases, nine proteinogenic amino acids, and five other biomolecules (e.g., urea) using a blank subtraction procedure to eliminate signals due to contamination. We find that shock pressures of 13 GPa variably degrade nucleobases, amino acids, and a few other organics in haze particles and haze/sand mixtures; however, certain individual biomolecules become enriched or are even produced from these events. Xanthine, threonine, and aspartic acid are enriched or produced in impact experiments containing sand, suggesting these minerals may catalyze the production of these biomolecules. On the other hand, thymine and isoleucine/norleucine are enriched or produced in haze samples containing no sand, suggesting catalytic grains are not necessary for all impact shock syntheses. Uracil, glycine, proline, cysteine, and tyrosine are the most unstable to impact-related processing. These experiments suggest that impacts alter biomolecule distributions on Titan's surface, and that organic hazes co-occurring with fine-grained material on the surface may provide an initial source for further prebiotic chemistry on Titan., Comment: Accepted to PSJ. 13 pages, 3 tables, 7 figures

Published
2024
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4. Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan's atmosphere geology and habitability: Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)

Author

Rodriguez, Sébastien, Vinatier, Sandrine, Cordier, Daniel, Tobie, Gabriel, Achterberg, Richard K., Anderson, Carrie M., Badman, Sarah V., Barnes, Jason W., Barth, Erika L., Bézard, Bruno, Carrasco, Nathalie, Charnay, Benjamin, Clark, Roger N., Coll, Patrice, Cornet, Thomas, Coustenis, Athena, Couturier-Tamburelli, Isabelle, Dobrijevic, Michel, Flasar, F. Michael, de Kok, Remco, Freissinet, Caroline, Galand, Marina, Gautier, Thomas, Geppert, Wolf D., Griffith, Caitlin A., Gudipati, Murthy S., Hadid, Lina Z., Hayes, Alexander G., Hendrix, Amanda R., Jauman, Ralf, Jennings, Donald E., Jolly, Antoine, Kalousova, Klara, Koskinen, Tommi T., Lavvas, Panayotis, Lebonnois, Sébastien, Lebreton, Jean-Pierre, Gall, Alice Le, Lellouch, Emmanuel, Mouélic, Stéphane Le, Lopes, Rosaly M. C., Lora, Juan M., Lorenz, Ralph D., Lucas, Antoine, MacKenzie, Shannon, Malaska, Michael J., Mandt, Kathleen, Mastrogiuseppe, Marco, Newman, Claire E., Nixon, Conor A., Radebaugh, Jani, Rafkin, Scot C., Rannou, Pascal, Sciamma-O-Brien, Ella M., Soderblom, Jason M., Solomonidou, Anezina, Sotin, Christophe, Stephan, Katrin, Strobel, Darrell, Szopa, Cyril, Teanby, Nicholas A., Turtle, Elizabeth P., Vuitton, Véronique, and West, Robert A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

In response to ESA Voyage 2050 announcement of opportunity, we propose an ambitious L-class mission to explore one of the most exciting bodies in the Solar System, Saturn largest moon Titan. Titan, a "world with two oceans", is an organic-rich body with interior-surface-atmosphere interactions that are comparable in complexity to the Earth. Titan is also one of the few places in the Solar System with habitability potential. Titan remarkable nature was only partly revealed by the Cassini-Huygens mission and still holds mysteries requiring a complete exploration using a variety of vehicles and instruments. The proposed mission concept POSEIDON (Titan POlar Scout/orbitEr and In situ lake lander DrONe explorer) would perform joint orbital and in situ investigations of Titan. It is designed to build on and exceed the scope and scientific/technological accomplishments of Cassini-Huygens, exploring Titan in ways that were not previously possible, in particular through full close-up and in situ coverage over long periods of time. In the proposed mission architecture, POSEIDON consists of two major elements: a spacecraft with a large set of instruments that would orbit Titan, preferably in a low-eccentricity polar orbit, and a suite of in situ investigation components, i.e. a lake lander, a "heavy" drone (possibly amphibious) and/or a fleet of mini-drones, dedicated to the exploration of the polar regions. The ideal arrival time at Titan would be slightly before the next northern Spring equinox (2039), as equinoxes are the most active periods to monitor still largely unknown atmospheric and surface seasonal changes. The exploration of Titan northern latitudes with an orbiter and in situ element(s) would be highly complementary with the upcoming NASA New Frontiers Dragonfly mission that will provide in situ exploration of Titan equatorial regions in the mid-2030s., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1908.01374

Published
2021
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5. Titan: Earth-like on the Outside, Ocean World on the Inside

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., Birch, Samuel P. D., Horst, Sarah, Sotin, Christophe, Barth, Erika, Lora, Juan M., Trainer, Melissa G., Corlies, Paul, Malaska, Michael J., Sciamma-O'Brien, Ella, Thelen, Alexander E., Turtle, Elizabeth P., Radebaugh, Jani, Hanley, Jennifer, Solomonidou, Anezina, Newman, Claire, Regoli, Leonardo, Rodriguez, Sebastien, Seignovert, Benoit, Hayes, Alexander G., Journaux, Baptiste, Steckloff, Jordan, Nna-Mvondo, Delphine, Cornet, Thomas, Palmer, Maureen, Lopes, Rosaly M. C., Vinatier, Sandrine, Lorenz, Ralph, Nixon, Conor, Czaplinski, Ellen, Barnes, Jason W., Sittler, Ed, and Coates, Andrew

