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Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report on the results of hypospadias surgery in boys using newly developed methods compared with traditional methods of urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 patients were divided into two groups. Fifty patients with coronal, subcoronal, and distal penile types of hypospadias were allocated to Group I. These patients were treated with a new method of SMU I and urethroplasty according to the Snodgrass procedure and MAGPI. Group II consisted of 86 patients with mid- and proximal shaft penile types of hypospadias who underwent urethroplasty using the new SMU II method and urethroplasty according to the Snodgraft and Bracka procedures. The outcomes were assessed according to the level of postoperative wound healing and the presence of complications. Results: The mean age of the patients was 41 to 60 months. After urethroplasty using the SMU I and SMU II methods, recovery was noted in 92.9% of the patients, and repeated surgery was performed in 7.1%. In the patients undergoing operations utilizing the SMU I and SMU II methods, neomeatus dystopia was not detected and postoperative fistulas were observed in 16.7% of incidence. With the standard urethroplasty method, the rate of complications was higher ( p < 0.05). Even though the duration of surgery in the group undergoing a procedure using the standard urethroplasty method was lower ( p < 0.001), the frequency of primary wound healing was higher in the SMU I and SMU II groups ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: The proposed new methods of distal and shaft hypospadias surgery, in comparison with traditional surgical techniques, have the following advantages: good cosmetic appearance of the penis, complete straightening of the shaft, and right outflow of urine through the slit-like neomeatus at the apex of the glans penis.

Osteoporosis is considered a serious public health problem that particularly affects the postmenopausal period. In 2018, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 10.0, and the incidence was 3.7 new cases, per 100,000 adults, respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and indicate the main factors affecting low bone mineral density by screening the adult population of the Abay region, Kazakhstan. The target group comprised 641 respondents aged between 18 and 65 years old, from a Kazakh population, who had been living in the Abay region since birth. All participants filled out a questionnaire and were subjected to a bone mineral density measurement by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) between 15 July 2023 and 29 February 2024. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between low bone mineral density and key demographic characteristics, such as lifestyle factors and nutritional habits. We identified the prevalence of low bone mass (osteopenia) and osteoporosis to be 34.1%, with the highest prevalence of 48.3% being found in the older population group (50+ years). The regression analysis revealed a number of indicators associated with the likelihood of bone sparing. However, only four of these showed significance in the final multivariate model (R 2 = 22.4%). These were age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.05) and fracture history (AOR 1.64) directly associated with the likelihood of low bone density. Meanwhile, the body mass index (AOR 0.92) and the consumption of nuts and dried fruits (AOR 0.48) reduced the chance of bone tissue demineralization. Additional studies examining the prevalence and any emerging risk factors for osteoporosis are needed to advance clinical epidemiological knowledge and implement public health programs.

Nodal metastasis is crucial for determining the stage of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WTC) in patients older than 55. Well-formed thyroid follicular inclusions (TFIs) are occasionally encountered in the cervical lymph nodes (LNs) of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and it is difficult to determine whether they are true nodal metastases or ectopic thyroid tissues (ETT). This study aimed to elucidate the impact of the expression of the DNA damage response molecule TP53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) using immunofluorescence (IF) as a biomarker to differentiate TFIs in cervical LN by comparing the mutation analyses of primary thyroid cancers. The data demonstrated the necessity for the differential diagnosis of true metastases from ETT among TFIs in cervical LNs. PTC-like nuclear features using hematoxylin-eosin staining combined with immunohistochemistry for conventional biomarkers of PTC, including BRAF V600E protein, were most helpful in identifying metastatic follicular-patterned carcinomas. In conclusion, IF analysis of 53BP1 expression could be an excellent ancillary technique to distinguish metastatic carcinoma or ETT from TFIs in LNs, particularly in cases other than BRAF V600E -mutated PTC.

