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This study explores the prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and investigates the potential of effective intracellular antibiotics as a therapeutic strategy for CRC patients with AIEC infections. Considering the pivotal role of integrons in bacterial antibiotic resistance, the frequency of class 1 and 2 integrons in AIEC isolated from CRC patients, in one of the referenced 3 gastroenterology clinics in Isfahan, Iran was examined. AIEC strains were isolated from the colorectal biopsies and their antimicrobial sensitivity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect intl1 and intl2. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method was utilized to type 10 selected isolates. Of the 150 samples, 24 were identified as AIEC, with the highest number isolated from CRC2 (33.4%) and CRC1 (29.16%), and the least from the FH group (8.3%) and control group (12.5%). int1 in 79.2% and int2 in 45.8% of AIEC strains were found and 41.6% of strains had both integrons. AIEC isolates with int1 exhibited the highest sensitivity to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57.9%), while those with int2 showed the highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (63.6%). A significant association between resistance to rifampin and integron 2 presence in AIEC isolates was observed. Furthermore, a significant correlation between integron 1 presence, invasion, survival, and replication within macrophages in AIEC strains was identified. MLST analysis revealed ST131 from CC131 with integron 1 as the most common sequence type (ST). The emergence of such strains in CRC populations poses a serious public health threat. The distribution pattern of STs varied among studied groups, with pandemic STs highlighting the importance of examining and treating patients infected with these isolates. Comprehensive prospective clinical investigations are warranted to assess the prognostic value of detecting this pathovar in CRC and to evaluate therapeutic techniques targeting drug-resistant AIECs, such as phage therapy, bacteriocins, and anti-adhesion compounds, for CRC prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer development is aided by the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that act as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) absorbing microRNAs (miRNAs). We aimed to discover a novel regulatory axis in colorectal cancer (CRC) and potential biomarkers based on miR-616-3p. Materials and Methods: The gene expression omnibus database was mined for differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and mRNAs. LncRNAs and mRNAs were predicted using the RegRNA and TargetScan databases. A combination of the ciBioPortal and Ensemble databases was used to locate the mRNAs. Cytoscape 3.7.1-built CeRNA networks. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was utilized to confirm the expression levels of these RNA molecules. Statistical analyses were implemented by GraphPad Prism 9. Results: qRT-PCR showed (Linc01282, lnc-MYADM-1:1, and Zinc Finger Protein 347 [ZNF347]) were overexpressed whereas, (salt-inducible kinases 1 [SIK1], and miR-616-3p) were down regulated. Conclusion: These results identify unique, unreported lncRNAs as CRC prognostic biomarkers, as well as prospective mRNAs as new treatment targets and predictive biomarkers for CRC. In addition, our study uncovered unexplored ceRNA networks that should be studied further in CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of transition to colorectal cancer (CRC) in advanced colorectal adenomas (ACAs) is about 2.5 times higher than the non-advanced ones. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine the effect of calcium and dairy products on the incidence of CAs and ACAs. Six databases were systematically searched and 37 relevant clinical trials and observational studies involving over 10,964 cases were selected for inclusion. The results showed that calcium consumption reduced the risk of CAs incidence by 8% (RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89-0.96), and calcium intake as a food and dairy product reduced it about 21% (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.72-0.86), and 12% (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.98), respectively. However, calcium supplementation did not show a significant effect on CAs incidence (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.89-1.05). Results also revealed that total calcium intake markedly reduced the risk of ACAs (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73-0.85) and the risk of recurrence of adenomas about 12% (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84-0.93). Our results suggest that natural sources of calcium such as dairy products and foods may have more effective role than supplementary calcium in terms of reducing the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence showing that microbial dysbiosis impacts the health and cancer risk of the host. An association between adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been revealed. Cyclomodulins (CMs) have been receiving increasing attention for carcinogenic changes. In this study, the incidence and features of intracellular AIEC and cyclomodulin-encoding genes were investigated and the phylogenetic grouping and genetic relatedness were evaluated. E. coli strains were isolated from the colorectal biopsies. Adhesion and invasion assays and intramacrophage cell survival test were performed to separate the AIEC isolates. Virulence genotyping for the genes htrA, dsbA, chuA, and lpfA and the cyclomodulin toxins was also conducted. In addition, phylogenetic grouping of the isolates was determined. Subsequently, repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprinting was performed. A total of 24 AIEC pathovars were isolated from 150 patients. The prevalence rates of htr, dsbA, and lpfA were 