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Thanks to the Cassini-Huygens mission, Titan, the pale orange dot of Pioneer and Voyager encounters has been revealed to be a dynamic, hydrologically-shaped, organic-rich ocean world offering unparalleled opportunities to explore prebiotic chemistry. And while Cassini-Huygens revolutionized our understanding of each of the three layers of Titan--the atmosphere, the surface, and the interior--we are only beginning to hypothesize how these realms interact. In this paper, we summarize the current state of Titan knowledge and discuss how future exploration of Titan would address some of the next decade's most compelling planetary science questions. We also demonstrate why exploring Titan, both with and beyond the Dragonfly New Frontiers mission, is a necessary and complementary component of an Ocean Worlds Program that seeks to understand whether habitable environments exist elsewhere in our solar system., Comment: Submitted to the PSJ Focus Issue on Ocean World Exploration

Published
2021

6. Solving the Alhazen-Ptolemy Problem: Determining Specular Points on Spherical Surfaces for Radiative Transfer of Titan's Seas

Author

Miller, William J., Barnes, Jason W., and MacKenzie, Shannon M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Given a light source, a spherical reflector, and an observer, where on the surface of the sphere will the light be directly reflected to the observer, i.e. where is the the specular point? This is known as the Alhazen-Ptolemy problem, and finding this specular point for spherical reflectors is useful in applications ranging from computer rendering to atmospheric modeling to GPS communications. Existing solutions rely upon finding the roots of a quartic equation and evaluating numerically which root provides the real specular point. We offer a formulation, and two solutions thereof, for which the correct root is predeterminable, thereby allowing the construction of the fully analytical solutions we present. Being faster to compute, our solutions should prove useful in cases which require repeated calculation of the specular point, such as Monte-Carlo radiative transfer, including reflections off of Titan's hydrocarbon seas., Comment: 11 pages with 5 figures. Submitted to Planetary Science Journal

Published
2020

7. Enceladus as a potential oasis for life: Science goals and investigations for future explorations

Author

Choblet, Gaël, Tobie, Gabriel, Buch, Arnaud, Čadek, Ondrej, Barge, Laura M., Bēhounková, Marie, Camprubi, Eloi, Freissinet, Caroline, Hedman, Matt, Jones, Geraint, Lainey, Valery, Le Gall, Alice, Lucchetti, Alice, MacKenzie, Shannon, Mitri, Giuseppe, Neveu, Marc, Nimmo, Francis, Olsson-Francis, Karen, Panning, Mark, Postberg, Frank, Saur, Joachim, Schmidt, Jürgen, Sekine, Yasuhito, Shibuya, Takazo, Sotin, Christophe, Soucek, Ondrej, Szopa, Cyril, Usui, Tomohiro, Vance, Steven, and Van Hoolst, Tim

Published
2022
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8. Science goals and new mission concepts for future exploration of Titan’s atmosphere, geology and habitability: titan POlar scout/orbitEr and in situ lake lander and DrONe explorer (POSEIDON)

Author

Rodriguez, Sébastien, Vinatier, Sandrine, Cordier, Daniel, Tobie, Gabriel, Achterberg, Richard K., Anderson, Carrie M., Badman, Sarah V., Barnes, Jason W., Barth, Erika L., Bézard, Bruno, Carrasco, Nathalie, Charnay, Benjamin, Clark, Roger N., Coll, Patrice, Cornet, Thomas, Coustenis, Athena, Couturier-Tamburelli, Isabelle, Dobrijevic, Michel, Flasar, F. Michael, de Kok, Remco, Freissinet, Caroline, Galand, Marina, Gautier, Thomas, Geppert, Wolf D., Griffith, Caitlin A., Gudipati, Murthy S., Hadid, Lina Z., Hayes, Alexander G., Hendrix, Amanda R., Jaumann, Ralf, Jennings, Donald E., Jolly, Antoine, Kalousova, Klara, Koskinen, Tommi T., Lavvas, Panayotis, Lebonnois, Sébastien, Lebreton, Jean-Pierre, Le Gall, Alice, Lellouch, Emmanuel, Le Mouélic, Stéphane, Lopes, Rosaly M. C., Lora, Juan M., Lorenz, Ralph D., Lucas, Antoine, MacKenzie, Shannon, Malaska, Michael J., Mandt, Kathleen, Mastrogiuseppe, Marco, Newman, Claire E., Nixon, Conor A., Radebaugh, Jani, Rafkin, Scot C., Rannou, Pascal, Sciamma-O’Brien, Ella M., Soderblom, Jason M., Solomonidou, Anezina, Sotin, Christophe, Stephan, Katrin, Strobel, Darrell, Szopa, Cyril, Teanby, Nicholas A., Turtle, Elizabeth P., Vuitton, Véronique, and West, Robert A.

Published
2022
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11. Considering Intergroup Emotions to Improve Diversity and Inclusion in the Geosciences

Author

Perera, Viranga, Mead, Chris, van der Hoeven Kraft, Katrien J., Stanley, Sabine, Angappan, Regupathi, MacKenzie, Shannon, Barik, Ankit, and Buxner, Sanlyn

Abstract

The future viability of the geosciences is challenged, since as a community we continue to lack demographic diversity representative of the wider population. Fundamentally, dominant cultural, historical, and socioeconomic factors contribute to the lack of diversity and those factors typically change slowly over generations. Proposals for more immediate changes have had some effect but have not led to large-scale changes in the demographics of the geosciences. In this commentary, we discuss the concept of intergroup emotions and recommend its use as a strategy for improving diversity and inclusion within the geosciences. Intergroup emotions are emotions that arise as a result of an individual's identification with one or more social groups, which makes them particularly pertinent in the context of diversity and inclusion. While we call on the geoscience community to conduct discipline-based research in collaboration with educational and social psychologists, we argue that there is sufficient evidence to also begin implementing interventions in classrooms, laboratories, and in the field. We believe strategies based on intergroup emotions will make significant improvements in diversity and inclusion within the geosciences.

