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477 results on '"Madronich, S."'

1. Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment

Author

Madronich, S., Bernhard, G. H., Neale, P. J., Heikkilä, A., Andersen, M. P. Sulbæk, Andrady, A. L., Aucamp, P. J., Bais, A. F., Banaszak, A. T., Barnes, P. J., Bornman, J. F., Bruckman, L. S., Busquets, R., Chiodo, G., Häder, D.-P., Hanson, M. L., Hylander, S., Jansen, M. A. K., Lingham, G., Lucas, R. M., Calderon, R. Mackenzie, Olsen, C., Ossola, R., Pandey, K. K., Petropavlovskikh, I., Revell, L. E., Rhodes, L. E., Robinson, S. A., Robson, T. M., Rose, K. C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Wallington, T. J., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C. C., Wilson, S. R., Zhu, L., and Neale, R. E.

Published
2024
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6. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Author

Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., Bernhard, G. H., Bais, A. F., Neale, R. E., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Klekociuk, A. R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S. A., Wang, Q.-W., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D.-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S.-Å., Foereid, B., Hou, W.-C., Ossola, R., Paul, N. D., Ukpebor, J. E., Andersen, M. P. S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L. S., Pandey, K. K., White, C. C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P. J., Liley, J. B., McKenzie, R. L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S. N., Hollestein, L. M., Lucas, R. M., Olsen, C. M., Rhodes, L. E., Yazar, S., and Young, A. R.

Published
2022
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7. Rethinking the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget: Stronger production, faster removal, shorter lifetime

Author

Hodzic, A, Kasibhatla, PS, Jo, DS, Cappa, CD, Jimenez, JL, Madronich, S, and Park, RJ

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Recent laboratory studies suggest that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation rates are higher than assumed in current models. There is also evidence that SOA removal by dry and wet deposition occurs more efficiently than some current models suggest and that photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation may be important (but currently ignored) SOA sinks. Here, we have updated the global GEOS-Chem model to include this new information on formation (i.e., wall-corrected yields and emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds) and on removal processes (photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation). We compare simulated SOA from various model configurations against ground, aircraft and satellite measurements to assess the extent to which these improved representations of SOA formation and removal processes are consistent with observed characteristics of the SOA distribution. The updated model presents a more dynamic picture of the life cycle of atmospheric SOA, with production rates 3.9 times higher and sinks a factor of 3.6 more efficient than in the base model. In particular, the updated model predicts larger SOA concentrations in the boundary layer and lower concentrations in the upper troposphere, leading to better agreement with surface and aircraft measurements of organic aerosol compared to the base model. Our analysis thus suggests that the long-standing discrepancy in model predictions of the vertical SOA distribution can now be resolved, at least in part, by a stronger source and stronger sinks leading to a shorter lifetime. The predicted global SOA burden in the updated model is 0.88Tg and the corresponding direct radiative effect at top of the atmosphere is -0.33Wm-2, which is comparable to recent model estimates constrained by observations. The updated model predicts a population-weighed global mean surface SOA concentration that is a factor of 2 higher than in the base model, suggesting the need for a reanalysis of the contribution of SOA to PM pollution-related human health effects. The potential importance of our estimates highlights the need for more extensive field and laboratory studies focused on characterizing organic aerosol removal mechanisms and rates.

Published
2016

8. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, R. E., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Wilson, S. R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., Bernhard, G. H., Bais, A. F., Aucamp, P. J., Banaszak, A. T., Bornman, J. F., Bruckman, L. S., Byrne, S. N., Foereid, B., Häder, D.-P., Hollestein, L. M., Hou, W.-C., Hylander, S., Jansen, M. A. K., Klekociuk, A. R., Liley, J. B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R. M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C. M., Pandey, K. K., Rhodes, L. E., Robinson, S. A., Rose, K. C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J. E., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C. C., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., Young, P. J., Zhu, L., and Zhu, M.

