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4. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in the Wolaita zone in Southern Ethiopia. Mid-stage evaluation of the Geshiyaro project and progress towards the interruption of transmission

Author

Mengistu, Birhan, primary, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Collyer, Benjamin, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Tamiru, Adugna, additional, Forbes, Kathryn, additional, Mehari, Zelalem, additional, Deribe, Kebede, additional, Yadeta, Teshale, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2024
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5. Spatial heterogeneity in mass drug administration from a longitudinal epidemiological study assessing transmission interruption of soil transmitted helminths in the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia (Geshiyaro Project)

Author

Rayment Gomez, Santiago, primary, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Tamiru, Adugna, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Mengistu, Birhan, additional, Collyer, Benjamin, additional, Forbes, Kathryn, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2024
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8. Progress in controlling the transmission of schistosome parasites in Southern Ethiopia: the Geshiyaro Project in the Wolaita Zone.

Author

Mengsitu, Birhan, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, Chernet, Melkie, Tasew, Geremew, Gomez, Santiago Rayment, Maddren, Rosie, Collyer, Benjamin, Anjulo, Ufaysa, Tamiru, Adugna, Forbes, Kathryn, Mehari, Zelalem, Deribe, Kebede, Yadeta, Teshale, Salasibew, Mihretab, Tollera, Getachew, and Anderson, Roy

Subjects
DRUG administration, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, AGE groups, SANITATION
Abstract

Background: This paper describes changes in the prevalence and intensity of schistosome parasite infections in a project integrating mass drug administration (MDA), water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH), and behavioral change interventions. Methods: The Geshiyaro Project comprises three intervention arms. Arm 1 is subdivided into "Arm 1 pilot" (one district) and Arm 1 (four other districts), both receiving integrated community-wide MDA with intensive WaSH interventions. Arm 2 involves 17 districts with community-wide MDA interventions, while Arm 3 serves as a control with school-based MDA interventions in three districts. A total of 150 individuals, stratified by age group, were randomly selected from each of the 45 sentinel sites. Arm sizes were 584 (Arm 1 pilot), 1636 (Arm 1), 2203 (Arm 2), and 2238 (Arm 3). Statistical tests were employed to compare infection prevalence and intensity across the different arms. Results: The prevalence of schistosome parasite infection ranged from 0% to 2.6% and from 1.7% to 25.7% across districts, employing the Kato-Katz (KK) and point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) diagnostics, respectively. The mean infection intensity level showed no marked difference between baseline and follow-up surveys when measured by KK, except in Arm 2 (t = 6.89, P < 0.0001). Infection prevalence decreased significantly in Arm 1 (t = 8.62, P < 0.0001), Arm 2 (t = 6.94, P < 0.0001), and Arm 3 (t = 8.83, P < 0.0001), but not in Arm 1 pilot (t = 1.69, P = 0.09) by POC-CCA, when trace was considered positive. The decrease was significant only in Arm 1 (t = 3.28, P = 0.0001) and Arm 2 (t = 7.62, P < 0.0001) when the trace was considered negative in POC-CCA. Arm 2 demonstrated a significant difference in difference (DID) compared to the control group, Arm 3, regardless of whether trace in POC-CCA was considered positive (DID = 3.9%, df = 8780, P = 0.025) or negative (DID = −5.2, df = 8780, P = 0.0004). Conclusions: The prevalence of schistosomiasis was low when employing the KK diagnostic but moderate in some locations by the POC-CCA diagnostic. The infection level had decreased across all arms of the Geshiyaro study at mid-term of the 7-year project, but further efforts are needed to reduce the rate of parasite transmission based on the POC-CCA diagnostic scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Baseline soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infection in the Geshiyaro project, Ethiopia: A unique transmission interruption project using biometric fingerprinting for longitudinal individual analysis

Author

Phillips, Anna E., primary, Ower, Alison K., additional, Mekete, Kalkidan, additional, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Mengistu, Birhan, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Dunn, Julia C., additional, Mohammed, Hussein, additional, Belay, Habtamu, additional, Gidey, Bokretsion, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Tadesse, Gemechu, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2023
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11. Progress in controlling the transmission of schistosome parasites in Southern Ethiopia – the Geshiyaro project in the Wolaita Zone