Published
2021
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12. Texture and composition of Titan's equatorial sand seas inferred from Cassini SAR data: Implications for aeolian transport and dune morphodynamics

Author

Lucas, Antoine, Rodriguez, Sébastien, Lemonnier, Florentin, Gall, Alice Le, MacKenzie, Shannon, Ferrari, Cécile, Paillou, Philippe, and Narteau, Clément

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics - Geophysics
Abstract

The texture, composition, and morphology of dunes observed in the equatorial regions of Titan may reflect present and/or past climatic conditions. Determining the physio-chemical properties and the morphodynamics of Titan's dunes is therefore essential to understanding of the climatic and geological history of the largest moon of Saturn. We quantitatively derived average surface properties of dune and interdune areas (texture, composition) from modeling of the microwave backscattered signal and Monte-Carlo inversion of the despeckled Cassini/SAR data over Titan's three largest sand seas: Belet, Shangri-La and Fensal. We present the first analysis of the backscatter functions extracted from despeckled SAR images that cover such a large range in incidence angles, including data from the beginning of the Cassini mission up to its Grand Finale. We show that dunes and interdunes have significantly different physical properties. Dunes are found to be more microwave absorbent than interdunes. Additionally, potential secondary bedforms, such as ripples and avalanches, may have been detected, providing potential evidence for currently active dunes and sediment transport. Our modelling shows that the interdunes have multi-scale roughnesses with higher dielectric constants than the dunes which have a low dielectric constant consistent with organic sand. The radar brightness of the interdunes can be explained by the presence of a shallow layer of significantly larger organic grains, possibly non-mobilized by the winds. {Together, our} findings suggest that Titan's sand seas evolve under the current multi-directional wind regimes with dunes that elongate with their crests aligned in the residual drift direction., Comment: Accepted to JGR-E on Oct 2nd 2019

Published
2017

14. THEO Concept Mission: Testing the Habitability of Enceladus's Ocean

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., Caswell, Tess E., Phillips-Lander, Charity M., Stavros, E. Natasha, Hofgartner, Jason D., Sun, Vivian Z., Powell, Kathryn E., Steuer, Casey J., O'Rourke, Joesph G., Dhaliwal, Jasmeet K., Leung, Cecilia W. S., Petro, Elaine M., Wynne, J. Judson, Phan, Samson, Crismani, Matteo, Krishnamurthy, Akshata, John, Kristen K., DeBruin, Kevin, Budney, Charles J., and Mitchell, Karl L.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Saturn's moon Enceladus offers a unique opportunity in the search for life and habitable environments beyond Earth, a key theme of the National Research Council's 2013-2022 Decadal Survey. A plume of water vapor and ice spews from Enceladus's south polar region. Cassini data suggest that this plume, sourced by a liquid reservoir beneath the moon's icy crust, contain organics, salts, and water-rock interaction derivatives. Thus, the ingredients for life as we know it-- liquid water, chemistry, and energy sources-- are available in Enceladus's subsurface ocean. We have only to sample the plumes to investigate this hidden ocean environment. We present a New Frontiers class, solar-powered Enceladus orbiter that would take advantage of this opportunity, Testing the Habitability of Enceladus's Ocean (THEO). Developed by the 2015 Jet Propulsion Laboratory Planetary Science Summer School student participants under the guidance of TeamX, this mission concept includes remote sensing and in situ analyses with a mass spectrometer, a sub-mm radiometer-spectrometer, a camera, and two magnetometers. These instruments were selected to address four key questions for ascertaining the habitability of Enceladus's ocean within the context of the moon's geological activity: (1) How are the plumes and ocean connected? (2) Are the abiotic conditions of the ocean suitable for habitability? (3) How stable is the ocean environment? (4) Is there evidence of biological processes? By taking advantage of the opportunity Enceladus's plumes offer, THEO represents a viable, solar-powered option for exploring a potentially habitable ocean world of the outer solar system., Comment: JPL Summer School 2015

Published
2016
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15. Compositional Similarities and Distinctions between Titan's Evaporitic Terrains

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon and Barnes, Jason

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We document the similarities in composition between the equatorial basins Tui Regio, Hotei Regio, and other 5-$\mu$m-bright materials, notably the north polar evaporites, by investigating the presence and extent of an absorption feature at 4.92 $\mu$m. In most observations, Woytchugga Lacuna, Ontario Lacus, MacKay Lacus, deposits near Fensal, some of the lakes and dry lake beds south of Ligeia, and the southern shores of Kraken Mare share the absorption feature at 4.92 \um observed in the spectra of Tui and Hotei. Besides Woytchugga and at Fensal, these 5-$\mu$m-bright deposits are geomorphologically-substantiated evaporites. Thus, the similarity in composition strengthens the hypothesis that Tui and Hotei once contained liquid. Other evaporite deposits, however, do not show the 4.92 \um absorption, notably Muggel Lacus and the shores of Ligeia Mare at the north pole. This difference in composition suggests that there are more than one kind of soluble material in Titan's lakes that can create evaporite and/or that the surface properties at the VIMS wavelength scale are not uniform between the different deposits (crystal size, abundance, etc). Our results indicate that the surface structure, composition, and formation history of Titan's evaporites may be at least as dynamic and complex as their Earth counterparts.

