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The article presents ceramic and metal substrate filtration efficiency in the particulate filter of a spark-ignition engine with direct fuel injection. Gaseous exhaust components were taken into account. There are many publications on the solid particles mass and number reduction, so the authors examined the effect of catalytic carriers on gaseous compounds, such as CO, NOx, THC, whose content also poses a threat to human health and life, and this issue is not often described in the literature dedicated to measurements of modern internal combustion engines. During the tests, the length and carrier material effect on the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases was determined.

The article presents emission test results comparison carried out on a dynamic engine dynamometer. Parameters were recorded during a drive made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE. Test bench allowed to determine the particle mass and number emission in the repetitive engine operation conditions. One of three used elements wan an OEM solution from one of particulate filters producers, the other was intended for use in original systems, the third was a custom product. The highest efficiency of particulate filtration was demonstrated by the last filter, which was adapted to the engine.

The subject of this article is the analysis of the current state of legislation regarding the exhaust emissions from two-wheeled vehicles. Regulations and emission limits have been analyzed and compared for different areas of the world. What’s more, the review of the legal provisions includes an individual approach to specific categories of two-wheeled vehicles. The study also describes research and exhaust emission measurement methods from mopeds and motorcycles both in laboratory conditions and in actual operation. The methods were evaluated in the aspect of future emission requirements and trends. In addition, emissivity measurements results in real operating conditions obtained in the Poznań agglomeration with the use of motorcycle units were discussed and analyzed. The values of road emissions of all toxic compounds limited by legislators have been compared with emission standards.

The introduction of new exhaust emissions norms for motor vehicles forces manufacturers to rely on new technologies of exhaust gas aftertreatment and emission reduction. Past studies by the authors have demonstrated a significant emission of nanoparticles from gasoline engines with direct fuel injection, especially dangerous for human health and life. The latest solution is a particulate filter designed for spark ignition engines, introduced in parallel with a norm limiting their number emission. The research conducted within the article concerned testing its effectiveness by measuring the vehicle equipped with and without the filter in real driving conditions. The drive cycle was made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (Real Driving Emission) standard using PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) equipment. The values of harmful gaseous components and solid particles were measured in terms of mass and number. The emission results comparison indicated a significant efficiency of the filter in terms of particle weight and number reduction. The dimensional distribution of particle diameters has also been analyzed, which has also changed as a result of the filter. The authors believe that the filter's efficiency is the result of much higher temperatures of exhaust gases than in the case of diesel engines, which causes the incineration.

The use of comfort systems, the number of which in vehicles is constantly increasing, has a direct impact on fuel consumption and engine load. As part of the article, the vehicle's drive in real operating conditions was analyzed in terms of the emission of toxic compounds. The tests were carried out without and with the systems turned on, using the PEMS apparatus, where road emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and solid particles were measured in terms of mass, number and size distribution of diameters. The track was driven four times with different setting of the powertrain of examined car.

The current EURO 6c standard has introduced a limit on the number of solid particles for spark ignition engines equal to that for compression ignition engines (6x10e11). To meet the requirements, manufacturers install particulate filters in the exhaust systems of most new engines. The article presents the results of vehicle testing with this solution during the drive carried out in accordance with the RDE procedure. The measurement results, after taking into account the Conformity Factor in relation to the approval limits, confirmed the efficiency of aftertreatment system in terms of both gas and solid components.

The article presents toxic exhaust components emission measurement results as well as solid particles mass and number. The test involved a direct gasoline injection engine, in which special attention should be paid to the particulates number emission. Small diameters of nanoparticles make them particularly dangerous to human health. Nowadays, vehicle engines are constantly improved and modernized as a result of the need to meet existing exhaust gas emission standards. One of the few ways to determine the actual content of toxic and harmful compounds in the exhaust gases is the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure, the requirements of which apply from 2016 for new vehicles, and from 2019 will apply to all registered passenger cars. The RDE procedure does not replace the WLTP (World Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure), but complements it. The tests on the dynamometer are separated from external conditions such as traffic volume or congestion and are not a sufficient indicator of emissions in real traffic conditions.