Published
2021
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9. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

Author

Bernhard, G. H., Neale, R. E., Barnes, P. W., Neale, P. J., Zepp, R. G., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bais, A. F., McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Young, P. J., Liley, J. B., Lucas, R. M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L. E., Byrne, S. N., Hollestein, L. M., Olsen, C. M., Young, A. R., Robson, T. M., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Robinson, S. A., Ballaré, C. L., Williamson, C. E., Rose, K. C., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D. -P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S. -Å., Austin, A. T., Hou, W. -C., Paul, N. D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K. R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K. K., Heikkilä, A. M., and White, C. C.

Published
2020
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10. Atmospheric amines and ammonia measured with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS)

Author

You, Y, Kanawade, VP, De Gouw, JA, Guenther, AB, Madronich, S, Sierra-Hernández, MR, Lawler, M, Smith, JN, Takahama, S, Ruggeri, G, Koss, A, Olson, K, Baumann, K, Weber, RJ, Nenes, A, Guo, H, Edgerton, ES, Porcelli, L, Brune, WH, Goldstein, AH, and Lee, SH

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

We report measurements of ambient amines and ammonia with a fast response chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in a southeastern US forest and a moderately polluted midwestern site during the summer. At the forest site, mostly C3-amines (from pptv to tens of pptv) and ammonia (up to 2 ppbv) were detected, and they both showed temperature dependencies. Aerosol-phase amines measured thermal-desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometer (TDCIMS) showed a higher mass fraction in the evening with cooler temperatures and lower in the afternoon with warmer temperatures, a trend opposite to the gas-phase amines. Concentrations of aerosol-phase primary amines measured with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) from micron and submicron particles were 2 orders of magnitude higher than the gas-phase amines. These results indicate that gas to particle conversion is one of the major processes that control the ambient amine concentrations at this forest site. Temperature dependencies of C3-amines and ammonia also imply reversible processes of evaporation of these nitrogen-containing compounds from soil surfaces in daytime and deposition to soil surfaces at nighttime. During the transported biomass burning plume events, various amines (C1-C6) appeared at the pptv level, indicating that biomass burning is a substantial source of amines in the southeastern US. At the moderately polluted Kent site, there were higher concentrations of C1- to C6-amines (pptv to tens of pptv) and ammonia (up to 6 ppbv). C1- to C3-amines and ammonia were well correlated with the ambient temperature. C4- to C6-amines showed frequent spikes during the nighttime, suggesting that they were emitted from local sources. These abundant amines and ammonia may in part explain the frequent new particle formation events reported from Kent. Higher amine concentrations measured at the polluted site than at the rural forested site highlight the importance of constraining anthropogenic emission sources of amines.

Published
2014

12. Epidemic Influenza and Vitamin D

Author

Cannell, J. J., Vieth, R., Umhau, J. C., Holick, M. F., Grant, W. B., Madronich, S., Garland, C. F., and Giovannucci, E.

Published
2006

14. Chemical evolution of volatile organic compounds in the outflow of the Mexico City Metropolitan area

Author

Apel, E. C, Emmons, L. K, Karl, T., Flocke, F., Hills, A. J, Madronich, S., Lee-Taylor, J., Fried, A., Weibring, P., Walega, J., Richter, D., Tie, X., Mauldin, L., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D., Sive, B., Kleinman, L., Springston, S., Zaveri, R., Ortega, J., Voss, P., Blake, D., Baker, A., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., de Gouw, J., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Rudolph, J., Junkermann, W., and Riemer, D. D

Subjects
proton-transfer-reaction, reaction mass-spectrometry, intercomparison experiment nomhice, characterizing ozone production, air-quality, formaldehyde measurements, nonmethane hydrocarbons, field campaigns, urban air, wrf-chem
Abstract

