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Pour les familles des ouvriers agricoles, quels sont les services de base (habitat, soins, éducation, etc.) qui comptent vraiment ? Voilà la question fondamentale qui se pose aux décideurs publics et privés s'ils souhaitent véritablement améliorer les services proposés aux populations. Encore faut-il pouvoir évaluer les besoins des familles et leur niveau de satisfaction. C'est le but de " Neighbour ", la méthode d'évaluation des impacts sociaux d'une chaîne de valeurs développée par l'Inrae et le Cirad. Elle vient en cela interroger les autres méthodes d'évaluation adoptées sans plus de recul par les certificateurs et les acheteurs de la grande distribution européenne et mondiale. Revue de détail de cette nouvelle méthode qui a été testée avec succès sur une filière banane export.

How can the most important social impacts be identified in a Type II social life cycle analysis? Are they the impacts deemed important by the affected actors, by the sponsor, by the researcher? Are they the rare impacts whose quantification is known, as in environmental LCA? In order to prioritise impacts, the aim of this paper is to propose a method based on the client's ability to act. We assume that the client designates a target population and does not know which impacts have priority, but that he knows which levers he could use to act favourably. The research question is : What are the impacts on which the sponsor can act favourably and which are important for the target populations?. We have carried out an application on the case of a banana plantation in West Africa (sponsor). The steps of the method followed to identify important impacts (and the application in italics) are the following: - Identify the change whose social effects are to be evaluated and the target population; this is the implementation by the plantation of social measures (health services, housing, etc.). The target populations are the households of the plantation workers. -Identify and interview stakeholders who can provide information on the nature of the basic services that are important to the target population; 24 people covering all stakeholder categories were interviewed. -Screening interviews to identify these basic services; 7 services were identified; the sponsor designated 5.-Identify and interview a wide range of people from the target population; 3 groups of 12 working households are formed; 36 interviews to be conducted.-Analyse the interviews to identify frequent gaps, and report them to the sponsor. Work in progress until the end of February 2022. Based on this data, the client will be able to establish a realistic progress contract to significantly improve the services that are really important to the target population.

Prospective methods, in their various forms, have been used to anticipate the possible evolutions of a studied system since the 50's. The so-called "scenario method" introduced by Godet is a French prospective way which provides a formal scenario-building model based on interactions with chosen prospects; it has proven to be efficient in many fields. This method was typically used for the pork value-chain in the 80's, then in 2021, in independent studies. The process itself changed over the years, and so did its application. In this paper we discuss the differences of application of the Godet method in the 80's and today. We then indicate the results obtained by applying the Godet method to the pork-value-chain then and now: we complete the analysis by showing that even though some key determinants remained unchanged, other key determinants are proper to the current value-chain.

International audience

International audience; A major challenge of Sustainable Development Goal 12 “Responsible Consumption and Production” is to reduce food losses along production and supply chains. This is particularly critical for fresh food products, due to their perishable and fragile nature, which makes the coordination of the actors all the more crucial to avoid wastes and losses. The rise of new technologies, referred to as “Industry 4.0” powered by the internet of things, big data analytics and artificial intelligence, could bring new solutions to meet these needs. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) allow for frequent exchanges of huge amounts of information between actors in the agrofood chains to coordinate their activities. The aim of the chapter is to provide a state-of-the-art analysis on ICTs used in agrofood supply chains, with a special focus on the case of fresh fruits and vegetables, to analyze the potential and weaknesses which exist in different forms of supply chains for ICTs becoming a “resource” (precious, rare, non-imitable, and nonsubstitutable) prospect and to suggest promising ICTs in this context.

