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A study conducted on marketing and value chain analysis of Jumli Marshi. Chandananth municipality and Tatopani rural municipality in Jumla district were selected for study. Survey was carried out in September, 2019 to collect information from growers and traders as well. Semi-structured questionnaire were used to collect the primary data from 60 respondents by using purposive sampling technique. Out of 0.59 ha total average cultivated area, only 0.29 ha area were under Jumli Marshi cultivation with productivity of 2 mt/ha. About 85% of total population was found to be engaged in agriculture. Farm gate price was found to be Rs 50 per kg and in distant market was Rs 180 per kg and 65% of farmers use wholesaler marketing channels. The production cost per kg of Marshi rice was found to be Rs 18.5, having net gross margin of Rs 36587.33 per ha. The B/C ratio was found to be 2.69.The productivity and area under Marshi cultivation was in decreasing trend in recent years. The major production problem was found to be lack of proper technical knowledge and major marketing problem was found to be price instability. Marshi rice cultivation is highly profitable occupation in contest of Jumla district and can be commercialized in large scale but proper policies; marketing systems and technical knowledge awareness programs should be implemented to overcome major problems in Marshi rice cultivation and production.

Background: To report the characteristics of preterm infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and to establish the factors associated with nonregression of ROP. Methods: This cross-sectional study where data were collected retrospectively was carried out at a tertiary eye care center in Pune, India, from December 1, 2017, to November 30, 2019. All infants who were treated for severe ROP (either laser therapy or combination of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and laser) and had completed 3-month follow-up were included in the study. Nonregression was defined as a persistent plus disease/active new vessels, progression to tractional disease after 3 weeks of completion of treatment, or poor structural outcome (tractional retinal detachment) within 3 months of treatment. Data were assessed at 3 months to look for treatment outcome and reasons for nonregression. Association between risk factors and nonregression of ROP was analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Of the 210 eyes (105 infants) which were treated, 95 eyes (45.23%) had aggressive posterior ROP (APROP). Nonregression was documented in 12/210 (5.7%) eyes. At 3 months, ten eyes developed tractional retinal detachment whereas two eyes developed vitreous hemorrhage. Eleven of the 12 eyes had APROP (P = 0.0014). Ocular risk factors, systemic risk factors, and delayed institution of treatment were associated with nonregression in about a third of eyes (33.3%) each. Conclusion: Most nonregressing ROP cases are APROP in western India.

Purpose: To measure sensitivity and specificity of vision screeners in identifying children with visual impairment and positive signs and symptoms and assess association of effectiveness with individual characteristics of screeners and type of schools screened. Methods: A total of 1096 children from age 5 to 15 years of age were screened. A total of 396 children were screened from a municipal school, 200 children from a government-aided school, and 500 children from a private school were screened. Four persons with basic 12th standard science qualification willing to be a part of school eye health program were selected who carried out screening in school children after receiving appropriate training. Results: The two vision screeners who had a background of conducting community eye health programs and worked in eye hospital had 100% sensitivity and specificity for presenting visual acuity, squint detection, and blurring. The screening by these screeners was done in private and semi-private schools, respectively. The other two screeners with no such background conducting screening in government schools had 60% and 75% sensitivity in detecting presenting visual acuity, respectively. Conclusion: People with a background of organizing community eye health programs and those working in eye hospitals are the best candidates for being trained as new cadre of vision screeners with best results being obtained in private and government-aided schools.

Purpose: To evaluate skills transfer in short-term phacoemulsification surgery training program by International Council of Ophthalmology -Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubrics (ICO-OSCAR) and assessment of efficacy of ICO-OSCAR for objective evaluation of skills transfer. Methods: Prospective analysis of total 1300 phacoemulsification surgeries performed by 52 phacoemulsification trainees divided into three groups based on the previous cataract surgical experience. The pretraining and posttraining average mean scores, independent completion rates (ICR), and complication rates among the groups were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: Mean age of trainees (N = 52) was found to be 30.98 ± 2.44 years. Mean pretraining scores in the three groups were 42.8 ± 0.2, 46.6 ± 0.2, and 50.1 ± 0.1, respectively, and posttraining mean scores of the groups were 88.4 ± 0.2, 92.3 ± 0.2, and 94.3 ± 0.2, respectively, out of 100. Pretraining independent completion rates (%) were 22.1 ± 2.5, 52.1 ± 2.5, and 62 ± 3.7, respectively, and posttraining independent completion rates (%) were 74.8 ± 3, 79.7 ± 3, and 90.6 ± 3.5, respectively. Learning curves of all groups were noted to be steep. Rate of complications was within acceptable range, overall complication rate being 12.30% (160 out of 1300 cases). OSCAR scores correlate significantly (P = 0.0004) with ICR. Conclusion: Steep learning curve for phacoemulsification can be made easy by the use of standardized rubrics, proper techniques, expert guidance, and adequate surgical volume. The previous SICS experience provides smoother learning curve. ICO-OSCAR is indicator of proficiency and provides constructive feedback and objective evaluation immediately after surgery as well as at the end of training. Short-term (1 Month) training program is an effective, efficient, and safe approach to progressively master phacoemulsification skills for trainees with SICS experience.

The electronic properties of a hexaphyrin was fine‐tuned via core‐modification leading to the formation of a Hückel aromatic 30π hexaphyrin which incorporates two pyrrole and four furan rings in the π‐conjugated pathway. This Hückel aromatic hexaphyrin modified its conformation upon two‐electron ring oxidation either with triflic acid or Meerwein salt [Et3O]+[SbCl6]− to yield 28π Möbius aromatic dication species. Reversible aromatic transition was established by spectroscopic techniques and further supported by quantum chemical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We present the magnitude and determinants of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) among the 50 year and older population that visited our hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a cohort of eye patients with ARMD, seen from 2006 to 2009. Optometrist noted the best-corrected vision. Ophthalmologists examined eyes using a slit-lamp bio-microscope. The ARMD was confirmed by fluoresceine angiography and optical coherent tomography. The age, sex, history of smoking, sun exposure, family history of ARMD, diet, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and diabetes were associated with ARMD. Result: Of the 19,140 persons of ≥ 50 years of age-attending eye clinic in our hospital, 302 persons had ARMD in at least one eye. The proportion of overall ARMD was 1.38% (95% CI 1.21--1.55). The proportion of age-related maculopathy (ARM) and late ARMD was 1.14% (95% CI 0.99--1.29) and 0.24% (95% CI 0.21-0.24) respectively. ARM was unilateral and bilateral in 64 (29.2%) and 155 (70.8%) persons respectively. Dry ARMD was found in 47.8%. On regression analysis, old age (OR = 1.05), male (OR = 0.54), and history of smoking (OR = 2.32) were significant risk factors of ARMD. A total of 4.2% of persons with ARMD were blind (vision