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Background: Since, ancient times various ayurvedic drugs have been widely explored for their ther-apeutic potencies. One of the most significant medicinal plants is Curcuma longa, which is one of the different crude medications. It has a variety of beneficial pharmacological characteristics and has been a staple of Indian cooking for centuries.It exhibits antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, renal and hepatoprotective activities. This review is an attempt to explore the various pharmacolog-ical properties of curcumin. Method: This article presents a summary of the methodology available to study the pharmacological potential, chemical makeup, and organoleptic aspects of curcuma longa (haldi). Results: For its therapeutic properties in Indian material medicine, curcuma longa is well-documented. The plant belongs to the genus Curcuma longa. The Zingiberaceae family includes curcuma longa. Curcuma longa is widely used in cosmetics. It is considered the best anthelmintic property for GIT disorders. In many research papers, curcumin is the best anti-inflammatory agent. Curcumin is known for its synergistic effect against an anticancer agent. The usefulness of Curcu-ma longa as a preventative and curative measure is well established worldwide. Conclusions: At general, researchers must consider the experience, cost, and availability of the mul-tidisciplinary research team, as well as the measures implemented in the institutions, in order to comprehend the benefits and drawbacks of each assessment method.

Tecoma stans (Fam. Bignoniaceae) is also popularly known as yellow bells and yellow trumpet bush in vernacular terminology. Limited and variable data are available from the literature regarding the quantification of luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol, which are considered as the most active pharmacological active constituents. High-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection has been developed for the determination of the bioactive flavonoids, luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol, from the methanolic extract of the leaves of T. stans. A column packed with a pentafluorophenyl-based stationary phase was used for the separation of the analytes under gradient elution. The detection wavelength was 345 nm. The validation of the method as per the International Council on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines (ICH 2005) for linearity, accuracy and precision was investigated and found within limits specified by the ICH guidelines. The method was linear over with a good regression coefficient of more than 0.99. The limit of detection of the method was 0.68, 2.97 and 1.76 μg/mL for luteolin, apigenin and chrysoeriol, respectively. In conclusion, a reliable and reproducible method was devised that can be used for the estimation of the said components from T. stans.

Diabetes is one of the most comprehensive metabolic disorders and is spread across the globe. The data from IDF Diabetes Atlas and National Diabetes Statistics mentions that the number of patients with diabetes is increasing at an exponential rate which is challenging the current therapeutics used for the management of diabetes. However, current therapies used for the treatment may provide symptomatic relief but lack in preventing the progression of the disease and thereby limiting the treatment of diabetes-associated complications. A thorough review and analysis were conducted using various databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar to extract the available information on challenges faced by current therapies which have triggered the development of novel molecules or drugs. From the analysis, it was analyzed that transforming growth factor βs (TGF-βs) have been shown to exhibit pleiotropic activity and are responsible for maintaining homeostasis and its overexpression is convoluted in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Therefore, developing drugs that block TGF-β signaling may provide therapeutic benefits. This extensive review concluded that drugs targeting TGF-β signaling pathway and its subsequent blockade have shown promising results and hold the potential to become drugs of choice in the management of diabetes and associated complications.

Celastrus paniculatus is a traditional herb belonging to the family Celastraceae and is widely used for a number of medicinal activities in the Indian Unani and Ayurvedic systems. In this study, the extensive literature search was carried out on phytochemistry, ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities of C. paniculatus (Willd.) in various scientific databases as well as patents. Research on phytochemical investigation has shown the presence of monoterpenes (linalool, α-terpinyl acetate, nerol acetate), sesqueterpene esters (such as malkanguniol, malkangunin, valerenal, globulol, viridiflorol, cubenol and agarofuran derivatives), diterpenoids (such as phytone, isophytol), triterpenoids (such as lupeol, pristimerin, paniculatadiol, zeylasteral, zeylasterone, β-amyrin, squalene), alkaloids (celapanin, celapanigin, celapagin, paniculatine, celastrine, maymyrsine), fatty acids, steroids (β-sitosterol, carpesterol benzoate), flavonoids (paniculatin), benzoic acid, and vitamin C in this plant. All the reported pharmacological activities of this plant could be due to the presence of these phytochemicals. This plant possesses strong antioxidant activity which includes total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, nitric oxide scavenging activity and free radical scavenging activity. This plant possesses multiple pharmacological activities including cognition-enhancing, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-depressant, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-malarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, cardiovascular, locomotor, anxiolytic, wound healing activity, anti-spasmodic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancerous and iron-chelating activity with different extracts of this plant as well as various phytoconstituents present in this plant. The objective of this review article is to discuss in detail the reported ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry and various pharmacological activities of C. paniculatus.