The volatile organic compound (VOC) distribution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its evolution as it is uplifted and transported out of the MCMA basin was studied during the 2006 MILAGRO/MIRAGE-Mex field campaign. The results show that in the morning hours in the city center, the VOC distribution is dominated by non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) but with a substantial contribution from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), predominantly from primary emissions. Alkanes account for a large part of the NMHC distribution in terms of mixing ratios. In terms of reactivity, NMHCs also dominate overall, especially in the morning hours. However, in the afternoon, as the boundary layer lifts and air is mixed and aged within the basin, the distribution changes as secondary products are formed. The WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) model and MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers) were able to approximate the observed MCMA daytime patterns and absolute values of the VOC OH reactivity. The MOZART model is also in agreement with observations showing that NMHCs dominate the reactivity distribution except in the afternoon hours. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models showed higher reactivity than the experimental data during the nighttime cycle, perhaps indicating problems with the modeled nighttime boundary layer height. A northeast transport event was studied in which air originating in the MCMA was intercepted aloft with the Department of Energy (DOE) G1 on 18 March and downwind with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C130 one day later on 19 March. A number of identical species measured aboard each aircraft gave insight into the chemical evolution of the plume as it aged and was transported as far as 1000 km downwind; ozone was shown to be photochemically produced in the plume. The WRF-Chem and MOZART models were used to examine the spatial extent and temporal evolution of the plume and to help interpret the observed OH reactivity. The model results generally showed good agreement with experimental results for the total VOC OH reactivity downwind and gave insight into the distributions of VOC chemical classes. A box model with detailed gas phase chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism), initialized with concentrations observed at one of the ground sites in the MCMA, was used to examine the expected evolution of specific VOCs over a 1-2 day period. The models clearly supported the experimental evidence for NMHC oxidation leading to the formation of OVOCs downwind, which then become the primary fuel for ozone production far away from the MCMA.

Published
2010

15. Photochemistry in the arctic free troposphere: Ozone budget and its dependence on nitrogen oxides and the production rate of free radicals

Author

Stroud, C, Madronich, S, Atlas, E, Cantrell, C, Fried, A, Wert, B, Ridley, B, Eisele, F, Mauldin, L, Shetter, R, Lefer, B, Flocke, F, Weinheimer, A, Coffey, M, Heikes, B, Talbot, R, and Blake, D

Subjects
global atmospheric chemistry, TOPSE, arctic photochemistry, ozone production, peroxide, radical chain length, Physical Chemistry, Other Chemical Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Atmospheric Sciences
Published
2004

18. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017

Author

Bais, A. F., Lucas, R. M., Bornman, J. F., Williamson, C. E., Sulzberger, B., Austin, A. T., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R. L., Aucamp, P. J., Madronich, S., Neale, R. E., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., de Gruijl, F. R., Norval, M., Takizawa, Y., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Robinson, S. A., Bailaré, C. L., Flint, S. D., Neale, P. J., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S. -Å., Hader, D. -P., Worrest, R. C., Zepp, R. G., Paul, N. D., Cory, R. M., Solomon, K. R., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K. K., Redhwi, H. H., Torikai, A., and Heikkilä, A. M.

Published
2018
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23. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Author

Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S.A., Wang, Q-W, Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Wängberg, S-Å, Foereid, B., Hou, W-C, Ossola, R., Paul, N.D., Ukpebor, J.E., Andersen, M.P.S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L.S., Pandey, K.K., White, C.C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P.J., Liley, J.B., McKenzie, R.L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Lucas, R.M., Olsen, C.M., Rhodes, L.E., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S.A., Wang, Q-W, Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Wängberg, S-Å, Foereid, B., Hou, W-C, Ossola, R., Paul, N.D., Ukpebor, J.E., Andersen, M.P.S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L.S., Pandey, K.K., White, C.C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P.J., Liley, J.B., McKenzie, R.L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Lucas, R.M., Olsen, C.M., Rhodes, L.E., Yazar, S., and Young, A.R.

Abstract

The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.

