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Abstract: Molecular pharmaceutics play a critical role in the drug delivery system, representing the direct interconnection of drug bioavailability with its molecular form. There is a diversity in the molecular structures by which it affects its properties, such as amorphous form, crystalline form, partialamorphous molecular dispersion, and disordered state. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the excipients utilized in the formulation process contain various divergent modes used in the formulation process. They include better formulations of any type to obtain good quality pharmaceutical products. This review reveals how the molecular states affect the API and are important in maintaining the quality of dosage forms. Furthermore, the physio-chemical properties of the components and various pharmaceutical approaches employed in the formulation of dosage forms are studied from the point of view of molecular pharmaceutics.

Abstract: Cancer is characterized by disrupted molecular variables caused by cells that deviate from regular signal transduction. The uncontrolled segment of such cancerous cells annihilates most of the tissues that contact them. Gene therapy, immunotherapy, and nanotechnology advancements have resulted in novel strategies for anticancer drug delivery. Furthermore, diverse dispersion of nanoparticles in normal stroma cells adversely affects the healthy cells and disrupts the crosstalk of tumour stroma. It can contribute to cancer cell progression inhibition and, conversely, to acquired resistance, enabling cancer cell metastasis and proliferation. The tumour's microenvironment is critical in controlling the dispersion and physiological activities of nano-chemotherapeutics which is one of the targeted drug therapy. As it is one of the methods of treating cancer that involves the use of medications or other substances to specifically target and kill off certain subsets of malignant cells. A targeted therapy may be administered alone or in addition to more conventional methods of care like surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation treatment. The tumour microenvironment, stromatogenesis, barriers and advancement in the drug delivery system across tumour tissue are summarised in this review.

Abstract: Nanocapsules are polymeric nanoparticles encased in a polymeric coating composed of a predominantly non-ionic surfactant, macromolecules, phospholipids, and an oil core. Lipophilic drugs have been entrapped using various nanocarriers, including lipid cores, likely lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, and others. A phase inversion temperature approach is used to create lipid nanocapsules. The PEG (polyethyleneglycol) is primarily utilised to produce nanocapsules and is a critical parameter influencing capsule residence time. With their broad drug-loading features, lipid nanocapsules have a distinct advantage in drug delivery systems, such as the capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic pharmaceuticals. Lipid nanocapsules, as detailed in this review, are surface modified, contain target-specific patterns, and have stable physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, lipid nanocapsules have target-specific delivery and are commonly employed as a marker in the diagnosis of numerous illnesses. This review focuses on nanocapsule synthesis, characterisation, and application, which will help understand the unique features of nanocapsules and their application in drug delivery systems.

At present, skin cancer is considered a widespread malignancy in human beings. Among diverse population types, Caucasian populations are much more prone to this malignancy in comparison to darker skin populations due to the lack of skin pigmentation. Skin cancer is divided into malignant and non-melanoma skin cancer, which is further categorized as basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chemical carcinogen (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, tar, etc.), and viruses (herpes virus, human papillomavirus, and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1) are major contributing factors to skin cancer. There are distinct pathways available through which skin cancer develops, such as the JAK-STAT pathway, Akt pathway, MAPKs signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, to name a few. Currently, several targeted treatments are available, such as monoclonal antibodies, which have dramatically changed the line of treatment of this disease but possess major therapeutic limitations. Thus, many phytochemicals have been evaluated either alone or in combination with the existing synthetic drugs to overcome their limitations and have been found to play a promising role in the prevention and treatment. In this review, a complete overview of skin cancer, starting from the signaling pathways involved, newer developed drugs with their targets and limitations, along with the emerging role of natural products alone or in combination as potent anticancer agents and their molecular mechanism involved has been discussed. Apart from this, various nano-cargos have also been mentioned here, which can play a significant role in the management and treatment of different types of skin cancer.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the protective potential of Punica granatum L. fruit rind extract (PFE) containing punicalagin (10.3% W/W), ellagic acid (EA) (2.7%W/W) in vincristine (75 µg/kg ...