Abstract: Owing to the enhanced toxicity as well as consequences of allopathic medication, the research on herbal therapies is developing progressively. As a result, medicinal herbs are beginning to play a substantial role in the advancement of the dominant therapeutic medications. Since ancient times, the use of herbs has performed a vital part in human well-being as well in the invention of cutting-edge pharmaceuticals. Inflammation and related illnesses are a major health concern for the entire human population. Pain-inducing drugs including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and corticosteroids have severe side effects and these therapies suffer from the recurrence of symptoms too after discontinuing the treatment. As a result, the diagnosis along with the advancement of medications with anti-inflammatory properties is the priority to conquer the drawbacks of the existing therapies. The present review article provides insight into the literature comprising promising phytochemicals from various medicinal plants tested through different model systems and employed for alleviating inflammation in several inflammatory disorders as well as clinical status of the herbal products.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely spread disorders affecting millions of people every year. Uncontrolled or chronic diabetes may lead to diabetes-associated complications. Conventional therapies often fail to define clear parameters and do not provide early detection of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Thus, there is a need to find a diagnostic method that can non-invasively help detect and prevent diabetes and associated complications. To combat this challenge, biomarkers' use has gained importance in the early detection of pre-diabetes and diabetes-associated complications. Detailed analyses from research and review articles were performed to elucidate the true potential of biomarkers in early detection, disease pathogenesis, risk prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in diabetes and associated complications. This review discusses the type of biomarkers, the progress, challenges, and short-coming related to biomarkers implications. This review also discusses the future directions in developing type-1 diabetes biomarkers focusing on genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic aspects. From the findings from the available data on research and development carried out in biomarker research, significant improvements and conclusive studies have been conducted to confirm the beneficial clinical effect in early detection of diabetes using the biomarkers. The data from these studies promise novel biomarkers' implication in detecting pre-diabetes, which may help reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with diabetes and associated complications.

Cubosomes are highly stable nanostructured liquid crystalline dosage delivery form, derived from amphiphilic lipids and polymer-based stabilizers converting it in a form of effective biocompatible carrier for the drug delivery. The delivery form comprised of bicontinuous lipid bilayers arranged in three-dimensional honeycombs like structure provided with two internal aqueous channels for the incorporation of many s biologically active ingredients. In contrast to liposomes, they provide a large surface area for the incorporation of different types of ingredients. Due to the distinct advantages of biocompatibility and thermodynamic stability, cubosomes have remained the first preference as a method of choice in the sustained release, controlled release, and targeted release dosage forms as new drug delivery system for the better release of the drugs. As a lot of advancement in the new form of dosage form brought the novel avenues in drug delivery mechanisms, so it was a matter of worth to compile the latest updates on the various aspects of the mentioned therapeutic delivery system including its structure, routes of applications along with the potential applications to encapsulate variety drugs to serve health-related benefits.

Background: The present study was designed to develop an efficient protocol for studying the enhancement of in vitro production of secondary metabolites in Adhatoda vasica leaves collected from the varied geographical locations of Indian sub-continents by a validated simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography gradient method for the quantification of vasicine and vasicinone in the developed calli and crude samples. Materials and Methods: The analysis was carried out on a reverse phase C 18 column using 0.1% of orthophosphoric acid: Acetonitrile in gradient manner and carried out the detection at 280 nm wavelength keeping the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Results: The simultaneous method was found linear with regression coefficient r 2 = 0.991 in a wide range (100–500 μg/mL) precise, accurate, and robust for quinazoline alkaloids in samples. Results clearly showed a significant increase in the concentration of alkaloids in in vitro cultures as compared to natural ones. The proposed method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Conclusion: The developed method was found suitable for quality control of A. vasica and for the analysis of vasicine and vasicinone in any type of sample.

The present work assessed the genetic divergence amongst the accessions of vasaka collected from different sub-climatic zones of India by RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) using twenty random declaimer primers (OPA 1-OPA 20) as the plant was found to enjoyed its therapeutic efficacy in Ayurvedic and traditional system of medicines. The dendrogram constructed for cluster analysis using an un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) grouped the accessions into 2 major clusters based on win boot. Out of the twenty random primers used for studying genetic divergence sixteen primers were found to be polymorphic. Out of 20 primers 3 were found to be 100% polymorphic generating a total of 313 amplification products with an average of 19.5 products per polymorphic primer. Genetic relationships among accessions were evaluated by generating a similarity matrix based on Jaccard ’ s co-efficient ranging from 0.60 to 0.91. Results showed that both environmental and genetic factors were effective in observing variations. The degree of genetic variations detected among the accessions of vasaka suggested that RAPD approach seemed to be best suited for assessing with high accuracy the genetic relationships among distinct A. vasica accessions.

New economic, easy, specific, accurate, robust, validated high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography methods with good range of linearity and sensitivity were developed for quantification of forskolin in ten samples collected from different regions of Indian subcontinent, which showed a large variation among samples (0.074-0.282%, w/w). Metabolic diversity of all the samples using HPTLC fingerprint method showed a total of 16 well separated spots. There is no significant metabolic diversity among the samples collected from different locations of Indian subcontinent, which was obtained from HPTLC fingerprinting. The results of locational variation showed highest content of forskolin in Bengaluru sample by both analytical methods. The validated quantification methods and fingerprint profile together can act as a good authentication tool for coleus as well as for other medicinal plants.

The wide diversity of plant secondary metabolites is largely used for the production of various pharmaceutical compounds. In vitro cell tissue or organ culture has been employed as a possible alternative to produce such industrial compounds. Tissue culture techniques provide continuous, reliable, and renewable source of valuable plant pharmaceuticals and might be used for the large-scale culture of the plant cells from which these secondary metabolites can be extracted. Alkaloids are one of the most important secondary metabolites known to play a vital role in various pharmaceutical applications leading to an increased commercial importance in recent years. The tissue culture techniques may be utilized to improve their production of alkaloids via somaclonal variations and genetic transformations. The focus of this review is toward the application of different tissue culture methods/techniques employed for the in vitro production of alkaloids with a systematic approach to improve their production.