Published
2022

24. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Author

Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., Bernhard, G. H., Bais, A. F., Neale, R. E., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Klekociuk, A. R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S. A., Wang, Q.-W., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D.-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S.-Å., Foereid, B., Hou, W.-C., Ossola, R., Paul, N. D., Ukpebor, J. E., Andersen, M. P. S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L. S., Pandey, K. K., White, C. C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P. J., Liley, J. B., McKenzie, R. L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S. N., Hollestein, L. M., Lucas, R. M., Olsen, C. M., Rhodes, L. E., Yazar, S., Young, A. R., Barnes, P. W., Robson, T. M., Neale, P. J., Williamson, C. E., Zepp, R. G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S. R., Andrady, A. L., Heikkilä, A. M., Bernhard, G. H., Bais, A. F., Neale, R. E., Bornman, J. F., Jansen, M. A. K., Klekociuk, A. R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S. A., Wang, Q.-W., Banaszak, A. T., Häder, D.-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K. C., Wängberg, S.-Å., Foereid, B., Hou, W.-C., Ossola, R., Paul, N. D., Ukpebor, J. E., Andersen, M. P. S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K. R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L. S., Pandey, K. K., White, C. C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P. J., Liley, J. B., McKenzie, R. L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S. N., Hollestein, L. M., Lucas, R. M., Olsen, C. M., Rhodes, L. E., Yazar, S., and Young, A. R.

Abstract

The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.

Published
2022

32. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment

Author

Barnes, P.W., Bornman, J.F., Pandey, K.K., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Robinson, S.A., Barnes, P.W., Bornman, J.F., Pandey, K.K., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., and Robinson, S.A.

Abstract

The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer, preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280–315 nm) at Earth's surface, and reducing global warming. While ongoing and projected changes in UV-B radiation and climate still pose a threat to human health, food security, air and water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and construction materials and fabrics, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a critical role in protecting Earth's inhabitants and ecosystems by addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals...

Published
2021

33. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D-P, Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W-C, Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D-P, Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W-C, Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., and Zhu, M.

Abstract

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

Published
2021

34. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D.-P., Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W.-C., Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D.-P., Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W.-C., Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., and Zhu, M.

Abstract

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

Published
2021

35. Summary Update 2021 for Policymakers: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Barnes, P W, Bornman, J F, Pandey, K K, Bernhard, G H, Neale, R E, Robinson, Sharon A, Neale, P J, Zepp, R G, Madronich, S, White, C C, Andersen, M P S, Andrady, A L, Aucamp, P J, Bais, A F, Banaszak, A T, Berwick, M, Bruckman, L S, Byrne, S N, Foereid, B, Häder, D-P, Heikkilä, A M, Hollestein, L M, Hou, W-C, Hylander, S, Jansen, M A K, Klekociuk, A R, Liley, J B, Longstreth, J, Lucas, R M, Martinez-Abaigar, J, McKenzie, R L, McNeill, K, Olsen, C M, Ossola, R, Paul, N D, Rhodes, L E, Robson, T M, Rose, K C, Schikowski, T, Solomon, K R, Sulzberger, B, Ukpebor, J E, Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, Williamson, C E, Wilson, S. R., Yazar, S, Young, A R, Zhu, L, Zhu, M, Barnes, P W, Bornman, J F, Pandey, K K, Bernhard, G H, Neale, R E, Robinson, Sharon A, Neale, P J, Zepp, R G, Madronich, S, White, C C, Andersen, M P S, Andrady, A L, Aucamp, P J, Bais, A F, Banaszak, A T, Berwick, M, Bruckman, L S, Byrne, S N, Foereid, B, Häder, D-P, Heikkilä, A M, Hollestein, L M, Hou, W-C, Hylander, S, Jansen, M A K, Klekociuk, A R, Liley, J B, Longstreth, J, Lucas, R M, Martinez-Abaigar, J, McKenzie, R L, McNeill, K, Olsen, C M, Ossola, R, Paul, N D, Rhodes, L E, Robson, T M, Rose, K C, Schikowski, T, Solomon, K R, Sulzberger, B, Ukpebor, J E, Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, Williamson, C E, Wilson, S. R., Yazar, S, Young, A R, Zhu, L, and Zhu, M