Objective: Risk for developing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is thought to be mediated by lifestyle, environmental exposures and genetic factors. Recent progress in the genome-wide association studies of thyroid cancer leads to the identification of several genetic variants conferring risk to this malignancy across different ethnicities. We set out to elucidate the impact of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on PTC risk and to evaluate clinicopathological correlations of these genetic variants in the Kazakh population for the first time., Methods: Eight SNPs were genotyped in 485 patients with PTC and 1,008 healthy control Kazakh subjects. The association analysis and multivariable modeling of PTC risk by the genetic factors, supplemented with rigorous statistical validation, were performed., Result: Five of the eight SNPs: rs965513 ( FOXE1 / PTCSC2 , P = 1.3E-16), rs1867277 ( FOXE1 5'UTR, P = 7.5E-06), rs2439302 ( NRG1 intron 1, P = 4.0E-05), rs944289 ( PTCSC3 / NKX2-1 , P = 4.5E-06) and rs10136427 ( BATF upstream , P = 9.8E-03) were significantly associated with PTC. rs966423 ( DIRC3 , P = 0.07) showed a suggestive association. rs7267944 ( DHX35 ) was associated with PTC risk in males ( P = 0.02), rs1867277 ( FOXE1 ) conferred the higher risk in subjects older than 55 years ( P = 7.0E-05), and rs6983267 ( POU5F1B/CCAT2 ) was associated with pT3-T4 tumors ( P = 0.01). The contribution of genetic component (unidirectional independent effects of rs965513, rs944289, rs2439302 and rs10136427 adjusted for age and sex) to PTC risk in the analyzed series was estimated to be 30-40%., Conclusion: Genetic factors analyzed in the present work display significant association signals with PTC either on the whole group analysis or in particular clinicopathological groups and account for about one-third of the risk for PTC in the Kazakh population., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Mussazhanova, Rogounovitch, Saenko, Krykpayeva, Espenbetova, Azizov, Kondo, Matsuda, Kalmatayeva, Issayeva, Yeleubayeva, Madiyeva, Mukanova, Sandybayev, Bolsynbekova, Kozykenova, Yamashita and Nakashima.)

More than 400 nuclear explosion tests were conducted at the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) and significant radioactive substances were released. The long-term consequences of the activities at the SNTS and the appearance of any hereditary effects remain insufficiently studied about 25 years after the test site was closed. The population living in villages near the SNTS are considered to have been heavily exposed to external and internal radiation. This study aims to perform an assessment and comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of the inhabitants living near the SNTS, and their first-(F1) and second-(F2) generation children. Residents of the East Kazakhstan region living in the area covered by the former SNTS were included in the study. To evaluate the hereditary effects of nuclear testing, comprehensive chromosome analyses were performed in lymphocytes using conventional Giemsa and fluorescent in situ hybridization methods in 115 F1 and F2 descendants in the villages of Dolon and Sarzhal, which were heavily contaminated. The parents of the subjects had permanently lived in the villages. A higher number of stable-type chromosome aberrations such as translocations was found in these residents than in 80 residents of the control area, Kokpecty, which indicates the possibility that radiation had biological effects on the exposed subjects.

The frequency of the combination of congenital heart defects (CHD) and connective tissue dysplasia remains poorly understood. And connective tissue dysplasia enhance severity the clinical of CHD. The aim of the study was to conduct a clinical and laboratory analysis of combinations of congenital heart defects and connective tissue dysplasia in children of Semey and to determine the risk for the development of these pathologies. The object of the study is the children of Semey (East Kazakhstan) aged 1-14 with congenital heart defects (CHD), with connective tissue dysplasia, healthy children and their mothers. Definition complex clinical and laboratory studies in children with CHD and connective tissue dysplasia, and their mothers. In children with CHD, the frequency of external and visceral signs of dysplasia was high. In 88.1% of cases in children with CHD was diagnosed 2-3 degrees of dysplasia. Was found difference in the microelement composition of blood serum and of hemostasis in children with CHD were expressed by hypofibrinogenemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Excess of the frequency of signs of dysplasia in mothers over the control group to consider dysplasia as a factor that influences the clinical of CHD.

We sought to identify the features of endothelial function in rectal cancer patients who were exposed to chronic ionizing radiation from a nuclear test site in Kazakhstan. We examined 146 individuals, 76 of whom were rectal cancer patients. The existence of a complex of disturbances of the endothelium and hemostasis systems in patients vs non-patients was revealed. Endothelial dysfunction was expressed as an increase of nitric oxide (NO) production along with decreases in vasodilatation function, and increased levels of von Willebrand factor in blood, along with an increase in the number of circulating endotheliocytes. Significant correlations between indicators of endothelial function and vascular-platelet hemostasis were observed. These changes and their interrelations were expressed more strongly in the patients who lived in the contaminated area around the nuclear test site. Such patients could have an increased risk of thrombosis and other complications after the treatment of a malignant neoplasm.