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The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been in operation since 2000 April. This paper presents the Tenth Public Data Release (DR10) from its current incarnation, SDSS-III. This data release includes the first spectroscopic data from the Apache Point Observatory Galaxy Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), along with spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) taken through 2012 July. The APOGEE instrument is a near-infrared R 22,500 300 fiber spectrograph covering 1.514-1.696 μm. The APOGEE survey is studying the chemical abundances and radial velocities of roughly 100,000 red giant star candidates in the bulge, bar, disk, and halo of the Milky Way. DR10 includes 178,397 spectra of 57,454 stars, each typically observed three or more times, from APOGEE. Derived quantities from these spectra (radial velocities, effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities) are also included. DR10 also roughly doubles the number of BOSS spectra over those included in the Ninth Data Release. DR10 includes a total of 1,507,954 BOSS spectra comprising 927,844 galaxy spectra, 182,009 quasar spectra, and 159,327 stellar spectra selected over 6373.2 deg2. © 2014. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..

Importance: Preoperative chemo(radio)therapy is increasingly used in patients with localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma, leading to pathological complete response (pCR) in a small subset of patients. However, multicenter studies with in-depth data about pCR are lacking., Objective: To investigate the incidence, outcome, and risk factors of pCR after preoperative chemo(radio)therapy., Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational, international, multicenter cohort study assessed all consecutive patients with pathology-proven localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent resection after 2 or more cycles of chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy) in 19 centers from 8 countries (January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018). Data collection was performed from February 1, 2020, to April 30, 2022, and analyses from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023. Median follow-up was 19 months., Exposures: Preoperative chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy) followed by resection., Main Outcomes and Measures: The incidence of pCR (defined as absence of vital tumor cells in the sampled pancreas specimen after resection), its association with OS from surgery, and factors associated with pCR. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) and pCR were investigated with Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models, respectively., Results: Overall, 1758 patients (mean [SD] age, 64 [9] years; 879 [50.0%] male) were studied. The rate of pCR was 4.8% (n = 85), and pCR was associated with OS (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.83). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 95%, 82%, and 63% in patients with pCR vs 80%, 46%, and 30% in patients without pCR, respectively (P < .001). Factors associated with pCR included preoperative multiagent chemotherapy other than (m)FOLFIRINOX ([modified] leucovorin calcium [folinic acid], fluorouracil, irinotecan hydrochloride, and oxaliplatin) (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.87), preoperative conventional radiotherapy (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.00-4.10), preoperative stereotactic body radiotherapy (OR, 8.91; 95% CI, 4.17-19.05), radiologic response (OR, 13.00; 95% CI, 7.02-24.08), and normal(ized) serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 after preoperative therapy (OR, 3.76; 95% CI, 1.79-7.89)., Conclusions and Relevance: This international, retrospective cohort study found that pCR occurred in 4.8% of patients with resected localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma after preoperative chemo(radio)therapy. Although pCR does not reflect cure, it is associated with improved OS, with a doubled 5-year OS of 63% compared with 30% in patients without pCR. Factors associated with pCR related to preoperative chemo(radio)therapy regimens and anatomical and biological disease response features may have implications for treatment strategies that require validation in prospective studies because they may not universally apply to all patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background: Recently, subclassification of pancreatoduodenectomy in 4 differing types has been reported, because additional major vascular and multivisceral resections have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality., Objective: To classify distal pancreatectomy (DP) based on the extent of resection and technical difficulty and to evaluate postoperative outcomes with regards to this classification system., Methods: All consecutive patients who had undergone DP between 2001 and 2020 in a high-volume pancreatic surgery center were included in this study. DPs were subclassified into 4 distinct categories reflecting the extent of resection and technical difficulty, including standard DP (type 1), DP with venous (type 2), multivisceral (type 3), or arterial resection (type 4). Patient characteristics, perioperative data, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed and compared among the 4 groups., Results: A total of 2135 patients underwent DP. Standard DP was the most frequently performed procedure (64.8%). The overall 90-day mortality rate was 1.6%. Morbidity rates were higher in patients with additional vascular or multivisceral resections, and 90-day mortality gradually increased with the extent of resection from standard DP to DP with arterial resection (type 1: 0.7%; type 2: 1.3%; type 3: 3%; type 4: 8.7%; P <0.0001). Multivariable analysis confirmed the type of DP as an independent risk factor for 90-day mortality., Conclusions: Postoperative outcomes after DP depend on the extent of resection and correlate with the type of DP. The implementation of the 4-type classification system allows standardized reporting of surgical outcomes after DP improving comparability of future studies., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Bile leakage represents a major cause of morbidity following hepatic resection. Although most patients can be managed non-operatively, this complication requires diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Preoperative endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) into the sphincter of Oddi represents an innovative approach to prevent bile leakage. The aim of the PREBOT-II trial is to generate the first randomised controlled trial data on the safety, feasibility and efficacy of preoperative endoscopic BTX injection into the sphincter of Oddi to prevent bile leakage following hepatic resection., Methods and Analysis: The PREBOT-II trial is an investigator-initiated, exploratory, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, phase II clinical trial with two parallel study groups. 70 patients scheduled for hepatic resection will be randomised to either the intervention or the control group. Patients of the intervention group will undergo preoperative endoscopic injection of BTX into the sphincter of Oddi 3-10 days before surgery, whereas in the control group only hepatic resection will be performed. The primary endpoint is the occurrence of a postoperative bile leakage within 30 days after hepatic resection according to the definition of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery. The secondary endpoints comprise further postoperative morbidity parameters such as severity of postoperative bile leakage, post-hepatectomy haemorrhage or liver failure, mortality and quality of life up to 3 months after hepatic resection. Safety and feasibility of the procedure will also be recorded., Ethics, Funding and Dissemination: The PREBOT-II trial has been approved by the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (reference number 4044932) and the Ethics Committee of Heidelberg University (reference number AFmu-558/2021). This trial is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The results will be presented at national and international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal., Trial Registration Number: DRKS00024061, EudraCT: 2020-006001-35., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Anisotropic nanomaterials are non-spherical structures that possess unique shape-dependent physicochemical properties and functionalities. Inspired by the abundance of filamentous entities in nature, cylindrical nanostructures have gained significant attention due to their unique performance. Herein, we discuss the effect of side-chain length on the encapsulation properties of amphiphilic heterografted bottlebrushes. We observed that by grafting a long hydrophilic block to the double-brush, we were able to restrict solute-induced conformational changes, thus producing drug-loaded anisotropic carriers. Unimolecular encapsulation in brushes was solute-dependent as shown here for probucol and rose bengal lactone. Stabilization with an amphiphilic diblock copolymer-consisting of the same type of blocks as those comprising the heterografted brush-served to explain the solute-dependent behavior observed for brushes, suggesting that solutes with a higher propensity to nucleation could be more effectively stabilized by the anisotropic carrier in a unimolecular worm-like construct.