Published
2021

36. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, RE, Barnes, PW, Robson, TM, Neale, PJ, Williamson, CE, Zepp, RG, Wilson, SR, Madronich, S, Andrady, AL, Heikkila, AM, Bernhard, GH, Bais, AF, Aucamp, PJ, Banaszak, AT, Bornman, JF, Bruckman, LS, Byrne, SN, Foereid, B, Hader, DP, Zandwijk - Hollestein, Loes, Hou, WC, Hylander, S, Jansen, MAK, Klekociuk, AR, Liley, JB, Longstreth, J, Lucas, RM, Martinez-Abaigar, J, McNeill, K, Olsen, CM, Pandey, KK, Rhodes, LE, Robinson, SA, Rose, KC, Schikowski, T, Solomon, KR, Sulzberger, B, Ukpebor, JE, Wang, QW, Wangberg, SA, White, CC, Yazar, S, Young, AR, Young, PJ, Zhu, L, Zhu, M, Neale, RE, Barnes, PW, Robson, TM, Neale, PJ, Williamson, CE, Zepp, RG, Wilson, SR, Madronich, S, Andrady, AL, Heikkila, AM, Bernhard, GH, Bais, AF, Aucamp, PJ, Banaszak, AT, Bornman, JF, Bruckman, LS, Byrne, SN, Foereid, B, Hader, DP, Zandwijk - Hollestein, Loes, Hou, WC, Hylander, S, Jansen, MAK, Klekociuk, AR, Liley, JB, Longstreth, J, Lucas, RM, Martinez-Abaigar, J, McNeill, K, Olsen, CM, Pandey, KK, Rhodes, LE, Robinson, SA, Rose, KC, Schikowski, T, Solomon, KR, Sulzberger, B, Ukpebor, JE, Wang, QW, Wangberg, SA, White, CC, Yazar, S, Young, AR, Young, PJ, Zhu, L, and Zhu, M

Abstract

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

Published
2021

38. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D

Author

CANNELL, J. J., VIETH, R., UMHAU, J. C., HOLICK, M. F., GRANT, W. B., MADRONICH, S., GARLAND, C. F., and GIOVANNUCCI, E.

Published
2007

39. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

Author

Bernhard, G.H., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Neale, P.J., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Bais, A.F., McKenzie, R.L., Aucamp, P.J., Young, P.J., Liley, J.B., Lucas, R.M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L.E., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Olsen, C.M., Young, A.R., Robson, T.M., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Robinson, S.A., Ballaré, C.L., Williamson, C.E., Rose, K.C., Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S-Å, Austin, A.T., Hou, W-C, Paul, N.D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K.R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K.K., Heikkilä, A.M., White, C.C., Bernhard, G.H., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Neale, P.J., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Bais, A.F., McKenzie, R.L., Aucamp, P.J., Young, P.J., Liley, J.B., Lucas, R.M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L.E., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Olsen, C.M., Young, A.R., Robson, T.M., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Robinson, S.A., Ballaré, C.L., Williamson, C.E., Rose, K.C., Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S-Å, Austin, A.T., Hou, W-C, Paul, N.D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K.R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K.K., Heikkilä, A.M., and White, C.C.

Abstract

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595–828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.

Published
2020

40. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

Author

Bernhard, G.H., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Neale, P.J., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Bais, A.F., McKenzie, R.L., Aucamp, P.J., Young, P.J., Liley, J.B., Lucas, R.M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L.E., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Olsen, C.M., Young, A.R., Robson, T.M., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Robinson, S.A., Ballaré, C.L., Williamson, C.E., Rose, K.C., Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D.-P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S., Austin, A.T., Hou, W.-C., Paul, N.D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K.R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K.K., Heikkilä, A.M., White, C.C., Bernhard, G.H., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Neale, P.J., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Bais, A.F., McKenzie, R.L., Aucamp, P.J., Young, P.J., Liley, J.B., Lucas, R.M., Yazar, S., Rhodes, L.E., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Olsen, C.M., Young, A.R., Robson, T.M., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Robinson, S.A., Ballaré, C.L., Williamson, C.E., Rose, K.C., Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D.-P., Hylander, S., Wängberg, S., Austin, A.T., Hou, W.-C., Paul, N.D., Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Solomon, K.R., Li, H., Schikowski, T., Longstreth, J., Pandey, K.K., Heikkilä, A.M., and White, C.C.