Author

Mengsitu, Birhan, primary, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Gomez, Santiago Rayment, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Collyer, Benjamin, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Tamiru, Adugna, additional, Forbes, Kathryn, additional, Mehari, Zelalem, additional, Deribe, Kebede, additional, Yadeta, Teshale, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2023
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14. Predisposition to soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after four rounds of mass drug administration: results from a longitudinal cohort in the Geshiyaro project, a transmission elimination feasibility study in the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia

Author

Rayment Gomez, Santiago, primary, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Tamiru, Adugna, additional, Mengitsu, Birhan, additional, Forbes, Kathryn, additional, Collyer, Benjamin, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2023
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15. Predisposition to soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after four rounds of mass drug administration: results from a longitudinal cohort in the Geshiyaro project, a transmission elimination feasibility study in the Wolaita zone of southern Ethiopia.

Author

Gomez, Santiago Rayment, Maddren, Rosie, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, Chernet, Melkie, Anjulo, Ufaysa, Tamiru, Adugna, Mengitsu, Birhan, Forbes, Kathryn, Collyer, Benjamin, Salasibew, Mihretab, and Anderson, Roy

Subjects
DRUG administration, REINFECTION, ASCARIS lumbricoides, HELMINTHIASIS, FEASIBILITY studies
Abstract

Background Current WHO strategies for reaching soil-transmitted helminths (STH) elimination as a public health problem excludes treating certain adult populations in endemic areas, creating infection reservoirs that drive 'bounce back' of STH infection to pretreatment levels post-mass drug administration (MDA). Predisposition is a widespread, but poorly understood phenomena among helminth infections where individuals are predisposed to reinfection after repeated treatments. Methods This analysis uses Geshiyaro project data, an STH control programme exploring transmission interruption by community-wide MDA and enhanced water, sanitation and hygiene during 2019–2023. Parasitological survey data from longitudinal cohorts are analysed using Kendall's Tau-b rank correlation to assess the evidence for predisposition to light or heavy infection between four consecutive rounds of MDA. Results Correlation analyses revealed the strongest evidence for predisposition to heavy or light Ascaris lumbricoides infection was between survey 1 and 2 (Tau-b 0.29; p<0.001). Overall patterns were not observed for Trichuris trichiura or hookworm infections, however, some significant and notable correlations were recorded for some stratifications and time points. Conclusions Evidence for predisposition in endemic settings in southern Ethiopia with low STH prevalence suggests that more targeted approaches to MDA in those predisposed to infection may be a sensible control strategy if cheap, point of care diagnostics are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. Longitudinal monitoring of prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections as part of community-wide mass drug administration within the Geshiyaro project in the Bolosso Sore district, Wolaita, Ethiopia

Author

Landeryou, Toby, primary, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Rayment Gomez, Santiago, additional, Kalahasti, Suprabhath, additional, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Mohammed, Hussein, additional, Wuletaw, Yonas, additional, Truscott, James, additional, Phillips, Anna E., additional, Ower, Alison, additional, Forbes, Kathryn, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Mengistu, Birhan, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2022
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18. Comparing the accuracy of two diagnostic methods for detection of light Schistosoma haematobium infection in an elimination setting in Wolaita Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Author

Mohammed, Hussein, primary, Landeryou, Toby, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, additional, Wulataw, Yonas, additional, Getachew, Birhanu, additional, Difabachew, Hailemariam, additional, Phillips, Anna, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Ower, Alison, additional, Mekete, Kalkidan, additional, Belay, Habtamu, additional, Endrias, Tujuba, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Tasew, Geremew, additional, Anderson, Roy, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, and Abate, Ebba, additional

Published
2022
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19. Additional file 1 of Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene access and the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Wolayita, Ethiopia

Author

Phillips, Anna E., Ower, Alison K., Mekete, Kalkidan, Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, Maddren, Rosie, Belay, Habtamu, Chernet, Melkie, Anjulo, Ufaysa, Mengistu, Birhan, Salasibew, Mihretab, Tasew, Geremew, and Anderson, Roy

Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Prevalence of STH and schistosomiasis infection by community sanitation coverage. Table S2. Prevalence of STH and schistosomiasis infection by community access to improved drinking water.