International audience; The desire for sustainability calls for new development paths for the agricultural sector. Some suggest creating small to medium size farms, performing agricultural practices that preserve ecosystems, are labour intensive and connected to local markets. New farmers are a necessity in many rural areas, yetthe main obstacle to the settlement of newcomers is access to land. This research suggests an alternative to private property of land, such as experienced by the Foncière Solidaire created by the association «Terre de Liens» in France, which collectively buys land (13,500 shareholders, end of 2019) to lease themto new farmers under long-term basis. The research question is therefore: "Is this alternative to private property of land durable?" Here, durability means the permanence of farms, despite the on-going upheavals. We suggest that the values are the key, and that values leading to everlastingness describe aconception of Justice. To identify whether or not the values describe a conception of Justice in practice, the discourses should be consistent with the six axioms of the Grammar of Justice by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991) when implemented to a Local Common Good (Thévenot, 1993). The whole movement cannot last without the association Terre de Liens being permanent itself. We will highlight that the discourse(official communication) of the Terre de Liens association calls on Justice, being consistent with the six axioms. We also underpin that the main challenges are the evolution of regulations, and especially the European laws and French annual financial laws, which set the rules for fiscal exonerations and drive agricultural practices. Whatever these evolutions, it is likely that the association would achieve permanence because of the high number of actors (communes searching for farmers, applicants to taking or transferring farms, donors, shareholders) who are federated around its "Fair" raison d'être. Yes, there is a potential for durable alternative to land private property in agriculture.

The behavior of complex systems is intrinsically difficult to model and to predict. Agri-food chains can be considered as such. The problem considered in this paper comes from the commitment to anticipate the impacts of the implementation of innovations in such highly complex agri-food systems. The paper focuses on comparative methodological issues, when seeking to anticipate the possible evolutions of the system. Indeed, this article proposes adaptations in the classic "scenario method" because of constraints of remote working generalized during the pandemic, and discusses possible biases induced by these adaptations in the results obtained. The methodological and organizational differences are described, and show that the remote constraints do not prevent from delivering some "key variables" of the system. The adapted method is illustrated in a case study in the pork supply chain. Nevertheless, the face-to-face collaborative sessions generating a consensus among players in the classic method can not be replaced in the remote context. As a consequence, it is likely that some key variables that would have been selected thanks to consensus in the classical method are let aside in the adapted method, because the number of prospects quoting them spontaneously in individual interviews is not large enough. The following consequence is that the scenarios that would have been generated thanks to the various values of these likely key variables, are not taken into account. It is thus likely that less scenarios are depicted by the adapted method than by the classic one.

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; In light of the conference on the general theme of "Action for a sustainable world" the term "Food security" encourages forecasts. Food insecurity is a present issue, and is likely to worsen in the coming decades. Most scientists think that global food security is threatened by certain ongoing or future changes (identified differently depending on the authors). The other part of the conference's theme "from theory to practice" forces us to examine the practices implemented to strengthen food security orfailing that-encourages us to scan the practical solutions advised by authors, in such a way that we propose a critical review of literature regarding food security linked with agriculture. The relationship between food security and agriculture is not straightforward on a local scale. Indeed, it is acknowledged that the conjunction of armed conflicts and climate disasters is the leading cause of malnutrition and food insecurity (FAO, 2017). However, on a world or continental scale, long-term food security is secured only by flourishing agriculture. To link food security and agriculture, we focus our literature review on a wider scale (world, continent, country) only. Moreover, we consider two timescales around the 2050s and the 2100s. We sorted the papers according to the kind of envisioned change: i) continuation of past trends (OECD-FAO, 2017); ii) changes in physical factors only [via temperature and precipitations (Lobell et al., 2008), or via other effects of climate change (Calzadilla et al., 2010; Vincent, 2015; Quasem Al-Amin and Ahmed, 2016)]; iii) changes also relating to economic factors (Adams et al., 1998); or iv) relating to social factors (Dalhberg, 1994). The authors suggest various solutions, which we present in ascending order of societal structural changes. There are shifts in i) international trade of agricultural commodities (e.g. Calzadilla et al., 2011); ii) in agricultural practices alone: from the simplest modifications (Lobell et al., 2013; Burke and Lobell, 2010 ) to revolutions including high-tech and biotechnologies (Tait and Morris, 2000; Godfray et al., 2010); iii) in consumption practices: from the reduction of meat-based diets (Garnett, 2015) to extreme behaviors in extreme conditions (Denkenberger and Pearce, 2015). The most radical solutions are: iv) disruption of agricultural structures and practices (e.g. Altieri et al., 2015; Malézieux, 2012); and v) paradigm shifts and renewal of whole social structures (Dalhberg, 1994; Handoh and Hidaka, 2010). In general, authors acknowledge the physical factors to be more compelling for the farther horizon (2100) than for the nearer one (2050). However, the conclusions are not homogenous. For some authors, the adaptation will require more effort in the long term than now (i.e. we can wait). For others, the “adaptation” requires immediate and decisive actions for huge shifts involving agriculture, society and ways of life. The review highlights the rift among scientists, between authors proposing affordable solutions for agriculture and undemanding for the rest of the society, and those authors advocating a paradigm shift and new social structures, to address challenges of food security.