Objective: To evaluate whether niacinamide (Nam) can mitigate production of inflammatory and senescence-related biomarkers induced by environmental stressors., Methods: Human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to UVB, urban dust, diesel exhaust and cigarette smoke extract and treated with Nam or vehicle control. Full thickness 3-D skin organotypic models were exposed to a combination of UVB and PM 2.5 and treated with Nam or vehicle control. Quantitation of the SASP-related inflammatory mediators PGE 2 , IL-6 and IL-8 was performed on cultured media. UVB-exposed keratinocytes treated with and without Nam were immunostained for the senescence biomarker Lamin B1 (LmnB1). Transcriptomics profiling of cigarette smoke extract effects on keratinocytes was performed. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical was conducted on 40 female panellists that were pretreated on back sites for two weeks with 5% Nam or vehicle and then exposed to 1.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED) solar-simulated radiation (SSR). Treated sites were compared with non-treated exposed sites for erythema and the skin surface IL-1αRA/IL-1α inflammatory biomarkers., Results: Ultraviolet B induced synthesis of PGE 2 , IL-8 and IL-6 and reduced LmnB1 levels in keratinocytes. Urban dust and diesel exhaust only stimulated synthesis of IL-8 whereas cigarette smoke extract only stimulated levels of PGE 2 . In all exposures, treatment with Nam significantly mitigated synthesis of the inflammatory mediators and restored levels of UVB-reduced LmnB1. In the 3D skin equivalent model, Nam reduced IL-8 levels stimulated by a combination of topical PM 2.5 and UV exposure. In a UV challenge clinical, pretreatment with 5% Nam reduced erythema and skin surface IL-1αRA/IL-1α inflammatory biomarkers that were induced by SSR., Conclusion: Since it is known that Nam has anti-inflammatory properties, we tested whether Nam can inhibit environmental stress-induced inflammation and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) biomarkers. We show Nam can reduce PGE 2 , IL-6 and IL-8 levels induced by environmental stressors. Additionally, in vivo pretreatment with Nam can reduce UV-induced erythema and skin surface inflammatory biomarkers. These findings add to the body of evidence that Nam can mitigate the skin's inflammatory response elicited by environmental stressors. This supports Nam can potentially inhibit senescence and premature ageing and thereby maintain skin's functionality and appearance., (© 2020 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.)