Published
2016
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16. Evidence of Titan's Climate History from Evaporite Distribution

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., Barnes, Jason W., Sotin, Christophe, Soderblom, Jason M., Mouélic, Stéphane Le, Rodriguez, Sebastien, Baines, Kevin H., Buratti, Bonnie J., Clark, Roger N., Nicholson, Phillip D., and McCord, Thomas B.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Water-ice-poor, 5-$\mu$m-bright material on Saturn's moon Titan has previously been geomorphologically identified as evaporitic. Here we present a global distribution of the occurrences of the 5-$\mu$m-bright spectral unit, identified with Cassini's Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and examined with RADAR when possible. We explore the possibility that each of these occurrences are evaporite deposits. The 5-$\mu$m-bright material covers 1\% of Titan's surface and is not limited to the poles (the only regions with extensive, long-lived surface liquid). We find the greatest areal concentration to be in the equatorial basins Tui Regio and Hotei Regio. Our interpretations, based on the correlation between 5-$\mu$m-bright material and lakebeds, imply that there was enough liquid present at some time to create the observed 5-$\mu$m-bright material. We address the climate implications surrounding a lack of evaporitic material at the south polar basins: if the south pole basins were filled at some point in the past, then where is the evaporite?

Published
2014
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19. Cassini Bistatic Radar Observations of Titan's Seas: Results about Dielectric Properties and Capillary Waves Detection

Author

Brighi, Giancorrado, primary, Poggiali, Valerio, additional, Tortora, Paolo, additional, Zannoni, Marco, additional, Hayes, Alexander, additional, Lalich, Daniel, additional, Bonnefoy, Lea, additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, D Nicholson, Phil, additional, Oudrhiri, Kamal, additional, D Lorenz, Ralph, additional, and M Soderblom, Jason, additional

Published
2023
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21. Science Objectives for Flagship-Class Mission Concepts for the Search for Evidence of Life at Enceladus

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., primary, Neveu, Marc, additional, Davila, Alfonso F., additional, Lunine, Jonathan I., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Phillips-Lander, Charity M., additional, Eigenbrode, Jennifer L., additional, Waite, J. Hunter, additional, Craft, Kate L., additional, Hofgartner, Jason D., additional, McKay, Chris P., additional, Glein, Christopher R., additional, Burton, Dana, additional, Kounaves, Samuel P., additional, Mathies, Richard A., additional, Vance, Steven D., additional, Malaska, Michael J., additional, Gold, Robert, additional, German, Christopher R., additional, Soderlund, Krista M., additional, Willis, Peter, additional, Freissinet, Caroline, additional, McEwen, Alfred S., additional, Brucato, John Robert, additional, de Vera, Jean-Pierre P., additional, Hoehler, Tori M., additional, and Heldmann, Jennifer, additional

Published
2022
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22. The Case for a New Frontiers-Class Uranus Orbiter: System Science at an Underexplored and Unique World with a Mid-scale Mission

Author

Cohen, Ian J., Beddingfield, Chloe, Chancia, Robert, DiBraccio, Gina, Hedman, Matthew, MacKenzie, Shannon, Mauk, Barry, Sayanagi, Kunio M., Soderlund, Krista M., Turtle, Elizabeth, Ahrens, Caitlin, Arridge, Christopher S., Brooks, Shawn M., Bunce, Emma, Charnoz, Sebastien, Coustenis, Athena, Dillman, Robert A., Dutta, Soumyo, Fletcher, Leigh N., Harbison, Rebecca, Helled, Ravit, Holme, Richard, Jozwiak, Lauren, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Kollmann, Peter, Luszcz-Cook, Statia, Mandt, Kathleen, Mousis, Olivier, Mura, Alessandro, Murakami, Go, Parisi, Marzia, Rymer, Abigail, Stanley, Sabine, Stephan, Katrin, Vervack, Jr., Ronald J., Wong, Michael H., Wurz, Peter, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), University of Idaho [Moscow, USA], Hampton University in Virginia, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, Uranus, Extrasolar gaseous giant planets, Uranian satellites, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary magnetospheres, 620 Engineering, Planetary rings, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planetary interior, Solar system planets, Planetary atmospheres
Abstract

Current knowledge of the Uranian system is limited to observations from the flyby of Voyager 2 and limited remote observations. However, Uranus remains a highly compelling scientific target due to the unique properties of many aspects of the planet itself and its system. Future exploration of Uranus must focus on cross-disciplinary science that spans the range of research areas from the planet’s interior, atmosphere, and magnetosphere to the its rings and satellites, as well as the interactions between them. Detailed study of Uranus by an orbiter is crucial not only for valuable insights into the formation and evolution of our solar system but also for providing ground truths for the understanding of exoplanets. As such, exploration of Uranus will not only enhance our understanding of the ice giant planets themselves but also extend to planetary dynamics throughout our solar system and beyond. The timeliness of exploring Uranus is great, as the community hopes to return in time to image unseen portions of the satellites and magnetospheric configurations. This urgency motivates evaluation of what science can be achieved with a lower-cost, potentially faster-turnaround mission, such as a New Frontiers–class orbiter mission. This paper outlines the scientific case for and the technological and design considerations that must be addressed by future studies to enable a New Frontiers–class Uranus orbiter with balanced cross-disciplinary science objectives. In particular, studies that trade scientific scope and instrumentation and operational capabilities against simpler and cheaper options must be fundamental to the mission formulation.

