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Abstract: Aim: To analyse the physiological response of Sphingobium sp. 22B to water stress. Methods and Results: The strain was grown under excess of carbon source and then subjected to low (60RH) and high (18RH) water stress conditions for 96 h. Quantification of trehalose, glycogen, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was studied. Genes linked with desiccation were searched in Sphingobium sp. 22B and Sphingomonas ‘sensu latu’ genomes and their transcripts were quantified by real‐time PCR. Results showed that, in the absence of water stress, strain 22B accumulated 4·76 ± 1·41% of glycogen, 0·84 ± 1·62% of trehalose and 44·9 ± 6·4% of PHB per cellular dry weight. Glycogen and trehalose were mobilized under water stressed conditions, this mobilization was significantly higher in 60RH in comparison to 18RH. Gene treY was upregulated sixfold in 60RH relative to control condition. TEM and quantification of PHB revealed that PHB was mobilized under 60RH condition accompanied by the downregulation of the phbB gene. TEM images showed an extracellular amorphous matrix in 18RH and 60RH. Major differences were found in the presence of aqpZ and trehalose genes between strain 22B and Sphingomonas genomes. Conclusion: Strain 22B showed a carbon conservative metabolism capable of accumulation of three types of endogenous carbon sources. The strain responds to water stress by changing the expression pattern of genes related to desiccation, formation of an extracellular amorphous matrix and mobilization of the carbon sources according to the degree of water stress. Trehalose, glycogen and PHB may have multiple functions in different degrees of desiccation. The robust endowment of molecular responses to desiccation shown in Sphingobium sp. 22B could explain its survival in semi‐arid soil. Significance and Impact of the Study: Understanding the physiology implicated in the toleration of the PAH‐degrading strain Sphingobium sp 22B to environmental desiccation may improve the bioaugmentation technologies in semi‐arid hydrocarbon‐contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is a naturally occurring phenomenon, during which high concentrations of sub-10 nm particles are created through gas to particle conversion. The NPF is observed in multiple environments around the world. Although it has observable influence onto annual total and ultrafine particle number concentrations (PNC and UFP, respectively), only limited epidemiological studies have investigated whether these particles are associated with adverse health effects. One plausible reason for this limitation may be related to the absence of NPF identifiers available in UFP and PNC data sets. Until recently, the regional NPF events were usually identified manually from particle number size distribution contour plots. Identification of NPF across multi-annual and multiple station data sets remained a tedious task. In this work, we introduce a regional NPF identifier, created using an automated, machine learning based algorithm. The regional NPF event tag was created for 65 measurement sites globally, covering the period from 1996 to 2023. The discussed data set can be used in future studies related to regional NPF., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, UKHSA or the Department of Health and Social Care., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Studies revealed airports as a prominent source of ultrafine particles (UFP), which can disperse downwind to residential areas, raising health concerns. To expand our understanding of how air traffic-related emissions influence total particle number concentration (PNC) in the airport's surrounding areas, we conduct long-term assessment of airborne particulate exposure before and after relocation of air traffic from "Otto Lilienthal" Airport (TXL) to Berlin Brandenburg Airport "Willy Brandt" (BER) in Berlin, Germany. Here, we provide insights into the spatial-temporal variability of PNC measured in 16 schools recruited for Berlin-Brandenburg Air Study (BEAR). The results show that the average PNC in Berlin was 7900 ± 7000 cm -3 , consistent with other European cities. The highest median PNC was recorded in spring (6700 cm -3 ) and the lowest in winter (5100 cm -3 ). PNC showed a bi-modal increase during morning and evening hours at most measurement sites due to road-traffic emissions. A comparison between measurements at the schools and fixed monitoring sites revealed good agreement at distances up to 5 km. A noticeable decline in this agreement occurred as the distance between measurement sites increased. After TXL was closed, PNC in surrounding areas decreased by 30 %. The opposite trend was not seen after BER was re-opened after the COVID-lock-down, as the air traffic has not reached the full capacity yet. The analysis of particle number size distribution data showed that UFP number fraction exhibit seasonal variations, with higher values in spring and autumn. This can be explained by nucleation events, which notably affected PNC. The presented findings will play a pivotal role in forthcoming source attribution and epidemiological investigations, offering a holistic understanding of airports' impact on airborne pollutant levels and their health implications. The study calls for further investigations of air-traffic-related physical-chemical pollutant properties in areas found further away (> 10 km) from airports., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