Objectives. To assess the relationship between adult cannabis use and time-varying local measures of retail cannabis market presence before and after legalization (2012) and market opening (2014) in Washington State. Methods. We used 2009 to 2016 data on 85 135 adults' current (any) and frequent (20 or more days) past-month cannabis use from the Washington Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System linked to local retailer proximity and density. Multilevel models predicted use over time, accounting for nesting within communities. Results. Current and frequent cannabis use grew significantly between 2009 and 2016; use did not significantly change immediately after legalization but increased subsequently with greater access to cannabis retailers. Specifically, current use increased among adults living in areas within 18 miles of a retailer and, especially, within 0.8 miles (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 1.69). Frequent use increased among adults living within 0.8 miles of a retailer (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.15, 1.77). Results related to geospatial retailer density were consistent. Conclusions. Increasing cannabis retail access was associated with increased current and frequent use. Public Health Implications. Policymakers might consider density limits as a strategy for preventing heavy cannabis use among adults.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows are the most brilliant transient events in the Universe. Both the bursts themselves and their afterglows have been predicted to be visible out to redshifts of z approximately 20, and therefore to be powerful probes of the early Universe. The burst GRB 000131, at z = 4.50, was hitherto the most distant such event identified. Here we report the discovery of the bright near-infrared afterglow of GRB 050904 (ref. 4). From our measurements of the near-infrared afterglow, and our failure to detect the optical afterglow, we determine the photometric redshift of the burst to be z = 6.39 - 0.12 + 0.11 (refs 5-7). Subsequently, it was measured spectroscopically to be z = 6.29 +/- 0.01, in agreement with our photometric estimate. These results demonstrate that GRBs can be used to trace the star formation, metallicity, and reionization histories of the early Universe.

A stable-isotope based gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-negative ion chemical ionization method was developed for the determination of norepinephrine (NE) levels in small volumes (25-100 microl) of plasma. NE was stabilized in plasma by the addition of semicarbazide and spiked with deuterium-labeled norepinephrine internal standard. The analytes were isolated from the plasma by solid-phase extraction using phenylboronic acid columns and derivatized using pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The derivatized analytes were chromatographed on a capillary column and detected by tandem mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization. Unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity were obtained using this detection scheme, allowing the unambiguous analysis of trace levels of NE in small-volume plasma samples. Linear standard curves were obtained for NE over a mass range from 1 to 200 pg per sample. The method had a limit of quantitation of 10 pg NE/ml plasma when using a 100-microl sample aliquot (1 pg/sample). Accuracy for the analysis of plasma samples spiked with 10 to 200 pg NE/ml typically ranged from 100+/-10%, with RSD values of less than 10%. The methodology was applied to determine the effect of clonidine on plasma NE levels in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Administration of clonidine (30 microg/kg) produced an approximately 80% reduction in plasma NE accompanied by a 30% reduction in heart and mean arterial pressure that persisted >90 min after drug administration. The ability to take multiple samples from individual rats allowed the time course for the effect of clonidine to be mapped out using only one group of animals.

To examine maternal and fetal responses to a sustained reduction in maternal hematocrit during days 110-138 of ovine gestation, 22 ewes and their singleton fetuses were instrumented. By repetitive exchange transfusions, the hematocrit in 12 ewes was decreased from 28.1 +/- 0.8 (baseline, day 110) to 14.0 +/- 0.7% (day 117) and maintained at that level. Anemic ewes demonstrated a transient increase in heart rate from 99 +/- 4 to 116 +/- 4 beats/min and a sustained increase in cardiac output from 117 +/- 8 to 153 +/- 11 ml.min-1.kg-1 compared with control animals. Uterine blood flow steadily increased in control animals from 868 +/- 100 (day 110) to 1,410 +/- 177 ml/min (day 138) but failed to increase in the anemic ewes. Uterine oxygen delivery fell from 83 +/- 10 to 39 +/- 4 ml/min with production of anemia and remained low in the anemic ewes. Arterial PO2 and oxygen content in the fetuses of anemic ewes fell transiently below control values (19.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 23.4 +/- 1.0 mmHg and 5.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.4 ml/dl, respectively) but did not persist. Fetal weights at 138 days gestation were lower in the anemic group (2,596 +/- 329 vs. 4,313 +/- 132 g). We conclude that chronic maternal anemia results in a decreased uterine blood flow as well as decreased uterine oxygen delivery. The fetus responds with decreased growth but does not develop sustained hypoxia or acidosis.