Published
2022

23. Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer Investigation at Titan

Author

Szopa, Cyril, Trainer, Melissa G., Brinckerhoff, William, Grubisic, Andrej, Danell, Ryan, Kaplan, Desmond, van Amerom, Friso, Li, Xiang, Graham, Jacob, Freissinet, Caroline, Buchs, Arnaud, Stern, Jennifer C., Teinturier, Samuel, Malespin, Charles, Barkfnecht, Peter, Kellogg, James W., Zacny, Kris, Wegel, Donald, Turtle, Elizabeth, Barnes, Jason, Murchie, Scott L., Mackenzie, Shannon, Lorenz, Ralph D., and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

During the 17 years it explored the Saturn system, the Cassini-Huygens mission revealed that Titan is an amazing world. With a diversity of surface environments (dunes, lakes, impact craters…), a richness of physical and chemical atmospheric processes that generate organic molecules, an interior ocean, and the potential for transient liquid water environments in its past, Titan is unique and among the best places in the solar system to search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry or possible life. To advance Titan's exploration with the objectives to investigate the prebiotic chemistry, habitability and potential presence of biosignatures on Saturn's moon, NASA's Dragonfly mission will send a rotorcraft relocatable lander that will explore the Shangri-La region, including the Selk impact crater to access previously melted water ice (Barnes et al., 2021). In order to address the science goals of the Dragonfly mission related to the characterization of the organic chemistry and the search for biologically relevant organic materials, the scientific payload includes the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer (DraMS) dedicated to perform molecular analyses on various solid surface samples. These samples will be collected in different surface environments (dunes, ice…) explored by the rotorcraft lander, using the Drill for Acquisition of Complex Organics (DrACO) (Grubisic et al. 2021). Additionally, DraMS will also perform measurements of atmospheric noble gases to constrain the outgassing and the history of atmospheric methane. To achieve these analytical goals, DraMS is based on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer with a dual ion source allowing to perform analyses of solid samples with two different and complementary modes : - the Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (LDMS) for the broad compositional survey of surface materials including refractory organics. LDMS mode allows for structural disambiguation of surface molecules using ion isolation and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) - Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) for the separation and identification of key prebiotic molecules and measurement of enantiomeric excesses (if present). For GCMS analyses, the samples delivered to DraMS ovens are heated for pyrolysis or derivatization-enhanced evolution. The gases thus produced are injected into one of two of chromatographic columns to proceed either to a general separation of a breadth of volatile and semi-volatile analytes, or to specifically separate enantiomers of chiral compounds. The DraMS design strongly inherits from the Sample Analysis at Mars (Mahaffy et al. 2012) and Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (Goesmann et al. 2017), onboard the Curiosity and Rosalind Franklin martian rovers respectively. Design adaptations are required and currently in development to meet the technical, environmental, and scientific requirements of the Dragonfly mission at Titan's surface. The aim of this communication is to present the current status of the DraMS science investigation and instrument development, addressing the aforementioned areas of the instrument that have been advanced during Phase B and in preparation for the DraMS Preliminary Design Review (PDR). Acknowledgments: Dragonfly and DraMS development is currently supported by the NASA New Frontiers program. The GC module for DraMS is being developed in partnership with the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). Barnes J. et al. (2021) Planet. Sci. J. 2, 130 Goesmann F. et. al. (2017) Astrobiology, 17, 655-685 Grubisic A. et al. (2021) Int. J. Mass Spec. 470, 116707 Mahaffy P. R. et al. (2012) Space Sci Rev, 170, 401-478

Published
2022

24. The Case for a New Frontiers–Class Uranus Orbiter: System Science at an Underexplored and Unique World with a Mid-scale Mission

Author

Cohen, Ian J., primary, Beddingfield, Chloe, additional, Chancia, Robert, additional, DiBraccio, Gina, additional, Hedman, Matthew, additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, Mauk, Barry, additional, Sayanagi, Kunio M., additional, Soderlund, Krista M., additional, Turtle, Elizabeth, additional, Ahrens, Caitlin, additional, Arridge, Christopher S., additional, Brooks, Shawn M., additional, Bunce, Emma, additional, Charnoz, Sebastien, additional, Coustenis, Athena, additional, Dillman, Robert A., additional, Dutta, Soumyo, additional, Fletcher, Leigh N., additional, Harbison, Rebecca, additional, Helled, Ravit, additional, Holme, Richard, additional, Jozwiak, Lauren, additional, Kasaba, Yasumasa, additional, Kollmann, Peter, additional, Luszcz-Cook, Statia, additional, Mandt, Kathleen, additional, Mousis, Olivier, additional, Mura, Alessandro, additional, Murakami, Go, additional, Parisi, Marzia, additional, Rymer, Abigail, additional, Stanley, Sabine, additional, Stephan, Katrin, additional, Vervack, Jr., Ronald J., additional, Wong, Michael H., additional, and Wurz, Peter, additional

Published
2022
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26. Enceladus as a potential oasis for life: Science goals and investigations for future explorations

Author

Choblet, Gaël, primary, Tobie, Gabriel, additional, Buch, Arnaud, additional, Čadek, Ondrej, additional, Barge, Laura M., additional, Bēhounková, Marie, additional, Camprubi, Eloi, additional, Freissinet, Caroline, additional, Hedman, Matt, additional, Jones, Geraint, additional, Lainey, Valery, additional, Le Gall, Alice, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, Mitri, Giuseppe, additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Nimmo, Francis, additional, Olsson-Francis, Karen, additional, Panning, Mark, additional, Postberg, Frank, additional, Saur, Joachim, additional, Schmidt, Jürgen, additional, Sekine, Yasuhito, additional, Shibuya, Takazo, additional, Sotin, Christophe, additional, Soucek, Ondrej, additional, Szopa, Cyril, additional, Usui, Tomohiro, additional, Vance, Steven, additional, and Van Hoolst, Tim, additional

Published
2021
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27. The Science Case for a Return to Enceladus