In the Arctic, new particle formation (NPF) and subsequent growth processes are the keys to produce Aitken-mode particles, which under certain conditions can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs). The activation of Aitken-mode particles increases the CCN budget of Arctic low-level clouds and, accordingly, affects Arctic climate forcing. However, the growth mechanism of Aitken-mode particles from NPF into CCN range in the summertime Arctic boundary layer remains a subject of current research. In this combined Arctic cruise field and modeling study, we investigated Aitken-mode particle growth to sizes above 80 nm. A mechanism is suggested that explains how Aitken-mode particles can become CCN without requiring high water vapor supersaturation. Model simulations suggest the formation of semivolatile compounds, such as methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in fog droplets. When the fog droplets evaporate, these compounds repartition from CCNs into the gas phase and into the condensed phase of nonactivated Aitken-mode particles. For MSA, a mass increase factor of 18 is modeled. The postfog redistribution mechanism of semivolatile acidic and basic compounds could explain the observed growth of >20 nm h -1 for 60-nm particles to sizes above 100 nm. Overall, this study implies that the increasing frequency of NPF and fog-related particle processing can affect Arctic cloud properties in the summertime boundary layer., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.)

Background: Exposure to air pollutants is one of the major environmental health risks faced by populations globally. Information about inhaled particle deposition dose is crucial in establishing the dose-response function for assessing health-related effects due to exposure to air pollution., Objective: This study aims to quantify the respiratory tract deposition (RTD) of equivalent black carbon (BC) particles in healthy young adults during a real-world commuting scenario, analyze factors affecting RTD of BC, and provide key parameters for the assessment of RTD., Methods: A novel in situ method was applied to experimentally determine the RTD of BC particles among subjects in the highly polluted megacity of Metro Manila, Philippines. Exposure measurements were made for 40 volunteers during public transport and walking., Results: The observed BC exposure concentration was up to 17-times higher than in developed regions. The deposition dose rate (DDR) of BC was up to 3 times higher during commute inside a public transport compared to walking (11.6 versus 4.4 μg hr -1 , respectively). This is twice higher than reported in similar studies. The average BC mass deposition fraction (DF) was found to be 43 ± 16%, which can in large be described by individual factors and does not depend on gender., Conclusions: Commuting by open-sided public transport, commonly used in developing regions, poses a significant health risk due to acquiring extremely high doses of carcinogenic traffic-related pollutants. There is an urgent need to drastically update air pollution mitigation strategies for reduction of dangerously high emissions of BC in urban setting in developing regions. The presented mobile measurement set-up to determine respiratory tract deposition dose is a practical and cost-effective tool that can be used to investigate respiratory deposition in challenging environments., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Monitored natural recovery (MNR) is an in situ technique of conventional remediation for the treatment of contaminated sediments that relies on natural processes to reduce the bioavailability or toxicity of contaminants. Metabarcoding and bioinformatics approaches to infer functional prediction were applied in bottom sediments of a tributary drainage channel of Río de La Plata estuary, in order to assess the biological contribution to MNR. Hydrocarbon concentration in water samples and surface sediments was below the detection limit. Surface sediments were represented with high available phosphorous, alkaline pH, and the bacterial classes Anaerolineae, Planctomycetia, and Deltaproteobacteria. The functional prediction in surface sediments showed an increase of metabolic activity, carbon fixation, methanogenesis, and synergistic relationships between Archaeas, Syntrophobacterales, and Desulfobacterales. The prediction in non-surface sediments suggested the capacity to respond to different kinds of environmental stresses (oxidative, osmotic, heat, acid pH, and heavy metals), predicted mostly in Lactobacillales order, and the capacity of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinomyces classes to degrade xenobiotic compounds. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggests that depth, phosphate content, redox potential, and pH were the variables that structured the bacterial community and not the hydrocarbons. The characterization of sediments by metabarcoding and functional prediction approaches, allowed to assess how the microbial activity would contribute to the recovery of the site., Competing Interests: MO and NV are employed by the company YPF Tecnología. PM is employed by the company YPF S.A. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be considered as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Madueño, Starevich, Agnello, Coppotelli, Laprida, Vidal, Di Marco, Oneto, Del Panno and Morelli.)

