11 results on '"Mack S. Costello"'
Search Results
2. Reconsideration of the type I error rate for psychological science in the era of replication
- Author
-
Michael T. Carlin, Mack S. Costello, Madisyn A. Flansburg, and Alyssa Darden
- Subjects
Psychology (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Careful consideration of the tradeoff between Type I and Type II error rates when designing experiments is critical for maximizing statistical decision accuracy. Typically, Type I error rates (e.g., .05) are significantly lower than Type II error rates (e.g., .20 for .80 power) in psychological science. Further, positive findings (true effects and Type I errors) are more likely to be the focus of replication. This conventional approach leads to very high rates of Type II error. Analyses show that increasing the Type I error rate to .10, thereby increasing power and decreasing the Type II error rate for each test, leads to higher overall rates of correct statistical decisions. This increase of Type I error rate is consistent with, and most beneficial in the context of, the replication and "New Statistics" movements in psychology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved). more...
- Published
- 2022
Catalog
3. Quantification of behavioral data with effect sizes and statistical significance tests
- Author
-
Mack S. Costello, Raymond F. Bagley, Laura Fernández Bustamante, and Neil Deochand
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Sociology and Political Science ,Research Design ,Humans ,Applied Psychology - Abstract
This article describes the use of statistical significance tests and distance-based effect sizes with behavioral data from single case experimental designs (SCEDs). Such data often are interpreted only with visual analysis. However, a growing movement in the field is to quantify results to improve decision-making and communication across studies and sciences. The goal of the present study was to assess the agreement between visual analysis and various statistical tests. We recruited visual analysts to judge 160 pairwise data sets from published articles and compared these analyses to significance tests and effect sizes. One-tailed significance testing of Tau z and the percentage of pairwise differences in the predicted direction (PWD) generally agreed with each other, and complemented the effect sizes of Ratio of Distances (RD) and g. Visual analysis was somewhat unreliable and should be combined with statistical complements to maximize decision accuracy. more...
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Statistical Decision-Making Accuracies for Some Overlap- and Distance-based Measures for Single-Case Experimental Designs
- Author
-
Michael T. Carlin and Mack S. Costello
- Subjects
Clinical Psychology ,Social Psychology ,Computer science ,Design of experiments ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,SI: Advanced Quantitative Techniques for Single Case Experimental Design ,Algorithm ,Distance based - Abstract
Selecting a quantitative measure to guide decision making in single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) is complicated. Many measures exist and all have been rightly criticized. The two general classes of measure are overlap-based (e.g., percentage nonoverlapping data) and distance-based (e.g., Cohen’s d). We compare several measures from each category for Type I error rate and power across a range of designs using equal numbers of observations (i.e., 3–10) in each phase. Results showed that Tau and the distance-based measures (i.e., RD and g) provided the highest decision accuracies. Other overlap-based measures (e.g., PND, dual-criterion method) did not perform as well. It is recommended that Tau be used to guide decision making about the presence/absence of a treatment effect, and RD or g be used to quantify the magnitude of the treatment effect. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-021-00317-8. more...
- Published
- 2021
5. Real-Time Contingent Feedback to Enhance Punching Performance
- Author
-
Neil Deochand, Mack S. Costello, and R. Wayne Fuqua
- Subjects
Performance feedback ,Multiple baseline design ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Applied psychology ,Contingency management ,Exercise behavior ,Reinforcement ,Baseline (configuration management) ,Psychology ,Sensory cue ,Punching ,General Psychology - Abstract
Reinforcement has been shown to change exercise behavior, often in contingency management programs. In this study, boxers received conjugate reinforcement-like performance feedback through both visual cues and changes to music. A device made music speed contingent on punching speed, and the music volume contingent on punching force. Participants could see green or red cues for being above or below a goal. Multiple baseline design and reversal designs were used to evaluate the effectiveness of our audio-visual intervention in increasing the speed and force of punches for eight participants. Punching force and speed appeared to increase for five of the eight participants compared to punching performance when using unaltered music alone in baseline. more...
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Behavioral Research with Planaria
- Author
-
Neil Deochand, Michelle E. Deochand, and Mack S. Costello
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Cognitive science ,Social Psychology ,biology ,Conceptualization ,Learning: No Brain Required ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,biology.organism_classification ,Planaria ,03 medical and health sciences ,Clinical Psychology ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Planarian ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Organism ,Conditioned behavior - Abstract
This article serves as a brief primer on planaria for behavior scientists. In the 1950s and 1960s, McConnell’s planarian laboratory posited that conditioned behavior could transfer after regeneration, and through cannibalization of trained planaria. These studies, the responses, and replications have been collectively referred to as the “planarian controversy.” Successful behavioral assays still require refinement with this organism, but they could add valuable insight into our conceptualization of memory and learning. We discuss how the planarian’s distinctive biology enables an examination of biobehavioral interaction models, and what behavior scientists must consider if they are to advance behavioral research with this organism. Suggestions for academics interested in building planaria learning laboratories are offered. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40614-018-00176-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. more...