Author

Cable, Morgan L., primary, Porco, Carolyn, additional, Glein, Christopher R., additional, German, Christopher R., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Hoehler, Tori M., additional, Hofmann, Amy E., additional, Hendrix, Amanda R., additional, Eigenbrode, Jennifer, additional, Postberg, Frank, additional, Spilker, Linda J., additional, McEwen, Alfred, additional, Khawaja, Nozair, additional, Hunter Waite, J., additional, Wurz, Peter, additional, Helbert, Jörn, additional, Anbar, Ariel, additional, de Vera, Jean-Pierre, additional, and Núñez, Jorge, additional

Published
2021
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28. Science Goals and Objectives for the Dragonfly Titan Rotorcraft Relocatable Lander

Author

Barnes, Jason W., primary, Turtle, Elizabeth P., additional, Trainer, Melissa G., additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Brinckerhoff, William B., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Freissinet, Caroline, additional, Hand, Kevin P., additional, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Hörst, Sarah M., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Karkoschka, Erich, additional, Lawrence, David J., additional, Le Gall, Alice, additional, Lora, Juan M., additional, McKay, Christopher P., additional, Miller, Richard S., additional, Murchie, Scott L., additional, Neish, Catherine D., additional, Newman, Claire E., additional, Núñez, Jorge, additional, Panning, Mark P., additional, Parsons, Ann M., additional, Peplowski, Patrick N., additional, Quick, Lynnae C., additional, Radebaugh, Jani, additional, Rafkin, Scot C. R., additional, Shiraishi, Hiroaki, additional, Soderblom, Jason M., additional, Sotzen, Kristin S., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Stofan, Ellen R., additional, Szopa, Cyril, additional, Tokano, Tetsuya, additional, Wagner, Thomas, additional, Wilson, Colin, additional, Yingst, R. Aileen, additional, Zacny, Kris, additional, and Stähler, Simon C., additional

Published
2021
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29. New Frontiers-class Uranus Orbiter: Exploring the feasibility of achieving multidisciplinary science with a mid-scale mission

Author

Cohen, Ian J., Beddingfield, Chloe, Chancia, Robert, DiBraccio, Gina, Hedman, Matthew, MacKenzie, Shannon, Mauk, Barry, Sayanagi, Kunio M., Soderlund, Krista M., Turtle, Elizabeth, Ahrens, Caitlin, Arridge, Christopher S., Brooks, Shawn M., Bunce, Emma, Charnoz, Sebastien, Coustenis, Athena, Dillman, Robert A., Dutta, Soumyo, Fletcher, Leigh N., Harbison, Rebecca, Helled, Ravit, Holme, Richard, Jozwiak, Lauren, Kasaba, Yasumasa, Kollmann, Peter, Luszcz-Cook, Statia, Mandt, Kathleen, Mousis, Olivier, MURA, Alessandro, Murakami, Go, Parisi, Marzia, Rymer, Abigail, Stanley, Sabine, Stephan, Katrin, Vervack, Ronald J., Wong, Michael H., Wurz, Peter, ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, ESP, and CHE

Abstract

Current knowledge of the Uranian system is limited to observations from the flyby of Voyager 2 and limited remote observations. However, Uranus remains a highly compelling scientific target due to the unique properties of many aspects of the planet itself and its system. Future exploration of Uranus must focus on cross-disciplinary science that spans the range of research areas from the planet's interior, atmosphere, and magnetosphere to the its rings and satellites, as well as the interactions between them. Detailed study of Uranus by an orbiter is crucial not only for valuable insights into the formation and evolution of our solar system but also for providing ground truths for the understanding of exoplanets. As such, exploration of Uranus will not only enhance our understanding of the ice giant planets themselves but also extend to planetary dynamics throughout our solar system and beyond. The timeliness of exploring Uranus is great, as the community hopes to return in time to image unseen portions of the satellites and magnetospheric configurations. This urgency motivates evaluation of what science can be achieved with a lower-cost, potentially faster-turnaround mission, such as a New Frontiers-class orbiter mission. This paper outlines the scientific case for and the technological and design considerations that must be addressed by future studies to enable a New Frontiers-class Uranus orbiter with balanced cross-disciplinary science objectives. In particular, studies that trade scientific scope and instrumentation and operational capabilities against simpler and cheaper options must be fundamental to the mission formulation.

Published
2021

31. Titan: Earth-like on the Outside, Ocean World on the Inside

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., primary, Birch, Samuel P. D., additional, Hörst, Sarah, additional, Sotin, Christophe, additional, Barth, Erika, additional, Lora, Juan M., additional, Trainer, Melissa G., additional, Corlies, Paul, additional, Malaska, Michael J., additional, Sciamma-O’Brien, Ella, additional, Thelen, Alexander E., additional, Turtle, Elizabeth, additional, Radebaugh, Jani, additional, Hanley, Jennifer, additional, Solomonidou, Anezina, additional, Newman, Claire, additional, Regoli, Leonardo, additional, Rodriguez, Sébastien, additional, Seignovert, Benôit, additional, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Journaux, Baptiste, additional, Steckloff, Jordan, additional, Nna-Mvondo, Delphine, additional, Cornet, Thomas, additional, Palmer, Maureen Y., additional, Lopes, Rosaly M. C., additional, Vinatier, Sandrine, additional, Lorenz, Ralph, additional, Nixon, Conor, additional, Czaplinski, Ellen, additional, Barnes, Jason W., additional, Sittler, Ed, additional, and Coates, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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32. The Enceladus Orbilander Mission Concept: Balancing Return and Resources in the Search for Life