Published
2022
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21. Association Between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Access and the Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth and Schistosome Infections in Wolayita Zone, Ethiopia

Author

Phillips, Anna Elizabeth, primary, Ower, Alison K, additional, Mekete, Kalkidan, additional, Firdawek, Ewnetu, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Belay, Habtamu, additional, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Mengistu, Birhan, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, and Anderson, Roy, additional

Published
2022
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22. Coverage evaluation surveys following soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis mass drug administration in Wolaita Zone of Ethiopia—The Geshiyaro project

Author

Liyew, Ewnetu Firdawek, primary, Chernet, Melkie, additional, Belay, Habtamu, additional, Maddren, Rosie, additional, Landeryou, Toby, additional, Kalahasti, Suprabhath, additional, Ower, Alison K., additional, Mekete, Kalkidan, additional, Phillips, Anna E., additional, Anjulo, Ufaysa, additional, Endrias, Tujuba, additional, Tamiru, Adugna, additional, Gidey, Bokretsion, additional, Mehari, Zelalem, additional, Mengistu, Birhan, additional, Tollera, Getachew, additional, and Tasew, Geremew, additional

Published
2021
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25. Additional file 1 of Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosome infections in Ethiopia: a systematic review of progress in their control over the past 20 years

Author

Maddren, Rosie, Phillips, Anna, Ower, Alison, Landeryou, Toby, Mengistu, Birhan, Anjulo, Ufaysa, Firdawek, Ewnetu, Negussu, Nebiyu, and Anderson, Roy

Subjects
parasitic diseases
Abstract

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Intensity and prevalence age profiles for soil-transmitted helminths (STH).

Published
2021
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27. Mid 2021 assessment of the Covid-19 pandemic – remaining epidemiological uncertainties. from The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: remaining uncertainties in our understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the virus, and challenges to be overcome

Author

Anderson, Roy M., Vegvari, Carolin, Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre, Pi, Li, Maddren, Rosie, Ng, Chi Wai, and Baggaley, Rebecca F.

Abstract

Great progress has been made over the past 18 months in scientific understanding of the biology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Extraordinary advances have been made in vaccine development and the execution of clinical trials of possible therapies. However, uncertainties remain, and this review assesses these in the context of virus transmission, epidemiology, control by social distancing measures and mass vaccination and the effect on all of these on emerging variants. We briefly review the current state of the global pandemic, focussing on what is, and what is not, well understood about the parameters that control viral transmission and make up the constituent parts of the basic reproductive number R0. Major areas of uncertainty include factors predisposing to asymptomatic infection, the population fraction that is asymptomatic, the infectiousness of asymptomatic compared to symptomatic individuals, the contribution of viral transmission of such individuals and what variables influence this. The duration of immunity post infection and post vaccination is also currently unknown, as is the phenotypic consequences of continual viral evolution and the emergence of many viral variants not just in one location, but globally, given the high connectivity between populations in the modern world. The pattern of spread of new variants is also examined. We review what can be learnt from contact tracing, household studies and whole-genome sequencing, regarding where people acquire infection, and how households are seeded with infection since they constitute a major location for viral transmission. We conclude by discussing the challenges to attaining herd immunity, given the uncertainty in the duration of vaccine-mediated immunity, the threat of continued evolution of the virus as demonstrated by the mergence and rapid spread of the Delta variant, and the logistics of vaccine manufacturing and delivery to achieve universal coverage worldwide. Significantly more support from higher income countries (HIC) is required in low- and middle-income countries over the coming year to ensure the creation of community-wide protection by mass vaccination is a global target, not one just for HIC. Unvaccinated populations create opportunities for viral evolution since the net rate of evolution is directly proportional to the number of cases occurring per unit of time. The unit for assessing success in achieving herd immunity is not any individual country, but the world.

Published
2021
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