The subject of this article is the analysis of the particle number and mass road emission from a hybrid vehicle in real operating conditions. Additionally, the operating conditions of the tested vehicle and engine were also analyzed. To this end, particulate emissions and performance tests were carried out from a light hybrid vehicle, equipped with a 77 kW engine with a displacement of 1.58 dm3. The tests were conducted in real traffic conditions, following the standard RDE (Real Driving Emission) procedure. The test was performed within the Poznań agglomeration, the route included roads with different maxi-mum speed limits. The research involved the use of mobile measuring equipment, belonging to the PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) group, which included equipment such as: SEMTECH DS, AVL MSS (Micro Soot Sensor) and EEPS 3090 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer). The results obtained have been referred to the vehicle exhaust emission limit values in accordance with the Euro 6 norm.

The article discusses the effect of exhaust aftertreatment systems configuration on the resulting exhaust gas temperature at selected points of the exhaust system. Catalytic reactors and particle filters must reach a specific temperature in order to effectively perform their functions. The temperature they obtain decreases with the increasing distance from the exhaust manifold, as the gases cool along the way. The performed research consisted of measuring the exhaust gas temperature in various places of the exhaust system in simulated driving conditions mapped on the dynamic engine brake station in the aspect of using a particulate filter and its resulting operating efficiency due to the temperature. Measuring the temperature using thermo-couples allowed to assess the probability of achieving full operation of the filters during urban and extra-urban exploitation in a simulation of real driving conditions.

The article presents the results of exhaust gas flow simulation by three configurations of a ceramic support placed in the engine exhaust system. The carriers differed in the cell density parameters along the entire length of the filter. A filter with a fixed CPSI (Cell per Square Inch) parameter, a filter with two different cell densities and a triple support were tested. For each element of the filter, boundary conditions have been introduced, which define the nature of the flow and define the type of surface of a given element. The composition of the exhaust gases whose flow is simulated was also determined. The initial conditions of the simulation include data on pressure, temperature and velocity. AVL Fire Aftertreatment was used to carry out the simulation. The program is a leading tool for CFD simulation in the field of internal combustion engines.

The subject of this article is the identification of engine exhaust emissions of two-wheel vehicles under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, analysis of road and time emission of gaseous compounds: HC, CO, CO2, NOx from a motorcycle equipped with an engine with a displacement volume of 0.7 dm3 and a maximum power of 55 kW was made. The tests were performed on a dynamometer station designed for testing two-wheel vehicles. The speed characteristic was taken from the European type approval test WMTC, consisting of three parts. Each of these parts lasted 600 seconds and was characterized by a different maximum vehicle speed value. The mobile AXION R/S apparatus part of the PEMS device group was used in the research. What is more, the exhaust emissions results were referred to the values listed by the exhaust emission standard met by the tested vehicle (Euro 4 standard). Laboratory tests presented in the article are only intended as a basis for further research, which includes exhaust emission tests from two-wheel vehicles in real operating conditions.

The quality of outdoor air in many places, especially in urbanized areas, is bad; therefore, a series of studies aimed at assessing the impact of outdoor air parameters on indoor air quality was conducted. Four nurseries (three buildings) located in different parts of Poznań, Poland were selected as research sites. During the research period, the concentrations of CO2, PM2.5, and PM10 inside and outside the buildings over time were analyzed. Measurements outside the buildings were supplemented with an analysis of traffic near nurseries and an assessment of pollutant emissions from vehicles of various categories. Measurements were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in a weekly series during winter (December)—(W), spring (April)—(S), and at the end of spring (June)—(LS). Testing and analyses indicated poor indoor air quality in three out of four nurseries. To ensure indoor air quality at the proper level, it is necessary to supply rooms with outside air. Ventilating rooms by airing, when the outside air is polluted, reduces the CO2 concentration but worsens the indoor air quality in terms of particulate matter (PM). Seasonality in the concentration of particulate matter in outdoor air and its connection with the outside air temperature was noticed. No relationship between traffic and the values of PM10 and CO2 concentrations inside nurseries was observed.