In this study, we present the development of a mobile system to measure real-world total respiratory tract deposition of inhaled ambient black carbon (BC). Such information can be used to supplement the existing knowledge on air pollution-related health effects, especially in the regions where the use of standard methods and intricate instrumentation is limited. The study is divided in two parts. Firstly, we present the design of portable system and methodology to evaluate the exhaled air BC content. We demonstrate that under real-world conditions, the proposed system exhibit negligible particle losses, and can additionally be used to determine the minute ventilation. Secondly, exemplary experimental data from the system is presented. A feasibility study was conducted in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. In a pilot experiment, we found that the cumulative total respiratory tract deposition dose over 1-h commuting trip would result in approximately 2.6 μg of BC. This is up to 5 times lower than the values obtained from conjectural approach (e.g. using physical parameters from previously reported worksheets). Measured total respiratory tract deposited BC fraction varied from 39% to 48% during walking and commuting inside a micro-bus, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no studies focusing on experimental determination of real-world deposition dose of BC have been performed in developing regions. This can be especially important because the BC mass concentration is significant and determines a large fraction of particle mass concentration. In this work, we propose a potential method, recommendations, as well as the limitations in establishing an easy and relatively cheap way to estimate the respiratory tract deposition of BC., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Recent studies demonstrate that Black Carbon (BC) pollution in economically developing megacities remain higher than the values, which the World Health Organization considers to be safe. Despite the scientific evidence of the degrees of BC exposure, there is still a lack of understanding on how the severe levels of BC pollution affect human health in these regions. We consider information on the respiratory tract deposition dose (DD) of BC to be essential in understanding the link between personal exposure to air pollutants and corresponding health effects. In this work, we combine data on fine and ultrafine refractory particle number concentrations (BC proxy), and activity patterns to derive the respiratory tract deposited amounts of BC particles for the population of the highly polluted metropolitan area of Manila, Philippines. We calculated the total DD of refractory particles based on three metrics: refractory particle number, surface area, and mass concentrations. The calculated DD of total refractory particle number in Metro Manila was found to be 1.6 to 17 times higher than average values reported from Europe and the U.S. In the case of Manila, ultrafine particles smaller than 100 nm accounted for more than 90% of the total deposited refractory particle dose in terms of particle number. This work is a first attempt to quantitatively evaluate the DD of refractory particles and raise awareness in assessing pollution-related health effects in developing megacities. We demonstrate that the majority of the population may be highly affected by BC pollution, which is known to have negative health outcomes if no actions are taken to mitigate its emission. For the governments of such metropolitan areas, we suggest to revise currently existing environmental legislation, raise public awareness, and to establish supplementary monitoring of black carbon in parallel to already existing PM 10 and PM 2.5 measures., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The introduction of antibiotics for both medical and non-medical purposes has had a positive effect on human welfare and agricultural output in the past century. However, there is also an important ecological legacy regarding the use of antibiotics and the consequences of increased levels of these compounds in the environment as a consequence of their use and disposal. This legacy was investigated by quantifying two antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) conferring resistance to tetracycline ( tet (W)) and sulfonamide ( sul 1) in bacterial seed bank DNA in sediments. The industrial introduction of antibiotics caused an abrupt increase in the total abundance of tet (W) and a steady increase in sul 1. The abrupt change in tet (W) corresponded to an increase in relative abundance from ca. 1960 that peaked around 1976. This pattern of accumulation was highly correlated with the abundance of specific members of the seed bank community belonging to the phylum Firmicutes . In contrast, the relative abundance of sul 1 increased after 1976. This correlated with a taxonomically broad spectrum of bacteria, reflecting sul 1 dissemination through horizontal gene transfer. The accumulation patterns of both ARGs correspond broadly to the temporal scale of medical antibiotic use. Our results show that the bacterial seed bank can be used to look back at the historical usage of antibiotics and resistance prevalence., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