70.83% and that of chuA was 91.66%. The frequencies of the cyclomodulin toxins were as follows: cnf1, 29.2%; cnf2, 25%; colibactin, 29.2%; and cdt, 4.2%; cif was not found. Among the AIEC isolates, 4.2%, 4.2%, 54.2%, 29.2%, and 8.3% with phylotypes A or C, B1, B2, D, and E were identified, respectively. Left-sided colon carcinoma and adenocarcinoma T=1 stage (CRC2) were colonized by B2 phylogroup AIEC-producing CMs more often than the samples from the other groups. Close genetic relatedness was observed in AIEC isolates with rep-PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) disease has been accompanied by various gastrointestinal (GI) and renal manifestations in significant portion of infected patients. Beside studies on the respiratory complications of coronavirus infection, understanding the essential immunological processes underlying the different clinical manifestations of virus infection is crucial for the identification and development of effective therapies. In addition to the respiratory tract, the digestive and urinary systems are the major sources of virus transmission. Thus, knowledge about the invasion mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 in these systems and the immune system responses is important for implementing the infection prevention strategies. This article presents an overview of the gut and renal complications in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. We focus on how SARS‐CoV‐2 interacts with the immune system and the consequent contribution of immune system, gut, and renal dysfunctions in the development of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020, which has a substantial structural similarity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that caused the outbreak in 2003, is currently a threat to global health. Lung involvement is the principal clinical feature in infected patients but extra-pulmonary clinical presentations are also common. The reasons for the extensive involvement of other organs are not yet clear. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the key peptide of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), has recently identified as a major receptor for the both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that might be a main target of coronavirus infection. ACE2 is mainly expressed in the pulmonary pneumocytes, the small intestine enterocytes as well as the proximal tubule epithelial cells of the kidneys. In addition to the respiratory tract infection symptoms, the noticeable prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms as well as kidney impairment in hospitalized infected patients highlights other routes of infection/transmission. In present review, we discussed the role of RAS with emphasis on ACE2 in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, particularly in gastrointestinal and kidney manifestations of the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Walnuts (Juglans regia), has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of walnut extract (WE) on an experimental model of ulcerative colitis caused by intracolonic administration of acetic acid in rats. Methods: A total number of 30 rats were used, randomly assigned to five groups of 6 rats each. Group I: colitis without treatment (colitis control), group II: normal animals (normal control), in groups III and IV colitis induced rats were treated with WE (10 and 20mg/kg) for 8 consecutive days, and group V were treated with sulfasalazine (SLS, 200mg/kg) as a standard drug. Several parameters, including macroscopic and histopathological scores and malondialdehyde (MDA), total sulfhydryl (SH) groups, colonic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured using standard assay procedures. Results: Results revealed that treatment with 10mg/kg WE for 8 days attenuated the macroscopic and histopathological colonic damage scores as well as colonic levels of MDA, while increased the levels of total SH, SOD and GPx compared with colitis untreated group. The 20mg/kg dose had no protective effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that protective effect of WE in the experimental model of colitis could be through an antioxidant mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: L-arginine is an important precursor for the formation of nitric oxide (NO). According to previous studies, NO function is related to gender. Likewise, chronic renal diseases have lower prevalence in female. Gentamicin (GM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. According to some studies, males are more sensitive to GM renal nephrotoxicity. This study attempts to find protective effects of L-arginine on GM nephrotoxicity in male and female rats. Methods: Male and female rats were divided into eight groups: Rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups each including both male and female rats. The first and second groups received vehicle (saline), the third and fourth groups received gentamicin (80 mg/kg), the fifth and sixth groups received L-arginine (150 mg/kg), and finally, seventh and eighth groups received gentamicin+ L- arginine. Next, 9 days after administering drugs, blood samples were collected from the heart. After making sacrifices, the level of blood urea, creatinine (Cr), nitrite, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in serums. Likewise, nitrite and MDA were measured in the homogenized kidney tissue. Results: GM significantly increased serum level of urea and Cr in male and female rats (P < 0.05). However, co-administration of GM + L-arginine significantly did not decrease urea and Cr level in male rats, whereas, in female rats, they significantly reduced (P < 0.05). In response to GM, renal MDA level increased in male and female rats (P < 0.05), and in the presence of GM + L-arginine, the level of MDA significantly decreased in both genders (P < 0.05). Conclusions: L-arginine demonstrated some protective effects in female rats but did not protect against GM nephrotoxicity in male rats for unknown reasons, probably related to the effects of sex hormones which needs further studies to be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Celiac disease is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the small intestine caused by permanent intolerance to gluten/gliadin. It has been demonstrated that oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms that is involved in gliadin toxicity, and there is a correlation between oxidative damage with this disease. Similarly, increased oxidative stress was repeatedly reported in infertile men which led to low-quality of sperm function. Therefore, we aimed to assess sperm parameters and chromatin status in men with Celiac disease. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, semen samples were collected from 11 fertile men without Celiac and 10 men with diagnostic Celiac disease. Basic semen analyses were performed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 protocol. The percentage of sperm with persistence histones, protamine deficiency, DNA fragmentation, malondialdehyde (MDA), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed using aniline blue, chromomycin A3, sperm chromatin structure assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, and diacetyldichlorofluorescein staining, respectively. Results: Unlike the sperm parameters, which did not show significant differences between men with Celiac disease and fertile individuals, sperm chromatin maturation (persistence histones and protamine deficiency) and sperm DNA damage in men with Celiac disease were significantly higher compared to fertile individuals (P<0.05). In addition, the percentage of sperm viability in these individuals was significantly lower than that in the fertile individuals (P<0.05). We did not observe any significant differences in sperm lipid peroxidation and intracellular ROS levels between the two study groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Celiac disease affects sperm chromatin maturation and DNA fragmentation, emphasizing its impact on reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal studies indicate that gonadal steroids have prominent neuroprotective effects in several models of experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuromedin U (NMU) and neuromedin S (NMS) are regulatory peptides involved in inflammatory and stress responses, and modulation of the gonadotropic axis. Since steroid hormone levels change during the estrous cycle, we sought to determine whether variations in ovarian hormones would affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain levels of NMS, NMU, and neuromedin S receptor 2 in experimental TBI. Two groups (proestrus and nonproestrus) of female rats underwent diffuse TBI. At 24 hrs after TBI, results showed a significantly decrease in BBB permeability in traumatic-proestrus animals (TBI-P) in comparison to traumatic nonproestrus (TBI-NP) rats. Western blot analyzes demonstrated an enhanced expression of prepro-NMS in TBI-P compared with that in the TBI-NP group. Likewise, TBI-P rats exhibited significantly higher NMUR2 gene expression compared with those of TBI-NP, whereas no significant difference in brain NMU content was seen between sham and traumatic animals. Our findings indicate that diffuse TBI induces an increase in prepro-NMS and neuromedin S receptor 2 expression in traumatic-proestrus rats which may mediate the anti-edematous effects of gonadal hormones in proestrus rats following trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Estrogen (E2) has neuroprotective effects on blood-brain-barrier (BBB) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptors (ERs) in these effects, ER-α antagonist (MPP) and, ER-β antagonist (PHTPP), or non-selective estrogen receptors antagonist (ICI 182780) were administered. Materials and Methods: Ovariectomized rats were divided into 10 groups, as follows: Sham, TBI, E2, oil, MPP+E2, PHTPP+E2, MPP+PHTPP+E2, ICI+E2, MPP, and DMSO. E2 (33.3 μg/Kg) or oil were administered 30 min after TBI. 1 dose (150 μg/Kg) of each of MPP, PHTPP, and (4 mg/kg) ICI182780 was injected two times, 24 hr apart, before TBI and estrogen treatment. BBB disruption (Evans blue content) and brain edema (brain water content) evaluated 5 hr and 24 hr after the TBI were evaluated, respectively. Results: The results showed that E2 reduced brain edema after TBI compared to vehicle (P<0.01). The brain edema in the MPP+E2 and PHTPP+E2 groups decreased compared to the vehicle (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in MPP+PHTPP+E2 and ICI+E2 compared to TBI. This parameter in MPP was similar to vehicle. Evans blue content in E2 group was lower than vehicle (P<0.05).The inhibitory effect of E2 on Evans blue was not reduced by MPP+E2 and PHTPP+E2 groups, but decreased by treatment with MPP+PHTPP or ICI. MPP had no effect on Evans blue content. Conclusion: A combined administration of MPP and PHTPP or ICI inhibited the E2-induced decrease in brain edema and BBB disruption; this may suggest that these effects were mediated via both receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This multi centric cross sectional study designed to evaluate is it really necessary to deprive IBD patients from consumption of dairy foods (DFs). Methods: A multicenter study with 12 gastroenterology referral centers in 4 countries was designed to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after consumption of DFs from all outpatients with IBD during six months and to compare non IBD cases treated at the same centers. Results: Overall 1888 cases included (872 IBD patients and 1016 non IBD cases). 