Abstract

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595-828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.

Published
2020

41. Fast two-stream method for computing diurnal-mean actinic flux in vertically inhomogeneous atmospheres

Author

Filyushkin, V.V., Madronich, S., Brasseur, G.P., and Petropavlovskikh, I.V.

Subjects
Atmospheric research -- Methods, Atmospheric circulation -- Measurement, Earth sciences, Science and technology
Abstract

Based on a derivation of the two-stream daytime-mean equations of radiative flux transfer, a method for computing the daytime-mean actinic fluxes in the absorbing and scattering vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere is suggested. The method applies direct daytime integration of the particular solutions of the two-stream approximations or the source functions. It is valid for any duration of period of averaging. The merit of the method is that the multiple scattering computation is carried out only once for the whole averaging period. It can be implemented with a number of widely used two-stream approximations. The method agrees with the results obtained with 200-point multiple scattering calculations. The method was also tested in runs with a 1-km cloud layer with optical depth of 10, as well as with aerosol background. Comparison of the results obtained for a cloud subdivided into 20 layers with those obtained for a one-layer cloud with the same optical parameters showed that direct integration of particular solutions possesses an 'analytical' accuracy. In the case of the source function interpolation, the actinic fluxes calculated above the one-layer and 20-layer clouds agreed within 1%-1.5%, while below the cloud they may differ up to 5% (in the worst case). The ways of enhancing the accuracy (in a 'two-stream sense') and computational efficiency of the method are discussed.

Published
1994

42. List of Contributors to this Volume

Author

Andreae, M.O., primary, Barron, E.J., additional, Berger, A., additional, Brasseur, G., additional, Cleugh, H., additional, Diaz, H., additional, Dickinson, R.E., additional, Dudek, M.P., additional, Gille, J.C., additional, Henderson-Sellers, A., additional, Holland, G.J., additional, Jones, P.D., additional, Kiladis, G.N., additional, Kump, L., additional, Liang, X.-Z., additional, Lovelock, J.E., additional, Madronich, S., additional, Mcavaney, B., additional, Peng, T.H., additional, Rampino, M., additional, and Wang, W.-C., additional

Published
1995
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43. On the discrepancy of HCl processing in the core of the wintertime polar vortices

Author

Grooß, J-U, Müller, R, Spang, R, Tritscher, I, Wegner, T, Chipperfield, MP, Feng, W, Kinnison, DE, and Madronich, S

Subjects
ddc:550
Abstract

More than 3 decades after the discovery of the ozone hole, the processes involved in its formation are believed to be understood in great detail. Current state-of-the-art models can reproduce the observed chemical composition in the springtime polar stratosphere, especially regarding the quantification of halogen-catalysed ozone loss. However, we report here on a discrepancy between simulations and observations during the less-well-studied period of the onset of chlorine activation. During this period, which in the Antarctic is between May and July, model simulations significantly overestimate HCl, one of the key chemical species, inside the polar vortex during polar night. This HCl discrepancy is also observed in the Arctic. The discrepancy exists in different models to varying extents; here, we discuss three independent ones, the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) as well as the Eulerian models SD-WACCM (the specified dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT. The HCl discrepancy points to some unknown process in the formulation of stratospheric chemistry that is currently not represented in the models.\ud \ud \ud \ud We characterise the HCl discrepancy in space and time for the Lagrangian chemistry–transport model CLaMS, in which HCl in the polar vortex core stays about constant from June to August in the Antarctic, while the observations indicate a continuous HCl decrease over this period. The somewhat smaller discrepancies in the Eulerian models SD-WACCM and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT are also presented. Numerical diffusion in the transport scheme of the Eulerian models is identified to be a likely cause for the inter-model differences. Although the missing process has not yet been identified, we investigate different hypotheses on the basis of the characteristics of the discrepancy. An underestimated HCl uptake into the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles that consist mainly of H₂O and HNO₃ cannot explain it due to the temperature correlation of the discrepancy. Also, a direct photolysis of particulate HNO₃ does not resolve the discrepancy since it would also cause changes in chlorine chemistry in late winter which are not observed. The ionisation caused by galactic cosmic rays provides an additional NOx and HOx source that can explain only about 20% of the discrepancy. However, the model simulations show that a hypothetical decomposition of particulate HNO₃ by some other process not dependent on the solar elevation, e.g. involving galactic cosmic rays, may be a possible mechanism to resolve the HCl discrepancy. Since the discrepancy reported here occurs during the beginning of the chlorine activation period, where the ozone loss rates are small, there is only a minor impact of about 2% on the overall ozone column loss over the course of Antarctic winter and spring.