In the present study, combinatorial nanostructured lipid carrier gel of 5-fluorouracil and resveratrol was formulated, optimized and characterized to enhance permeation in between epidermis and dermis layers of the skin to obtain a synergistic effect against skin cancer. After extensive trials, a newly modified emulsiosonication method was developed and additionally, for the first time, stability studies were done in the beginning to optimize formulation technique, which exhibited two major benefits simultaneously; first, it provided best-optimized technique for preparation of combinatorial lipid-nanosystem, and secondly, it also demonstrated a detailed report card of durability of formulations. In vitro release study showed a significantly improved, slow and prolonged release of drugs from the optimized lipid-nanosystem (***p 0.05), which followed non-Fickian Higuchi kinetics. Besides, mechanism of skin permeation enhancement study, dermatokinetic assessment, and depth analysis of optimized formulation on skin exhibited improved permeation and well distribution of drugs up to the dermis layer of skin. Moreover, combinatorial linogel possessed significantly greater efficacy (**p 0.01) on the A431 cell line, as compared to the conventional formulation. Thus, findings revealed that modified method of preparation for dual drug-loaded lipid-nanosystem lead to the production of a stable formulation that also improved the retention of both 5-fluorouracil and resveratrol in between the epidermis and dermis region of skin thereby helping in the management and treatment of skin cancer.

Fluoroquinolones, a class of compound, actviainhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes.

This study highlights the importance of community pharmacists' strategic role in hindering the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the community setting and innovative measures to protect themselves. This article focuses on the features, control, and prevention of COVID-19 and social awareness measures of the pandemic. The means employed by the community pharmacist to safeguard his health while providing pharmaceutical services during COVID-19 is compiled and presented to benefit health-care professionals around the world. As per the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, community pharmacists play a crucial role in providing essential drugs to patients without knowing their current COVID-19 status. They also work in conditions that make them susceptible to COVID-19 exposure. Despite the availability of guidelines, community pharmacists need to be trained in personal protective equipment for efficient protection and prevention of spread. Community pharmacists are essential frontline warriors against transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the community and act as frontline workers to educate the public on COVID-19. They are at high risk and need to observe necessary precautions to mitigate the spread of the virus.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused worldwide disruption to the entire educational system, including medical and health professions education. Considering the critical situation due to COVID-19, academic institutions shifted the entire pedagogical approach to the virtual learning mode. While delivering online teaching, educators experienced numerous challenges, including access to the internet, poor connectivity, and other technical issues. Some students did not have laptops and necessary devices to attend the Class. Besides, many educators were not confident enough to manage the online mode of delivery. In this perspective, we reviewed the evidence of best practices for the medical and health professions educators to deliver the curriculum through an online platform. Therefore, the current study aimed to review the best practices for effective online teaching and learning in medical and health professions education during COVID-19 and beyond. We reviewed the technical aspects of online teaching and educational strategies required for educators to provide quality training not just during the pandemic but beyond this crisis. The online literature search was performed on Medline, PubMed and google scholar databases for studies on online teaching in medical and health profession education and what are the best practices of teaching globally Online teaching and assessment must balance the requirements of technology, learning outcomes, delivery modes, learning resources, and learning resources. The study concludes that medical and health professions institutions strengthen technical infrastructure, promote continuous faculty development programs, and support indigent students to access digital technology.

Moringa oleifera, also known as the “tree of life” or “miracle tree,” is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. This review aims to compile an analysis of worldwide research, pharmacological activities, phytochemical, toxicological, and ethnomedicinal updates of Moringa oleifera and also provide insight into its commercial and phytopharmaceutical applications with a motive to help further research. The scientific information on this plant was obtained from various sites and search engines such as Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct, BMC, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. The pharmacological studies confirm the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the various plant parts. It was found that bioactive constituents are present in every part of the plant. So far, more than one hundred compounds from different parts of Moringa oleifera have been characterized, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes. In addition, novel isolates such as muramoside A&B and niazimin A&B have been identified in the plant and have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and nutritional effects. The traditional and nontraditional use of Moringa, its pharmacological effects and their phytopharmaceutical formulations, clinical studies, toxicity profile, and various other uses are recognized in the present review. However, several traditional uses have yet to be scientifically explored. Therefore, further studies are proposed to explore the mechanistic approach of the plant to identify and isolate active or synergistic compounds behind its therapeutic potential.

