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The longstanding view of Neotropical mountain uplift as a promoter of species diversification has become commonplace in the last decades and could benefit from more specific Earth-Life evolution associations. We now know that mountain formation has contributed to the outstanding levels of richness and endemism of Neotropical mountains. Nonetheless, we are lacking conceptual and empirical frameworks where geological and biological processes are causally linked through testable hypotheses. In this perspective, we present volcanic activity in the Neotropics, not as phenomena occurring “on top of” mountain uplift, the latter being the phenomena of biogeographical interest, but rather as geological processes that directly impact biodiversity and are themselves the phenomenon of biogeographical interest. Volcanoes deserve biogeographical attention because their effects on landscape evolution generate predictable biodiversity process counterparts that can be integrated into biogeographical models enabling hypothesis testing. We review examples in the literature emphasizing the spatio-temporal scale of volcanism’s predicted and recorded effects on biodiversity. We illustrate our perspective by two recent study cases, focusing on wax palms and passerine birds. In the first one, wax palm genomic sampling was used to test 2 hypotheses: that the northern Andes have been disconnected in the past and connected by rapid but repeated eruptions of caldera-forming eruptions in the Colombian Massif fostering episodic dispersal, or alternatively, that they have always been continuous and have gradually uplifted hosting continuous diversification and dispersal through time. In broadly this same area, genetic and phenotypic data revealed the existence of a hybrid zone between species in the warbler genus Myioborus. Because hybridization is likely younger than volcanic activity, topographic connection spurred by volcanism could have also enabled secondary contact between previously isolated species, a hypothesis that merits formal testing. Altogether, we emphasize the pertinence of the volcanic record in offering opportunities for the evaluation of biogeographical hypotheses in the context of Neotropical mountains and their singularly outsized biodiversity.

The Wadi Natash volcanic field (WNVF) in the south of the Eastern Desert of Egypt is a typical example of well-preserved intraplate alkaline magmatism during the Late Cretaceous, i.e., prior to the Oligo-Miocene Red Sea rift. We compiled stratigraphic sections at two sectors; namely East Gabal Nuqra and West Khashm Natash (WKN) where the volcanic flows are intercalated with the Turonian Abu Agag sandstone with occasional paleosols when volcanic activity is intermittent. Peridotite mantle xenoliths are encountered in the first sector whereas flows in the second sector are interrupted by trachyte plugs and ring dykes. On a geochemical basis, the mafic melt originating from the lithospheric mantle beneath the WNVF practiced ~ 5% partial melting of phlogopite-bearing garnet peridotite. Basalts dominate in the two sectors and highly evolved (silicic) rocks are confined to the WKN sector. Rejuvenation of ancient Precambrian fractures following the NW–SE and ENE-WSW trends facilitated the ascend of Late Cretaceous mantle-derived alkaline magma. Structurally, the WNVF developed at the eastern shoulder of the so-called "Kom Ombo-Nuqra-Kharit rift system" that represents a well-defined NW-trending intracontinental rift basin in the southern Eastern Desert. In such a structural setup, the Natash volcanic are confined to half-grabens at the East Gabal Nuqra sector whereas the West Khashm Natash sector is subjected to extensional stresses that propagated eastwards. The WNVF is a typical example of fluvial clastics (Turonian) intercalation with rift-related alkaline volcanic rocks in northeast Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combined investigation of geochemistry and geochronology was carried out for Early Cretaceous magmatic rocks in Tongling, centre of the Middle and Lower Yangtze River. The magmatic activity can be divided into two stages, peaking at ~140 Ma and ~127 Ma. The previous show high Sr and Sr/Y, low Y, and the later have low Sr, Sr/Y and La/Yb. There are correlation patterns between Sr-Nd isotopes and SiO2, and samples show little variation of V and Cr with large variation of Rb, which suggest the effects of partial melting of the diverse source and magma mixing/crustal assimilation were more important than fractional crystallization. The broad variation of εNd(t) and εHf(t) values can be attributed to binary mixing of YC lower crust with slab-derived or enriched mantle melts. The TDM2 of Nd and Hf, Zr saturation temperature, and magma oxygen fugacity display increased trend from ~140 Ma to ~127 Ma. Based on these signatures, origin model of the Early Cretaceous intrusions in Tongling was proposed. Affected by Pacific Plate subduction, following metasomatism by slab-derived fluid/melts, basaltic magma derived from lithospheric mantle underplated the lower crust. Meanwhile, partial melting of the lower crust formed the intermediate-felsic rocks of the first stage. As subduction continued, roll-back of the subducted slab resulted in extension, causing lithospheric thinning and the upwelling of hot asthenosphere. The second stage intrusions were the result of the reworking of the Meso-Neoproterozoic crust in the extension tectonic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of Archean granitoid rocks changed from predominantly tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the early Archean (4-3 Ga) to diversified granitoid rock assemblages in the late Archean (3.0-2.5 Ga), marking a crucial transformation in the geodynamic processes of early Earth. However, the reason for this major transition remains enigmatic because the petrogenetic features of different granitoid assemblages and their crust-mantle interactions during different periods are poorly understood. We use variations in the spatial-temporal distribution, lithological association, chemical composition, and petrogenesis of Neoarchean (2.7-2.5 Ga) granitoids and inferred correlative crust-mantle interactions in the Eastern Liaoning Range (ELR) of the northeastern North China craton to explore this geodynamic transition. The early Neoarchean (ca. 2.7 Ga) ELR granitoids were dominated by TTG gneisses, and the late Neoarchean (2.6-2.5 Ga) ELR granitoid typology and compositions became more complex, changing into TTGs and more K2O-rich granitoid rocks. The TTGs can be subdivided into a high-Ca group and a low-Ca group: The 2.71-2.68 Ga high-Ca group TTG magma originated