International audience; We depict the different models of likely future value chains for agro food sector. The starting points of the reflection are the main coming geo-physical constraints acknowledged by most scientists (rising sea level; climate disaster higher frequency; scarcity of concentrated energy and other material resources). Thus the effects of the coming changes (and especially the effects of the global warming) on agriculture are a regular study topic, while the effects of the other constraints, and the likely evolution of the food systems as a whole, remain quite overlooked. When there is a general scarcity of resources (as it is the case for oil and minerals over the coming decades), the present value chains may no longer function. We draw from these evidences to design 6 models of food value chains (including farming, processing and delivery systems). We therefore describe the models : "Today" (any food, in-store selling everywhere, at any time); "Amazon" (any food, at home in metropoles, at any time); "Cart" (mainly local food, in streets of cities and villages, seasonal products); "Roman villa" (local food, at farm, seasonal products); "Survival" (energetic food, specific location, in response to disasters or to "hunger gap"); "Export foods" (spices, salt etc., at any time). Only the last four together will be frugal enough to be compliant with the future geo-physical constraints. We also explore some consequences in terms of the future way of life, around the topics of agricultural work and cities.; Nous décrivons les différents modèles pour les probables filières agro-alimentaires du futur. Le point de départ de la réflexion, ce sont les grandes contraintes géo-physiques à venir et envisagées par la plupart des scientifiques (hausse du niveau de la mer; fréquence accrûe des désastres climatiques; raréfaction de l'énergie concentrée et d'autres matériaux). Les effets des changements à venir sur l'agriculture (et spécialement ceux du changement climatique) sont un sujet d'étude courant, tandis que les effets des autres contraintes, et les probables évolutions des systèmes alimentaires en entier, demeurent négligés. Quand les ressources se raréfieront (ainsi qu'il adviendra pour le pétrole et de nombreux minerais dans les décades à venir), les chaînes de valeur actuelles ne pourront plus fonctionner. A partir de ces constatations, nous dessinons 6 modèles de filières alimentaires (y compris les exploitations agricoles, la transformation et la distribution). Nous décrivons ainsi les modèles "Aujourd'hui"(tout aliment, dans toutes les boutiques, n'importe quand); Amazon (tout aliment, à la maison dans les grandes villes, n'importe quand); "Chariot" (principalement de la nourriture produite localement, dans les rues des villes et des villages, produits de saison) ; "villa romaine" (nourriture produite localement, à la ferme, produits de saison et conservés); "Survie" (aliments énergétiques, en certains lieux, en réponse aux catastrophes ou à la famine); "Nourriture d'importation" (épices, sel etc., n'importe quand). Seuls les quatre derniers modèles seront assez frugaux pour se plier aux futures contraintes géo-physiques. Nous explorons aussi quelques conséquences en termes des futurs modes de vie induits, au sujet du travail agricole et des villes.