Objective: Transdermal patch of timolol maleate was prepared in order to increase the permeability of the drug topically. Methods: The timolol maleate (TM) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. For the optimization process full factorial (three-factor and three-level), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) range from 100 to 300 mg, ethylcellulose 100 to 200 gm and almond oil 3 to 4 ml. The response noted in form of tensile strength and percent drug release. These transdermal patches were evaluated for physical characterization like weight variation, thickness, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, water vapor transmission rate, folding endurance, tensile strength, and content uniformity. Results: Solid lipid nanoparticles of TM were optimized and prepared, the data presented that drug release percent ranged from 66.12 to 91.75. 2FI model was observed to fit for response % drug permeation with a p and F value of 0.0271 and 4.50. The tensile strength varies from 0.358 to 0.508. The linear model was observed to fit for the tensile strength response with a p-value and F-value of

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, information technology has played a critical role in healthcare. A broad spectrum of information technology tools and applications played an essential role to create awareness of the COVID-19 vaccination drive and its health benefits. Research conducted by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in collaboration with information technology platforms like Facebook with inputs from World Health Organization (WHO), John Hopkins University (JHU), and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) shows that 65.06% of people all over the globe are willing to get vaccinated. Vaccine acceptance depends upon social norms and human behavior. These organizations conducted the global survey in over 60 countries with a sample size of 437,236 responses. The international survey was organized using a pre-registered randomized experiment demonstrating the role of technology in reaching out to people based in diverse communities and evaluating their beliefs, behavior, and social norms. The study shows that vaccine acceptance can vary due to descriptive norms. All the respondents in the study were adults with access to the internet. Moreover, a large proportion of the population thinks that the COVID-19 pandemic is a viable threat to the community and preventive measures need to be taken including vaccination drives to eradicate the menace. The survey consisted of five blocks involving questions related to healthcare, demographics, vaccines, knowledge, and information exposure. Sampling and weighting were done using a pool of 3,000 respondents over two weeks, and weights were provided per respondent to represent the target population as a whole. It reduces the representation error and minimizes non-response biases.

Breast cancer is one of the leading types among the common non-cutaneous malignancies in women. All the curative methods available for its treatment are minimal due to their toxicity issues and dose-related side effects. Various evolving nanotechnology techniques displayed the opportunity to target breast cancer. One such delivery system is lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS). This concept is constrained only for the laboratory scale should be shifted to the industrial level targeting the nanomedicine with clinical benefits. This work tried to portray the advancements in the LDDS along with the lipid-based excipients, advantages, disadvantages and applications. It even helped in highlighting the recently developed lipid-based nanocarriers for breast cancer management.

Basilar artery fenestration aneurysms are very rare and endovascular management of large and complex aneurysms is extremely challenging. Most of these type of cases are managed with stent assisted coiling, dual flow diverters (FD) and single FD with additional coiling of aneurysm and occlusion of one of the vertebral artery. Here, we report a case of large complex basilar artery fenestration aneurysm successfully treated with single FD using novel technique called “crossing flow diverter technique” without any additional coiling of aneurysm or occlusion of vertebral artery. Using this technique cost of procedure and procedural complexity inherent with other above mentioned techniques can be significantly reduced.