Published
2018
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44. PERSPECTIVE ON GAS-PHASE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL KINETIC MECHANISM

Author

Vereecken, L., Aumont, B., Barnes, I., Bozzelli, J.W., Goldman, M.J., Green, W.H., Madronich, S., Mcgillen, M.R., Mellouki, A., Orlando, J.J., Picquet-Varrault, B., Rickard, A.R., Stockwell, W.R., Wallington, T.J., Carter, W.P.L., Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Atmospheric Chemistry Division [Boulder], National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes (INSIS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Bristol [Bristol]

Subjects
[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, ddc:540, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences
Abstract

International audience; This perspective gives our views on general aspects and future directions of gas‐phase atmospheric chemical kinetic mechanism development, emphasizing on the work needed for the sustainable development of chemically detailed mechanisms that reflect current kinetic, mechanistic, and theoretical knowledge. Current and future mechanism development efforts and research needs are discussed, including software‐aided autogeneration and maintenance of kinetic models as a future‐proof approach for atmospheric model development. There is an overarching need for the evaluation and extension of structure‐activity relationships (SARs) that predict the properties and reactions of the many multifunctionalized compounds in the atmosphere that are at the core of detailed mechanisms, but for which no direct chemical data are available. Here, we discuss the experimental and theoretical data needed to support the development of mechanisms and SARs, the types of SARs relevant to atmospheric chemistry, the current status and limitations of SARs for various types of atmospheric reactions, the status of thermochemical estimates needed for mechanism development, and our outlook for the future. The authors have recently formed a SAR evaluation working group to address these issues.

Published
2018
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45. Perspective on Mechanism Development and Structure‐Activity Relationships for Gas‐Phase Atmospheric Chemistry

Author

Rickard, Andrew Robert, Vereecken, L., Aumont, B., Barnes, I, Bozzelli, J. W., Goldman, M. J., Green, W. H., Madronich, S., McGillen, M., Mellouki, A., Orlando, J. J., Wallington, Timothy J., Picquet-Varrault, B., Stockwell, W. R., and Carter, W. P. L.

Abstract

This perspective gives our views on general aspects and future directions of gas‐phase atmospheric chemical kinetic mechanism development, emphasizing on the work needed for the sustainable development of chemically detailed mechanisms that reflect current kinetic, mechanistic, and theoretical knowledge. Current and future mechanism development efforts and research needs are discussed, including software‐aided autogeneration and maintenance of kinetic models as a future‐proof approach for atmospheric model development. There is an overarching need for the evaluation and extension of structure‐activity relationships (SARs) that predict the properties and reactions of the many multifunctionalized compounds in the atmosphere that are at the core of detailed mechanisms, but for which no direct chemical data are available. Here, we discuss the experimental and theoretical data needed to support the development of mechanisms and SARs, the types of SARs relevant to atmospheric chemistry, the current status and limitations of SARs for various types of atmospheric reactions, the status of thermochemical estimates needed for mechanism development, and our outlook for the future. The authors have recently formed a SAR evaluation working group to address these issues.