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon M., primary, Neveu, Marc, additional, Davila, Alfonso F., additional, Lunine, Jonathan I., additional, Craft, Kathleen L., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Phillips-Lander, Charity M., additional, Hofgartner, Jason D., additional, Eigenbrode, Jennifer L., additional, Waite, J. Hunter, additional, Glein, Christopher R., additional, Gold, Robert, additional, Greenauer, Peter J., additional, Kirby, Karen, additional, Bradburne, Christopher, additional, Kounaves, Samuel P., additional, Malaska, Michael J., additional, Postberg, Frank, additional, Patterson, G. Wesley, additional, Porco, Carolyn, additional, Núñez, Jorge I., additional, German, Chris, additional, Huber, Julie A., additional, McKay, Christopher P., additional, de Vera, Jean-Pierre, additional, Brucato, John Robert, additional, and Spilker, Linda J., additional

Published
2021
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35. Ocean Worlds: A Roadmap for Science and Exploration

Author

Hendrix, Amanda, primary, Hurford, Terry A., additional, Barge, Laura M., additional, Bland, Michael T., additional, Bowman, Jeff S., additional, Brinckerhoff, William, additional, Buratti, Bonnie, additional, Cable, Morgan, additional, Castillo-Rogez, Julie, additional, Collins, Geoffrey, additional, Cooper, John F., additional, Diniega, Serina, additional, German, Chris, additional, Hayes, Alexander, additional, Hoehler, Tori, additional, Hosseini, Sona, additional, Howett, Carly, additional, McEwen, Alfred, additional, Neish, Catherine, additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Nordheim, Tom, additional, Patterson, Wes, additional, Patthoff, Alex, additional, Phillips, Cynthia, additional, Rhoden, Alyssa, additional, Schmidt, Britney, additional, Singer, Kelsi, additional, Soderblom, Jason M., additional, Vance, Steve, additional, Lopes, Rosaly M.C., additional, Cabrol, Nathalie A., additional, Lindensmith, Christian, additional, Westlake, Joseph, additional, Scully, Jennifer, additional, Byrne, Paul K., additional, Such, Pamela, additional, and MacKenzie, Shannon, additional

Published
2021
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36. Returning Samples from Enceladus for Life Detection

Author

Neveu, Marc, primary, Anbar, Ariel, additional, Davila, Alfonso, additional, Glavin, Daniel P., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Phillips-Lander, Charity, additional, Sherwood, Brent, additional, Takano, Yoshinori, additional, Williams, Peter, additional, and Yano, Hajime, additional

Published
2021
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37. Enabling the Next Frontiers in Astrobiology — Ocean and Ice Worlds Explorations with a Radioisotope Power System Inside a Pressure Vessel

Author

Balint, Tibor, primary, Lee, Young H., additional, Howell, Samuel M., additional, Perl, Scott M., additional, Craft, Kathleen, additional, Hurford, Terry A., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, Bairstow, Brian K., additional, Johnson, Stephen G., additional, Clarke, Eric S., additional, Donitz, Benjamin P., additional, and Schmitz, Paul C., additional

Published
2021
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38. Titan: Earth-like on the Outside, Ocean World on the Inside

Author

MacKenzie, Shannon, primary, Birch, Sam, additional, Hörst, Sarah, additional, Sotin, Christophe, additional, Barth, Erika, additional, Lora, Juan, additional, Trainer, Melissa G., additional, Corlies, Paul, additional, Malaska, Michael J., additional, Sciamma-O'Brien, Ella, additional, Thelen, Alexander E., additional, Turtle, Elizabeth, additional, Radebaugh, Jani, additional, Hanley, Jennifer, additional, Solomonidou, Anezina, additional, Newmann, Claire, additional, Regoli, Leonardo, additional, Rodriguez, Sebastien, additional, Seignovert, Benoit, additional, Hayes, Alex, additional, Journaux, Baptiste, additional, Steckloff, Jordan, additional, Nna-Mvondo, Delphine, additional, Cornet, Thomas, additional, Palmer, Maureen, additional, Lopes, Rosaly, additional, Vinatier, Sandrine, additional, Lorenz, Ralph, additional, Nixon, Conor, additional, Czaplinski, Ellen, additional, Barnes, Jason W., additional, Sittler, Ed, additional, and Coates, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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39. The Case for a Return to Enceladus

Author

Cable, Morgan, primary, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Hoehler, Tori M., additional, Hendrix, Amanda R., additional, Eigenbrode, Jennifer, additional, Postberg, Frank, additional, Porco, Carolyn, additional, Glein, Christopher R., additional, Spilker, Linda, additional, Hofmann, Amy E., additional, McEwen, Alfred, additional, Waite, J. Hunter, additional, Wurz, Peter, additional, Helbert, Jörn, additional, Anbar, Ariel, additional, Vera, Jean-Pierre de, additional, and Núñez, Jorge, additional

Published
2021
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40. The Importance of Further Studies and Missions to Understand Cryovolcanism

Author

Walker, Catherine C., primary, Singer, Kelsi N., additional, Craft, Kate L., additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Beyer, Ross A., additional, Sori, Michael, additional, Nixon, Conor A., additional, Scully, Jennifer, additional, Castillo-Rogez, Julie, additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Nimmo, Francis, additional, Fagents, Sarah, additional, Lopes, Rosaly M., additional, Hurford, Terry, additional, Noviello, Jessica L., additional, Buczkowski, Debra, additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, and Byrne, Paul K., additional

Published
2021
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41. New Frontiers Titan Orbiter