To increase the size of the flowers for easy plucking, flower yield, pyrethrins content (%), and elite mutant selection in pyrethrum. To increase pyrethrum production and acclimatize in north Indian plain condition, a genetic improvement program was undertaken to widen the range of variations for size and yield of flowers and pyrethrins content (%) in pyrethrum crop. Pyrethrum seeds of the variety Avadh were irradiated with gamma rays at 20 to 300 Gy doses in Gamma chamber 5000 (cobalt-60 research irradiator). Observations gathered visually in M1 based on vigor, synchronization of flowering, and flower’s size. Out of 90 M2 families, 20 mutants were raised in M3 along with the check-in preliminary evaluation trial. The four promising mutants, 1 (20 Gy-3), 7 (40 Gy-5), 10 (40 Gy-8), 14 (60 Gy19-10) was grown for four years in a bench-scale trial (randomized block design, replicated thrice) to test the yield performance and selection of high yielding elite mutant (s). It has been found that pyrethrum is sensitive to gamma rays irradiation and produced a high range of qualitative and quantitative variations. After massive screening over four years, two promising mutants for high dry flower yield and pyrethrins content, namely 7 (40 Gy-5), and 10 (40GY-8) were isolated. The mutagenesis changed traits mean in positive or negative directions. Pyrethrum plant is highly sensitive to gamma irradiation and produced a high range of variability in the qualitative and quantitative traits. The mutagenesis changed the mean of traits in both positive and negative directions. Due to mutagenic efficacy, two mutants 7 (40 Gy-5), and 10 (40GY-8) were expressed high performance for pyrethrin percent i.e., 87.23 and 59.78% improvement over the check variety ‘Avadh’, with synchronous flowering. These two mutants are in the pipeline for release as a variety for cultivation in the North Indian plains.

To increase the size of the flowers for easy plucking, flower yield, pyrethrins content (%), and elite mutant selection in pyrethrum.To increase pyrethrum production and acclimatize in north Indian plain condition, a genetic improvement program was undertaken to widen the range of variations for size and yield of flowers and pyrethrins content (%) in pyrethrum crop. Pyrethrum seeds of the variety Avadh were irradiated with gamma rays at 20 to 300 Gy doses in Gamma chamber 5000 (cobalt-60 research irradiator).Observations gathered visually in MThe mutagenesis changed traits mean in positive or negative directions. Pyrethrum plant is highly sensitive to gamma irradiation and produced a high range of variability in the qualitative and quantitative traits. The mutagenesis changed the mean of traits in both positive and negative directions. Due to mutagenic efficacy, two mutants 7 (40 Gy-5), and 10 (40GY-8) were expressed high performance for pyrethrin percent i.e., 87.23 and 59.78% improvement over the check variety 'Avadh', with synchronous flowering. These two mutants are in the pipeline for release as a variety for cultivation in the North Indian plains.

The emergence and global spread of COVID-19 has disrupted the traditional mechanisms of education throughout the world. Institutions of learning were caught unprepared and this jeopardised the face-to-face method of curriculum delivery and assessment. Teaching institutions have shifted to an asynchronous mode whilst attempting to preserve the principles of integrity, equity, inclusiveness, fairness, ethics, and safety. A framework of assessment that enables educators to utilise appropriate methods in measuring a student’s progress is crucial for the success of teaching and learning, especially in health education that demands high standards and comprises consistent scientific content. Within such a framework, this paper aims to present a narrative review of the currently utilised methods of assessment in health education and recommend selected modalities that could be administered in an asynchronous mode during the COVID-19 pandemic. Assessment methods such as open-ended short answer questions, problem-based questions, oral exams, and recorded objective structured clinical exams (OSCE) would be appropriate for use in an asynchronous environment to assess the knowledge and competence of health professional students during COVID-19. Fairness and integrity can be ensured by using technological tools such as video and audio recording surveillance.