56.6% of participant was female with average age of 40.1 years. Racially 79.8% of participant was Caucasian, originally citizens of 10 countries. Relative prevalence of IBD was higher in Africans and Indians and the most frequent prevalence of dairy products intolerance seen in Asians. Among IBD patients, 571 cases diagnosed as UC and 189 as CD. Average duration of IBD was 6.8 years. The most prevalent GI symptoms after consumption of DFs were bloating and abdominal pain. Totally, intolerance of DFs was more prevalent among IBD patients in comparison with non IBD cases (65.5% vs. 46.1%, P = 0.0001) but among IBD patients who had not any family history of lactase deficiency, food sensitivity or both were 59.91%, 52.87% & 50.33% and similar to non IBD cases (P = 0.68, 0.98 & 0.99 respectively). Conclusion: The rate of DFs intolerance among IBD patients without family history of lactase deficiency or food sensitivity is similar to non IBD cases and there is no reason to deprive them from DFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Epidemiological researchers have demonstrated that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third common cancer in the world, and it is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in developed countries. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) have a prognostic role in cancers especially in CRC. Cd induces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn cause damage to DNA and interfere with cellular signaling. Natural components such as Frankincense resin have recently gained attention for their anti-cancer and chemopreventive properties. This review discusses the anti-carcinogenicity effects of Frankincense resin on Cd toxicity. Methods: The electronic database between 2000-2021 were searched using the search terms "frankincense", "cadmium", "oxidative stress", and "colorectal cancer". Only articles published in English have been included. Combination treatments of frankincense with other herbal products were excluded. Results: Cadmium as a type I carcinogen increases the risk of cancers especially CRC. In vitro studies on CRC cell lines (RKO and HT-29 cell lines) showed that Cd induces oxidative stress, inflammation and metastasis in CRC cell lines. Cd could represent its carcinogenicity by oxidative stress products such as ROS through destruction of antioxidant defense and DNA repair systems, impairment of protein activity, activation of lipid peroxidation, and chromosomal aberrations, and induction of apoptosis pathways. FRN is an aromatic resin with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-proliferative properties. In vitro studies showed that FRN could inhibit the growth of CRC cells. In addition, several clinical studies showed the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities of FRN. FRN and Boswellia properties are related to their compositions such as boswellic acids, saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols, essential oils, and polysaccharides. FRN could reduce ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and membrane lipid peroxidation; and simultaneously could inhibit inflammation by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFĸB) which mediates production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokine's (Tumor necrosis factor α, Interferon-gamma, Interleukin 1(IL 1), IL 2, IL4, and IL6. Moreover, FRN can induce apoptosis by reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, B-cell lymphoma 2 protein, BCL extra-large protein, inhibition of apoptotic protein, and activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9. Conclusion: Antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of frankincense and Boswellia could be used in cancer chemoprevention in combination with conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the most common cancers in humans and their pathogenesis is believed to be associated with different factors. Some viral infections are carcinogenic in nature and can cause gastrointestinal tract (GIT) neoplasms. However, there are insufficient evidences confirming this effect. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes Simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), John Cunningham Virus (JCV) and gastrointestinal cancer (GIT). Methods: This case-control study was carried out at two educational centers of Qa'im Hospital and Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. Seventy five patients with GIT cancers, including stomach (n=26), esophagus (n=27), and colorectal cancers (n=27), as the case group, and 81 subjects with gastrointestinal complaints that did not have GIT cancers as the control group, were enrolled. The Real Time-PCR was used to detect DNA of viruses. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software. Results: The results showed that the JCV expression among colorectal and esophageal cancer patients was more frequent than that among control subjects (40.74% versus 7.69%; Odds Ratio (OR) = 6.75, 18.52% versus 0%; OR = 10.23, respectively). The frequency of EBV in gastric cancer patients was also higher than that of the control group (15.38% versus 0%, OR = 10.82). Besides, HPVDNA expression in gastric and colorectal cancer patients was higher than that among control patients (15.38% versus 0%; OR =9.447, 22.22% versus 0%, OR =13.56 respectively). Conclusion: Our data suggest that both JCV and HPV infections may be associated with colorectal and esophageal cancers risk, and EBV infection may be associated with an increased risk for gastric neoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recognized as the main modulatory molecules in various cancers and perform as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors (NR3C1) regulates numerous proliferative and metabolic processes such as tumorigenesis and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) belongs to a family of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, is located downstream of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR or NR3C1) pathway, and cooperates with GR to suppress apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of NR3C1 and XIAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain mainly unclear. This research aims to clarify the potential RNA biomarkers and to construct a novel ceRNA network in CRC. Materials and Methods: Multistep bioinformatics methods such as Lnc2cancer and miRDB databases were applied to identify candidate lncRNAs and miRNAs. The interaction energy between lncRNAs, NR3C1, and XIAP genes was analyzed by the LncRRIsearch database. Plus, microRNAs and lncRNA were evaluated via the Diana tools database to select microRNAs with the most binding scores. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) was applied to verify RNA molecules' expression levels and their association with the clinicopathological factors in 30 CRC tissues compared to 30 adjacent tissues. Results: QRT-PCR showed upregulation of KCNQ1OT1, NR3C1, and XIAP and downregulation of miR-421. The ceRNA network was constructed with 17 lncRNAs, 2 mRNAs, and 42 miRNAs. Thus, we explained the potential interactions between KCNQ1OT1 and miR-421 with NR3C1 and XIAP genes. Conclusion: Our study represents potential prognostic biomarkers and a new ceRNA network for further study in CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) rates increased dramatically significantly over the last few decades. Oxidative stress have been proposed as major factors in the pathogenesis of this cancer, which can cause by exposure to toxic heavy metals, such as lead (Pb). Recently gained attention to natural anti-oxidant fruits such as oleaster (Ziziphus Jujuba), for modulation of induced oxidative stress by Pb. This review aims to highlight the antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of jujube fruit for the decrease of induced oxidative stress by Pb. Methods: Ziziphus Jujuba Mill, lead, Pb, colorectal cancer were researched in electronic English databases (between 2000 and 2021) and relevant English published articles were included. Results: Relevant studies showed that high level of Pb may exert diverse toxic effects on colorectal cells. Pb’s toxicity could induce oxidative stress and alter antioxidant activities by inhibiting functional SH groups in antioxidant enzymes. Oxidative stress products could directly or indirectly increase lipid peroxidation, DNA and proteins damages, defects DNA repair, surpasses the antioxidant levels, alter regulations of genes, signal transduction and cell growth. In vitro and in vitvo studies have been reported that Pb can promote tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis (by inducing interleukin-8 expression); activate epidermal growth factor receptor and induces phosphorylation of downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2; and increase lipid peroxidation or decrease antioxidant defense mechanism. Nowadays, Ziziphus Jujuba is attended as a medicinal herb with antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities. In vitro and in vitvo studies have been showed that Jujube could reduce DNA damage and ROS production in Caco-2 cells and could reduce inflammation via reduction of tumor necrosis factor 1, interlukine 1b, and 6. These Jujuba properties are related to its compositions ( Flavons, flavonoids, anthocyanins, polysaccharides, and phenolic acid). Jujuba's Polysaccharides, could reduce oxidative stress on colorectal cells and can be served as immune adjuvants to improve the immune responses. Polyphenols have antioxidant, anti inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It was proposed that antioxidant activity of Jujube is related to the highest content of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Conclusion: In conclusion, Jujuba could be used for modulation and reduction of induced oxidative stress, inflammation and carcinogenicity by Lead in cancer and colorectal cancer, in combination with established treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is one of important tumor markers for diagnosis and monitoring of colorectal cancers (CRC) Elevated concentration of CEA from normal level could be a sign of CRC. However, in early stages of CRC, CEA concentration could not be differentiable from normal range by the available tools This review shows that fluorescent features, and physical chemical properties of GQDs composites has been applied in ECL immunosensors for determination of CEA in early stages of CRC. Methods: Relevant studies in the electronic database were chosen by the medline library. Only papers published in revent English have included. Results: Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as a powerful analytical technique has chemiluminescence and electrochemical analysis advantages such as wide response range and high sensitivity. High specific interaction of antigen and antibody has made electrochemiluminescence immunosensors as most important sensors for the specific analysis of CEA. Graphen quantum dots (GQDs) with unique electro-optical properties and biocompatibility have great potential applications in ECL sensing. Immobilization of antibodies on GQDs/Au@Pt improves performance of ECL immunosensor for CEA detection in serum samples between 1.0 pg/mL to 10 ng/mLwith the excellent detection limit of 0.6 pg/mL. ECL intensity of hydrazide GQDs / gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) immunosensor is decreased as a result of elevating CEA concentration (detection limit= 0.01 ng/mL). Additionally, ultrasensitive sandwich type ECL immunosensor based on poly (5-formylindole) graphene oxide/Au nanoparticle/graphene quantum dots has been exhibited broad linear range between 0.1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL as well as low detection limit of 3.78 fg/mL for CEA detection. Conclusion: In conclusion, ECL immunosensors and apta sensors based on graphene-quantom dots composites could increase detection capability of CEA in the early stages of CRC because of their broad linear ranges as well as higher detection of limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]