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Analysis of Delay Discounting as a Psychological Measure of Sustainable Behavior
- Author
-
Mack S. Costello, Jamie L. Hirsh, and R. Wayne Fuqua
- Subjects
Discounting ,Actuarial science ,Delay discounting ,Behavior change ,Sustainability ,Probabilistic logic ,Economics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Stimulus (physiology) ,General Environmental Science ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
As concerns regarding the current and future state of the planet continue to grow, the need to understand the behavioral mechanisms that underlie behaviors linked to large-scale, probabilistic and delayed outcomes become more critical. Delay discounting refers to decline in the subjective value of a stimulus as the delay-interval to access that stimulus increases. In this article, the relevance of delay discounting to issues of sustainability is explored. The research on delay discounting and related processes is summarized, specifically research that relates discounting and sustainability issues. Implications for behavior change and future research are discussed. more...
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Development of a Distance-Based Effect Size Metric for Single-Case Research: Ratio of Distances
- Author
-
Michael T. Carlin and Mack S. Costello
- Subjects
050103 clinical psychology ,05 social sciences ,Microsoft excel ,050301 education ,Measure (mathematics) ,Experimental research ,Clinical Psychology ,Development (topology) ,Meta-Analysis as Topic ,Research Design ,Sample Size ,Metric (mathematics) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Ceiling (aeronautics) ,Analysis tools ,Psychology ,0503 education ,Algorithm ,Distance based - Abstract
This article describes the development of an effect size measure called Ratio of Distances (RD). The goal was to develop a measure of level change for single case experimental research that met several practical requirements: (a) the measure is adaptable to designs with varying numbers of observations per, and across, phases; (b) the measure is adaptable to situations in which slope does and does not exist; (c) the measure has no ceiling, as is the limitation with commonly used overlap-based measures of effect size; and (d) the measure is computationally transparent and easily computed using widely available analysis tools (e.g., Microsoft Excel). The measure is applicable to single cases and meta-analyses. more...
- Published
- 2017
9. Chart goals for behavior analysis
- Author
-
Neil Deochand, R. Fuqua, and Mack S. Costello
- Subjects
Data display ,Chart ,Computer science ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,medicine ,General Medicine ,Applied behavior analysis ,Data science - Abstract
Charts play a significant role within the interpretation of scientific data. This article examines some inconsistencies in data display methods used in Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis and suggests that adopting some chart goals could improve futu more...
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Reporting of medication information in applied studies of people with autism
- Author
-
Ryan Redner, Marc Weeden, Timothy L. Edwards, Sarah M. Hayes, Kathryn M. Kestner, Alan Poling, Lindsay K. Porter, Mack S. Costello, Kathleen Cleary, and Amy Durgin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Psychotherapist ,Nonpharmacological interventions ,business.industry ,Behavior change ,Psychotropic medication ,medicine.disease ,Behavior change interventions ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Pharmacotherapy ,Medication information ,Intervention (counseling) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Autism ,Psychiatry ,business - Abstract
The present research determined if articles describing attempts to improve the behavior of people with autism reported whether or not participants were receiving medication and, if so, whether an interaction between the intervention and the medication was mentioned. Fifty-one articles published from 2004 through 2008 were examined. Information regarding medication was provided in 18% of these articles, none of which mentioned an interaction. Very little is known regarding interactions between nonpharmacological interventions and psychotropic (or other) medications, but some studies demonstrate that interactions can occur. Given this possibility, and the fact that information regarding medications received by participants is easy to obtain and report, it appears worthwhile to include this information in published articles. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Phase-change lines, scale breaks, and trend lines using Excel 2013
- Author
-
R. Wayne Fuqua, Neil Deochand, and Mack S. Costello
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,Trend line ,Single-subject design ,Data science ,Philosophy ,Phase change ,User-Computer Interface ,Software ,Graduate students ,Task analysis ,Graph (abstract data type) ,Humans ,Student training ,Psychology ,business ,Applied Psychology - Abstract
The development of graphing skills for behavior analysts is an ongoing process. Specialized graphing software is often expensive, is not widely disseminated, and may require specific training. Dixon et al. (2009) provided an updated task analysis for graph making in the widely used platform Excel 2007. Vanselow and Bourret (2012) provided online tutorials that outline some alternate methods also using Office 2007. This article serves as an update to those task analyses and includes some alternative and underutilized methods in Excel 2013. To examine the utility of our recommendations, 12 psychology graduate students were presented with the task analyses, and the experimenters evaluated their performance and noted feedback. The task analyses were rated favorably. more...
- Published
- 2013
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.