The objective of this study is to conduct in-vitro quality control testing of diclofenac sodium tablets involves weight variation test, drug assay, friability test, and the disintegration and dissolution test. Two brands of diclofenac sodium tablets were used in the study, named Brand A and Brand B. Quality control (QC) test results for diclofenac sodium tablets show that both Brand A and Brand B conform to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards. In terms of weight variation, Brand A and B have an above the mean weight limit variation of 2.79% and 2.05%, respectively. The lower mean weight limit variations are 1.21% and 1.27%, respectively, which are within the 10% standard limits of USP. Friability tests show that Brands A and B have an average friability of 0.062% and 0.01% mass loss, which are within the 1% mass loss limits of USP. In terms of drug assay, both Brands A and B fall under the USP parameter of 85%-115%, respectively. The disintegration test shows that Brand A and Brand B fall within a 15-minute time interval segment with disintegration time calculated as 6.69 min and 7.02 min for Brands A and B, respectively. Brand B of Diclofenac Sodium has a drug dissolution percentage of 90.7% within a 45-min sampling time interval. Brands A and B pass the pharmacopeia limits set under the USP standards. The friability test shows that the loss of mass for both Brands A and B was within the 1% standard limit. Similarly, with regard to weight variation, both brands conform under the normal limit of 10% above or lower the mean weight. In terms of drug assay, both brands' drug availability was within the specified 85%-115% standard range. They passed the disintegration and dissolution test within a time limit of less than 15 minutes and 45 minutes, respectively.

Immunosuppressant drugs like Etanercept, Mycophenolate mofetil, Sirolimus, Cyclosporine and Rituximab can weaken the immune system and make patients susceptible to SARS nCoV-2 virus. These drugs make immunocompromised persons more vulnerable to complications associated with COVID-19. Moreover, it can also increase the mortality and morbidity, as a weakened immune system can lead to longer duration of infection. This study discusses the guidelines on immunosuppressant drugs and its associated risk factors with COVID-19, issued by the U.S CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), WHO (World Health Organisation), U.S FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and other accredited global health organisations. Moreover, it also includes information about pharmaceutical properties, mechanism of action, COVID-19 associated risk factors, adverse drug reactions, contraindications and drug-drug interactions. Our study will help government partners and international health organisations to better understand COVID-19 health risks associated with immunosuppressants. Increased public awareness about effective drug therapy for autoimmune diseases, cancer treatment, immunocompromised and organ transplant patients will help lower the mortality and morbidity associated with the disease amid COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus and the WHO declared it a pandemic, and due to the high risk, the most government throughout the world have temporarily closed schools, colleges, and universities. The impact of this COVID-19 has been hit the education system worldwide, and according to the UNESCO, as of March 23, 2020, around some 1.3 billion learners worldwide were not able to attend educational institutions so to continue the education, most of the universities are providing teaching through online mode, but there are challenges of technological issue, time management, and adaptability.

Cancer is the leading cause of human disease and death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million deaths per year and projected to reach 13.1 million by 2030. Many phytochemicals included in traditional medicine have been utilized in the management of cancer. Conventional chemotherapy is generally known to be the most effective treatment of metastatic cancer but these cancerous cells might grow resistant to numerous anticancer drugs over time that resulting in treatment failure. This review tried to portray the advancement in the anticancer and chemopreventive effects of several phytochemicals and some of its members encapsulated in the nano-based delivery system of the drug. It comprises the issue associated with limited use of each phytoconstituents in human cancer treatment are discussed, and the benefits of entrapment into nanocarriers are evaluated in terms of drug loading efficiency, nanocarrier size, release profile of the drug, and in vitro and/or in vivo research and treatment testing, such as cytotoxicity assays and cell inhibition/viability.

The current study has been designed to appraise the efficacy of developed combinatorial lipid-nanosystem-based gel (linogel) of 5-fluorouracil and resveratrol for skin cancer treatment. Initially, linogel was prepared and characterized for different parameters, namely pH, texture, drug content uniformity, occlusiveness, etc. Then in vivo efficacy studies (tumor number, area, and volume, histopathology, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis) of linogel were determined over-developed skin tumors. Developed linogel possessed significantly (p 0.05) better texture and occlusiveness than conventional gel formulation. Decreased tumor number, area, and volume showed significant results (p 0.05) in favor of linogel. Histopathological and ultrastructural analysis confirmed superior efficacy of linogel in terms of marked improvement in the nucleus and subcellular structures in photomicrographs. The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory analysis findings showed a significantly (p 0.05) potent effectiveness of linogel. The apoptotic and anti-proliferation activity of linogel was confirmed by analysis of caspase-3 and ki-67, which showed significant (p 0.05) elevation in the level of cleaved caspase-3 and reduction in the level of ki-67 than untreated and conventional gel formulation treated tumors, indicating antitumor effect due to cancerous cell death. Thus, developed linogel fulfilled all the criteria of dermal application and exhibited efficacious therapeutic results, which could be a beneficial therapeutic approach against skin cancer.