Applications of soft magnetic elements and permanent magnets increase due to broaden range of products with their usage. Nowadays magnetic elements are prepared mainly by casting, sintering or bonding technology. Presently research is focused on two ways: improvement of known magnetic materials and elaboration of new technology of fabrication magnetic elements. Development of new technologies enables obtaining magnetic elements with complicated geometry and can be made in a near net shape. These technologies that can be used are called additive manufacturing or 3D printing. 3D printing are divided in different methods. Article presents a review of different methods of 3D printing that are applied to manufacturing magnetic elements.

The paper contains exhaust emission results for an RDE test drive of a passenger vehicle with a spark ignition bi-fuel engine fuelled with LPG. The tests were performed in accordance with the RDE test requirements, and their results were compared to the emission limits of the applicable EURO norm. The aim of the paper is to investigate the discrepancies in the real exhaust emissions between the gasoline-specific emission norms and real values from vehicle use when powered by LPG.

We have analyzed the increase of the overall efficiency of a spark ignition engine through energy recovery following the application of an automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG) of our own design. The design of the generator was developed following emission investigations during vehicle driving under city traffic conditions. The measurement points were defined by actual operation conditions (engine speed and load), subsequently reproduced on an engine dynamometer. Both the vehicle used in the on-road tests and the engine dynamometer were fit with the same, downsized spark ignition engine (with high effective power-to-displacement ratio). The thermodynamic parameters of the exhaust gases (temperature and exhaust gas mass flow) were measured on the engine testbed, along with the fuel consumption and electric current generated by the thermoelectric modules. On this basis, the power of the ATEG and its impact on overall engine efficiency were determined.

The paper discusses the determination of engine torque to be used to calculate work performed by a non-road vehicle when determining specific exhaust emissions. During investigations related to the environmental indexes under actual operating conditions, the value of torque is pulled from the vehicle OBD system. It is estimated based on the pressure and duration of the fuel injection. The work of an engine calculated in this way is overrated. It allows for the engine internal losses such as aerodynamic resistance and internal friction losses. The paper presents tests on a farm tractor, in which a portable chassis dynamometer and a portable exhaust emissions measurement and data recording systems were applied. In the performed tests, the engine operated at steady work points: defined engine speeds and loads. Based on the Willans method, the data from the vehicle on-board diagnostic system and the calculated values of the fuel consumption a correction curve was determined. It should be used when correcting the engine torque during measurements under actual operating conditions. Based on the recorded concentrations of the emission components, specific emission was calculated allowing for the corrective calculation. This was used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits specified by the Stage IIIB standard that the test object was compliant with. The presented research methodology may be successfully applied in testing other non-road machinery whose environmental indexes are defined based on specific emissions. In research of machines in actual condition, necessary is to determine the engine internal resistance and take it into account when determining the engine torque in the field tests. This will allow a determination of the real environmental indexes.

The article presents the emission measurements results of a modern gasoline engine with direct fuel injection. The test cycle being performed on the dynamic dynamometer is a reflection of the real conditions recorded during a PC vehicle drive in the Poznan agglomeration and was carried out in accordance with the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure as defined by the European Union that came into force in September 2017. The dynamometer tests were divided into urban, non-urban and motorway sections including selected operating points taken from the real tests with the highest frequency of occurrence. The measurements were conducted using a mobile device to record the concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. The mass flow meter connected to the engine made it possible to convert the obtained concentrations into emission values. Due to tests being performed on the engine dynamometer, the mass of emitted harmful components was related to the produced energy unit (g/kWh). This allows a comparison of different engine types according to one criterion. The results obtained for different drive cycles were compared. Information on specific emissions was obtained, which made it possible to draw conclusions regarding emissions in a given drive cycle and compare them with the results obtained in real driving conditions.