Although the uterine vascular responses to endogenous vasoactive substances have been extensively investigated in pregnant sheep, the fetal umbilical responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) and norepinephrine (NE) have not been well characterized. Twenty-five pregnant ewes between 105 and 115 days of gestation were anesthetized and instrumented for hemodynamic measurements, systemic fetal and maternal intravenous infusions, and local maternal uterine arterial infusions of ANG II and NE. Fetal and maternal arterial pressure and heart rate, maternal uterine blood flow (total of left and right middle uterine arteries), and fetoplacental blood flow (common umbilical artery) were measured during continuous infusions of ANG II or NE. Fetal infusions of ANG II (0.03-1.0 micrograms.min-1.kg estimated fetal body wt-1) increased fetal arterial blood pressure by as much as 44% over base-line values, decreased umbilical blood flow by as much as 63%, and increased umbilical vascular resistance by up to 345%. Fetal infusions of NE (0.1-3 micrograms.min-1.kg-1) increased fetal arterial pressure 42% and increased umbilical vascular resistance by up to 38% but did not significantly alter fetoplacental blood flow. No significant maternal changes were observed during fetal infusions. Maternal infusion of ANG II increased maternal arterial pressure by as much as 59% and significantly increased uterine vascular resistance at the two highest doses but significantly decreased uterine blood flow only at the highest dose (17%; P less than 0.05). Maternal infusions of NE increased arterial pressure by as much as 113%, decreased uterine blood flow by as much as 76%, and increased uterine vascular resistance 3- to 10-fold over the base-line value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Fetal hemodynamics and fetoplacental blood flow were measured in chronically instrumented ovine fetuses during intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin. Vasopressin was infused at rates ranging from 1 to 300 ng/min/kg estimated fetal mass. This range of infusion rates produces plasma arginine vasopressin levels observed throughout a wide range of fetal stress. No maternal effects were observed at any infusion rates used in this investigation. Fetal heart rate declined linearly with the log of the infusion rate. Mean fetal arterial pressure showed a sigmoidal response to log arginine vasopressin infusion rate, reaching a plateau at 30 ng/min/kg. Umbilical vascular resistance increased throughout the entire range of infusion rates. Fetoplacental blood flow decreased with increasing infusion rate but decreased only 4% to 13% throughout the range of infusion rates that produce plasma arginine vasopressin levels commonly observed during fetal stress. Because umbilical vascular resistance continued to rise after arterial pressure reached a plateau, fetoplacental blood flow decreased 31% at the highest infusion rate. However, the plasma vasopressin level associated with this infusion rate is probably in excess of that associated with severe fetal distress. The fetoplacental vascular bed is, therefore, either relatively insensitive to arginine vasopressin, or is capable of autoregulation in the face of high circulating levels of arginine vasopressin.

Recordings were made from single cells in the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) of the rat. The response of these cells to electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was correlated with their response to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine (NE). It is shown that NE can cause excitation as well as inhibition of NRM neurons, although excitatory response was obtained more often than an inhibitory response. No correlation between the response to PAG stimulation and to NE was obtained. It is concluded that NE is not the transmitter that mediates the interaction between the PAG and NRM.

Auditory brainstem evoked responses (ABRs) were obtained in utero from five fetal lambs instrumented between 108 and 124 days gestation and tested from 2 to 24 days following surgery. The fetal ABR patterns were then compared with similar ABR measurements from term newborn lambs at 1 day of age. The characteristics of the preterm fetal ABR were dependent upon the period of gestation in which the testing was conducted. The fetal ABR is absent prior to 117 days gestation. The earliest recorded fetal ABR consisted of one or more reproducible deflections and was observable by day 117-125 of gestation. By 126 days gestation the ABR was comparable in waveform pattern to those obtained in one day old term newborn lambs but with delayed peak latencies. The most definitive characteristic of the fetal ABR was the interpeak latency between waves IV and V, which was greater than the interpeak latencies between other wave deflections. Serial recordings of fetal ABRs indicate that latencies to each wave decrease with advancing gestational age. These changes may be suggestive of a maturational process within the auditory system of the developing fetus.