Published
2018

46. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, P.W., Williamson, C.E., Lucas, R.M., Robinson, S.A., Madronich, S., Paul, N.D., Bornman, J.F., Bais, A.F., Sulzberger, B., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., McKenzie, R.L., Neale, P.J., Austin, A.T., Bernhard, G.H., Solomon, K.R., Neale, R.E., Young, P.J., Norval, M., Rhodes, L.E., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Longstreth, J., Aucamp, P.J., Ballaré, C.L., Cory, R.M., Flint, S.D., de Gruijl, F.R., Häder, D.-P., Heikkilä, A.M., Jansen, M.A.K., Pandey, K.K., Robson, T.M., Sinclair, C.A., Wängberg, S.-Å., Worrest, R.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Zepp, R.G., Barnes, P.W., Williamson, C.E., Lucas, R.M., Robinson, S.A., Madronich, S., Paul, N.D., Bornman, J.F., Bais, A.F., Sulzberger, B., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., McKenzie, R.L., Neale, P.J., Austin, A.T., Bernhard, G.H., Solomon, K.R., Neale, R.E., Young, P.J., Norval, M., Rhodes, L.E., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Longstreth, J., Aucamp, P.J., Ballaré, C.L., Cory, R.M., Flint, S.D., de Gruijl, F.R., Häder, D.-P., Heikkilä, A.M., Jansen, M.A.K., Pandey, K.K., Robson, T.M., Sinclair, C.A., Wängberg, S.-Å., Worrest, R.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., and Zepp, R.G.

Abstract

Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.

Published
2019

48. Cover Image, Volume 50, Issue 6

Author

Vereecken, L., primary, Aumont, B., additional, Barnes, I., additional, Bozzelli, J.W., additional, Goldman, M.J., additional, Green, W.H., additional, Madronich, S., additional, Mcgillen, M.R., additional, Mellouki, A., additional, Orlando, J.J., additional, Picquet-Varrault, B., additional, Rickard, A.R., additional, Stockwell, W.R., additional, Wallington, T.J., additional, and Carter, W.P.L., additional

Published
2018
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49. Perspective on Mechanism Development and Structure‐Activity Relationships for Gas‐Phase Atmospheric Chemistry

Author

Vereecken, L., primary, Aumont, B., additional, Barnes, I., additional, Bozzelli, J.W., additional, Goldman, M.J., additional, Green, W.H., additional, Madronich, S., additional, Mcgillen, M.R., additional, Mellouki, A., additional, Orlando, J.J., additional, Picquet‐Varrault, B., additional, Rickard, A.R., additional, Stockwell, W.R., additional, Wallington, T.J., additional, and Carter, W.P.L., additional

Published
2018
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50. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2016

Author

Andrady, A, Aucamp, PJ, Austin, AT, Bais, AF, Ballaré, CL, Barnes, PW, Bernhard, GH, Björn, LO, Bornman, JF, Congdon, N, Cory, RM, Flint, SD, de Gruijl, FR, Häder, DP, Heikkilä, A, Hylander, S, Longstreth, J, Lucas, RM, Madronich, S, McKenzie, RL, Neale, P, Neale, R, Norval, M, Pandey, KK, Paul, N, Raut, M, Redhwi, HH, Robinson, SA, Rose, KC, Solomon, KR, Sulzberger, B, Wängberg, SÅ, Williamson, CE, Wilson, SR, Worrest, RC, Young, AR, and Zepp, RG.

Subjects
Greenhouse Effect, Ozone, Skin Neoplasms, Meteorology, Ultraviolet Rays, Climate Change, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, Article, Autoimmune Diseases, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Environmental monitoring, Humans, Ecosystem, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Vitamin D, skin and connective tissue diseases, Greenhouse effect, Biological sciences, Ozone depletion, chemistry, Environmental science, sense organs
Abstract

The Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three Panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with two focal issues. The first focus is the effects of UV radiation on human health, animals, plants, biogeochemistry, air quality, and materials. The second focus is on interactions between UV radiation and global climate change and how these may affect humans and the environment. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously believed. As a result of this, human health and environmental issues will be longer-lasting and more regionally variable. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces a detailed report every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Progress Reports of the relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2016, 15, 141-147). The present Progress Report for 2016 assesses some of the highlights and new insights with regard to the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. The more detailed Quadrennial Assessment will be made available in 2018.

Published
2017

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