Author

Barnes, Jason W., primary, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Soderblom, Jason M., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Hofgartner, Jason D., additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, Turtle, Elizabeth P., additional, Radebaugh, Jani, additional, Burr, Devon, additional, Lora, Juan, additional, Neumann, Gregory, additional, Vance, Steve, additional, Lopes, Rosaly, additional, Nixon, Conor, additional, Corlies, Paul, additional, Regoli, Leonardo, additional, Sciamma-O'Brien, Ella, additional, Schindhelm, Rebecca, additional, Rodriguez, Sèbastien, additional, Coll, Patrice, additional, Mouélic, Stéphane Le, additional, Heslar, Michael, additional, Dhingra, Rajani, additional, Stekloff, Jordan, additional, Sittler, Ed, additional, Solomonidou, Anezina, additional, Malaska, Michael J., additional, Neish, Catherine, additional, Teanby, Nicholas, additional, Vinatier, Sandrine, additional, Birch, Samuel, additional, Hörst, Sarah, additional, Coustenis, Athena, additional, Karkoschka, Erich, additional, Czaplinski, Ellen, additional, Hayne, Paul, additional, Brueshaber, Shawn R., additional, Maue, Anthony D., additional, Dong, Chuanfei, additional, Cornet, Thomas, additional, McEwen, Alfred, additional, Ramirez, Kerry, additional, Royer, Emilie, additional, Salama, Farid, additional, Elowitz, Mark, additional, Barua, Shiblee, additional, Rengel, Miriam, additional, McKay, Chris, additional, Lombardo, Nicholas A., additional, Lapôtre, Mathieu, additional, Koeppel, Ari, additional, Fenton, Lori K., additional, Goudge, Timothy A., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Denk, Tilmann, additional, Vu, Tuan H., additional, Nna-Mvondo, Delphine, additional, Cordier, Daniel, additional, Lebonnois, Sebastien, additional, Coates, Andrew, additional, Lefticariu, Liliana, additional, Battalio, J. Michael, additional, Fagents, Sarah, additional, Tortora, Paolo, additional, Beyer, Ross A., additional, Momary, Thomas W., additional, Gurwell, Mark A., additional, Schurmeier, Lauren, additional, Neveu, Marc, additional, Hanley, Jennifer, additional, Limaye, Ajay B., additional, Daudon, Chloé, additional, and Desai, Ravindra T., additional

Published
2021
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42. New Frontiers-class Uranus Orbiter: Exploring the feasibility of achieving multidisciplinary science with a mid-scale mission

Author

Cohen, Ian, primary, Beddingfield, Chloe, additional, Chancia, Robert, additional, DiBraccio, Gina, additional, Hedman, Matthew, additional, MacKenzie, Shannon, additional, Mauk, Barry, additional, Sayanagi, Kunio, additional, Soderlund, Krista, additional, Turtle, Elizabeth, additional, Adams, Elena, additional, Ahrens, Caitlin, additional, Brooks, Shawn, additional, Bunce, Emma, additional, Charnoz, Sebastien, additional, Clark, George, additional, Coustenis, Athena, additional, Dillman, Robert, additional, Dutta, Soumyo, additional, Fletcher, Leigh, additional, Harbison, Rebecca, additional, Helled, Ravit, additional, Holme, Richard, additional, Jozwiak, Lauren, additional, Kasaba, Yasumasa, additional, Kollmann, Peter, additional, Luszcz-Cook, Statia, additional, Mandt, Kathleen, additional, Mousis, Olivier, additional, Mura, Alessandro, additional, Murakami, Go, additional, Parisi, Marzia, additional, Rymer, Abigail, additional, Stanley, Sabine, additional, Stephan, Katrin, additional, Vervack, Ronald, additional, Wong, Michael, additional, Wurz, Peter, additional, Balint, Tibor, additional, Brueshaber, Shawn, additional, Cao, Xin, additional, Cartwright, Richard, additional, Cochrane, Corey, additional, Cocoros, Alice, additional, Craft, Kate, additional, Daubar, Ingrid, additional, Pater, Imke de, additional, Dong, Chuanfei, additional, Ebert, Robert, additional, Elder, Catherine, additional, Ernst, Carolyn, additional, Filacchione, Gianrico, additional, Fortney, Jonathan, additional, Gershman, Daniel, additional, Gjerloev, Jesper, additional, Gkioulidou, Matina, additional, Girija, Athul P., additional, Hospodarsky, George, additional, Jackman, Caitriona, additional, Jha, Devanshu, additional, Leonard, Erin, additional, Lucas, Michael, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Meyer, Heather, additional, Masters, Adam, additional, Moore, Kimberly, additional, Moran, Sarah, additional, Nikoukar, Romina, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Paranicas, Chris, additional, Patterson, Wes, additional, Paty, Carol, additional, Pinilla-Alonso, Noemi, additional, Poh, Gangkai, additional, Probst, Alena, additional, Quick, Lynnae, additional, Regoli, Leonardo, additional, Roberts, James, additional, Rodriguez, Sebastien, additional, Runyon, Kirby, additional, Smith, Todd, additional, Spilker, Linda, additional, Stern, Alan, additional, Tortora, Paolo, additional, Turner, Drew, additional, Ukhorskiy, Sasha, additional, Vines, Sarah, additional, Young, Roland, additional, and Zhang, Yongliang, additional

Published
2021
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46. Returning Samples From Enceladus for Life Detection

Author

Neveu, Marc, primary, Anbar, Ariel D., additional, Davila, Alfonso F., additional, Glavin, Daniel P., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Phillips-Lander, Charity M., additional, Sherwood, Brent, additional, Takano, Yoshinori, additional, Williams, Peter, additional, and Yano, Hajime, additional

Published
2020
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