The present study describes the behavior of a natural phenanthrene-degrading consortium (CON), a synthetic consortium (constructed with isolated strains from CON) and an isolated strain form CON (Sphingobium sp. AM) in phenanthrene cultures to understand the interactions among the microorganisms present in the natural consortium during phenanthrene degradation as a sole carbon and energy source in liquid cultures. In the contaminant degradation assay, the defined consortium not only achieved a major phenanthrene degradation percentage (> 95%) but also showed a more efficient elimination of the intermediate metabolite. The opposite behavior occurred in the CON culture where the lowest phenanthrene degradation and the highest HNA accumulation were observed, which suggests the presence of positive and also negative interaction in CON. To consider the uncultured bacteria present in CON, a metagenomic library was constructed with total CON DNA. One of the resulting scaffolds (S1P3) was affiliated with the Betaproteobacteria class and resulted in a significant similarity with a genome fragment from Burkholderia sp. HB1 chromosome 1. A complete gene cluster, which is related to one of the lower pathways (meta-cleavage of catechol) involved in PAH degradation (ORF 31-43), mobile genetic elements and associated proteins, was found. These results suggest the presence of at least one other microorganism in CON besides Sphingobium sp. AM, which is capable of degrading PAH through the meta-cleavage pathway. Burkholderiales order was further found, along with Sphingomonadales order, by a metaproteomic approach, which indicated that both orders were metabolically active in CON. Our results show the presence of negative interactions between bacterial populations found in a natural consortium selected by enrichment techniques; moreover, the synthetic syntrophic processing chain with only one microorganism with the capability of degrading phenanthrene was more efficient in contaminant and intermediate metabolite degradation than a generalist strain (Sphingobium sp. AM).

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous compounds with carcinogenic and/or mutagenic potential. To address the limitations of individual remediation techniques and to achieve better PAH removal efficiencies, the combination of chemical and biological treatments can be used. The degradation of phenanthrene (chosen as a model of PAH) by persulfate in freshly contaminated soil microcosms was studied to assess its impact on the biodegradation process and on soil properties. Soil microcosms contaminated with 140 mg/kgDRY SOIL of phenanthrene were treated with different persulfate (PS) concentrations 0.86-41.7 g/kgDRY SOIL and incubated for 28 days. Analyses of phenanthrene and persulfate concentrations and soil pH were performed. Cultivable heterotrophic bacterial count was carried out after 28 days of treatment. Genetic diversity analysis of the soil microcosm bacterial community was performed by PCR amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA fragments followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The addition of PS in low concentrations could be an interesting biostimulatory strategy that managed to shorten the lag phase of the phenanthrene biological elimination, without negative effects on the physicochemical and biological soil properties, improving the remediation treatment.

The effect of the inoculant strain Sphingomonas paucimobilis 20006FA on the bacterial composition of a phenanthrene-degrading consortium obtained from a pristine soil in sequencing batch cultures was studied. Inoculated (F200+1) and non-inoculated (F200) phenanthrene-degrading consortia, were obtained. Bacterial diversity of consortia was studied at cultivable (phenotype and genotype characterization) and non-cultivable (PCR-DGGE) levels. During the successive cultures, a loss in the phenanthrene-degrading capacity and a decrease in the bacterial diversity were observed in both consortia. Although inoculation did not produce any significant changes in the consortia phenanthrene-degrading capacity (29.9% F200 and 27.6% F200+1), it did produce changes in the bacterial composition, showing a differential structural dynamics in the DGGE profiles of the inoculated consortium. In both consortia, a dominant band placed at the same position as that of the DNA of the inoculant strain in the DGGE gel could be observed. However, isolated cultures from the consortia which had an identical band position to that of S. paucimobilis 20006FA in the PCR-DGGE profile showed low similarity with respect to the inoculant strain (RAPD).

Eighteen children with primary MPGN were included in a double blind controlled study. Experimental group received prednisone and control group received lactose. Studies of renal biopsy on admission, at 3 yr (17 pt) and 5 yr (8 pt) were performed. Mean time of observation in both groups was similar (6.5 yr). Four patients of the control group developed ESRD and none of the experimental group. Two patients of the control and one of the experimental group remitted. Serial immunopathological studies showed decreasing mesangial cellularity, thickening of the capillary walls and deposits in both groups. Increase tubulointerstitial alterations and percentage of global sclerotic glomeruli was generally observed except in cases in whom proteinuria disappeared. Our results suggest that prednisone therapy may retard the development of ESRD in children with MPGN. However, longer periods of observation and greater number of cases are necessary to confirm if this treatment in useful.