The article presents a comparative analysis of harmful compounds: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicles of the passenger car and non-road categories. The research object representing the first category was a vehicle equipped with a Euro 5 compliant compression ignition engine with a common rail fuel injection system. The second one was represented by an agricultural tractor with a compression ignition engine. The tests were carried out in real operating conditions in the Poznan agglomeration. In the case of the passenger car, a real drive was carried out, including passengers, on roads with different speed limits in accordance with the RDE procedure, as adopted in 2017. However, the farm tractor was tested while conducting field work. The tests were carried out using analyzers from the PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System) group. In order to perform a comparative analysis of vehicles from two separate categories, the results obtained were presented in the form of unit emissions (g/kWh). This paper was aimed at assessing the emissivity of a non-road vehicles and relate them to results obtained from passenger cars. Moreover, the current legislation, tightening the provisions of the increasingly numerous non-road vehicles group has also been assessed.

This article presents investigations of fuel consumption and CO2 emission of a farm tractor operating with a cultivator. The cultivator has been designed to operate at greater speeds of up to 15 km/h. During the tests, the tractor operated with different speeds, which influenced the fuel consumption and the time of operation. An increase in the cruising speed resulted in greater fuel consumption and a reduced time of operation. A fuel consumption curve was determined depending on the tractor speed. At the same time, the authors assessed the quality of the cultivation through soil analysis after the cultivation. The fuel consumption was measured with the carbon balance method – the most accurate method available. Such measurements were performed by the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The investigations utilizing the PEMS equipment enable measurements of the exhaust emissions under actual operating conditions, during fieldwork. The methodology used in the research is the most accurate and most reliable one currently available. It takes into account all of the variables of actual operation. This method is a state-of-the-art achievement in exhaust emissions measurement and has great potential. It may be successfully used for research related to assessment of energy consumption of farm tractors depending on the analyzed factors, e.g. type of soil, design of tools, and method of fieldwork. The performed tests allowed formulating conclusions related to the influence of the speed of the farm tractor with the cultivator on fuel consumption and emission of CO2. From the test, it follows that upon reaching a certain operating speed the increment of the fuel consumption is getting smaller while the time efficiency increases. The authors also observed that the above did not have impact on the quality of the cultivation. The presented results of the investigations and their analysis confirm the usefulness of the applied methodology in the assessment of energy consumption of farm tractors and machines during fieldwork operation.

Direct fuel injection engines have dominated the market for passenger cars powered with gasoline. They are characterized by reduced fuel consumption and higher unit power and torque. The reduction of the time needed for fuel evaporation is associated with an increase in mass emission, and above all the number of solid particles in comparison to systems in which a multipoint injection is used. To minimize the negative effects of the applied solution, in September 2017 the EURO 6c standard was introduced, which apart from the mass also limited the road emission of the particle number. The article presents the mass and number emission and particle size distribution tests results for an engine with and without a particulate filter. The tests were carried out in simulated real conditions on a dynamic engine dynamometer station.

Retrofitting, which means retrofitting old generation engine systems with modern exhaust after treatment systems, is becoming increasingly popular, which allow vehicles to adhere to the newer and more stringent emission norms. This can save the operators of such vehicles money using older engineered designs without the need to design a new unit or buy an expensive new machine or vehicle. At present, there is a growing interest in emissions from off-road vehicles and the introduction of minimum limits for older vehicles that must be met in order to be able to allow for their operation. For the purposes of this article, the Stage IIIA farm tractor has been fitted with a particulate filter in the exhaust system. The study investigated the impact of the use of exhaust after treatment systems on particle emissions in terms of mass, size distribution and number using PEMS analyzers in the modified NRSC stationary test by engine loading, using a mobile engine dynamometer and comparison of test results.

The paper analyzes the exhaust emissions from farm vehicles based on research performed under field conditions (RDE) according to the NTE procedure. This analysis has shown that it is hard to meet the NTE requirements under field conditions (engine operation in the NTE zone for at least 30 seconds). Due to a very high variability of the engine conditions, the share of a valid number of NTE windows in the field test is small throughout the entire test. For this reason, a modification of the measurement and exhaust emissions calculation methodology has been proposed for farm vehicles of the NRMM group. A test has been developed composed of the following phases: trip to the operation site (paved roads) and field operations (including u-turns and maneuvering). The range of the operation time share in individual test phases has been determined. A change in the method of calculating the real exhaust emissions has also been implemented in relation to the NTE procedure.