Simple Summary Current estimates by GLOBOCAN now incorporate NPC as a malignancy discrete from other head and neck malignancies among the 36 disease locales assessed. Based on the latest report, the global cancer burden is estimated to have risen to 19.3 million new cases, and 9.6 million malignancies were recorded in 2020 throughout the world. The study has clinical implications and could improve treatment decision-making and post-treatment care. The study could also motivate future clinical research and development in the arena of NPC prognostic biomarkers.ve men and one in every six women develops cancer during their lifetime, and one out of eight men and one in every 11 women progresses to chronic stage. The study has clinical implications and could improve treatment decision-making and post-treatment care. The study could also motivate future clinical research and development in the arena of NPC prognostic biomarkers. Abstract Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a relatively uncommon malignancy in the Western world, is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia where the treatment outcomes are poor. Despite recent improvements in diagnosis and treatment locoregional control, distant metastasis and chemoresistance continue to be a significant cause of mortality. Identification of a reliable and comprehensive prognostic biomarker is highly desirable. The potential relevance of microRNAs (miRNAs) as prognostic markers in NPC is assessed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review was performed using the PubMed and Science Direct databases. The search was limited to search results between 2018 and 2020 with the keywords and search strings developed as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The recovered articles were carefully screened based on the selection criteria. In the meta-analysis study, high and low expression levels of miRNAs were measured using the hazard ratio (HR) and 95 percent confidence interval (CI) for patients’ survival outcomes. Egger’s bias indicator test and funnel plot symmetry were used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Amongst the 25 studies, 13 fulfilled the conditions of inclusion in this meta-analysis. The researchers further delved into the 21 miRNA expression levels from 3015 NPC patients to ascertain a link between miRNA’s predictive role and survival outcomes. The majority of the articles retrieved during this study were from China, with two studies from Canada and Malaysia. The overall pooled effect size estimation (HR) for dysregulated miRNAs was 1.590 (95% CI: 1.253–2.017), displaying that miRNA marker expression increased the risk of mortality in NPC patients by 59%. Conclusions: This meta-analysis is novel and looks at the prognostic significance of miRNAs as biomarkers in NPC patients using a continuous version pooled meta-analysis. Although our findings are ambiguous, they do show that greater miRNA expression in NPC may be associated with a lower overall survival rate. To acquire clear conclusions, more prospective studies with large cohorts are required to determine the clinical utility of miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers.

Background: Generic drugs are manufactured to be similar to their brand name counterparts. They are procured by healthcare organizations and governments to provide accessible and affordable medicines for patients worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the perception of patients regarding generic drugs. Methods: A non-randomized, cross sectional, convenient sample study design was employed. Patients were interviewed, at selected chronic disease clinics at health institutions in the North Central region of Trinidad, using a questionnaire to garner their perception of generic drugs. Results: While 30.43% of patients knew the names of their prescribed medicines, 74.75% did not know what a generic drug was. After patients were appropriately educated, both the single-item question on perception and the total perception domain demonstrated ‘good’, followed by ‘excellent’ general perception of generic drugs. Conclusion: The use of generic drugs can provide cost-effective, therapeutic benefits to the healthcare sector. Consequently, patient education on the advantages of generic drugs can improve their acceptance. Key words: Perception, Patients, Generic drugs, Brand name drugs, Trinidad & Tobago.