from partial melting of subducted juvenile oceanic crust, and the low-Ca group TTG magma was derived from fractionation crystallization of the high-Ca group TTG magma. The chemical composition of the magmatic sources played a dominant role on the 2.60-2.50 Ga TTG magmatism: the high-Ca and low-Ca group TTG magmas came from low-K mafic rocks and tonalites, respectively. The 2.58-2.49 Ga K2O-rich granitoids can be divided into three petrogenetic series: (1) The high-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma originated from partial melting of high-K mafic rocks, (2) the low-Ca-Mg group K2O-rich granitoid magma was derived from partial melting of sedimentary rocks, and (3) the transition group K2O-rich granitoid magma was sourced from metagreywackes. The 2.71-2.68 Ga TTGs were generated in an island arc belt, and subducted slab melting and subsequent magmatic differentiation were the dominant mechanisms of the TTG magmatism. The 2.60-2.50 Ga diversified granitoids were formed in the oceanic-continental subduction process under the active continental margin; the complicated oceanic slab subduction and arc-arc and arc-continent collisions contributed to the diversity of late Neoarchean granitoid magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial Phanerozoic crustal growth and reworking in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt has partly obscured the Precambrian geological record. Accurate identification of such Precambrian magmatism and its petrogenesis is paramount to unveiling the early crustal evolution of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Two outcrops of Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic magmatism in the Longjiang area of NE China, eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, were recently discovered. The Kaoquantun outcrop consists of monzogranites that yield a zircon 207Pb/206Pb age of 2568 ± 8 Ma and are similar to peraluminous A1-type granites. They were derived from the partial melting of a hybrid crustal source comprising newly accreted Mesoarchean crust and abundant supracrustal metapelites in a post-collisional extensional setting. Such metapelites were initially part of the upper crust but were buried in the middle-lower crust due to crustal thickening prior to ca. 2.6 Ga. In the Zhanbeitun outcrop, basaltic andesites overlie monzogranites, and both have been intruded by syenogranites. The monzogranites and syenogranites yield zircon 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1881 ± 10 Ma and 1843 ± 3 Ma, respectively, whereas the basaltic andesites are inferred to have formed at 1.88-1.84 Ga. The 1.88 Ga monzogranites have relatively enriched zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions and were derived from a hybrid melt of mafic rocks in the lower crust and ancient metabasalts that had undergone low-temperature alteration at supracrustal depths. The 1.88-1.84 Ga basaltic andesites are Nb-rich and were generated by the partial melting of a mantle wedge that was metasomatized by subduction-derived fluids, recycled sediments, and slab-derived melts. The 1.84 Ga syenogranites are peraluminous and K-rich, and record a profound mixing and assimilation process involving melts derived from supracrustal sediments and the lower crust. Three stages of Paleoproterozoic magmatism emerged from subductionrelated crustal thickening, slab breakoff, and collision, respectively. The zircon Hf isotopic data further indicate that the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt underwent at least one stage of proto-crustal growth at ca. 3.0 Ga, followed by multiple phases of crustal reworking during the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic, with dominant involvement of supracrustal components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration and character of magmatism over time can provide important insights into the tectonic evolution of an orogen. We present evidence for three separate stages of compositionally distinct granitoid magmatism associated with the Acadian orogenic cycle in the eastern and southern Newfoundland Appalachians. The interpretations are based on new zircon U-Pb ages, geochemical data, and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic data for 18 samples from 15 Silurian and Devonian granitoid plutons, combined with previously published data. The three stages outline hinterland- and foreland-directed migration trends and represent subduction (435-420 Ma), syncollision (415-405 Ma), and postcollision (395-370 Ma) settings in the Acadian orogenic cycle. The Silurian plutons (435-420 Ma) of the first stage consist mainly of quartz diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, monzogranite, and syenogranite, with high-K calc-alkaline and enriched Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic compositions (e.g., eNd[t] = -5 to -2; eHf[t] = -3 to -1; d18O = +6? to +8?). They are interpreted to record the subduction of oceanic lithosphere of the Acadian seaway that separated the leading edge of composite Laurentia, represented by the Gander margin, and Avalonia. Early Devonian plutons (415-405 Ma) of the second stage contain more voluminous monzogranite and syenogranite; they have calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline features, adakite-like compositions, and more depleted Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic compositions (e.g., eNd[t] = -6 to 0; eHf[t] = +1 to +3; d18O = +5? to +6?). Plutons of this stage occur mostly to the northwest of the Silurian granitoids, indicating a regional-scale northwestward (hinterland-directed) migration of magmatism with a rate of >9 km/m.y. The migration is interpreted to have been related to the progressive shallow underthrusting of Avalonia beneath the Gander margin (composite Laurentia) at least as far as 90 km inboard. The Middle to Late Devonian plutons of the third stage (395-370 Ma) consist mainly of monzogranite, syenogranite, and alkali-feldspar granite, which are silica- and alkali-rich granites with large negative Eu anomalies. These rocks are concentrated along both sides of the Dover-Hermitage Bay fault zone, which represents the boundary between Avalonia and composite Laurentia, to the southeast of the Silurian and Early Devonian igneous rocks. This stage of magmatism represents a foreland-directed (retreating) migration. The Early Devonian and Middle to Late Devonian episodes of magmatism were separated by a gap between 405 Ma and 395 Ma and recorded an evolution from (high-K) calc-alkaline to alkaline compositions, ascribed to partial delamination of Avalonian lithospheric mantle in a postcollisional setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure, composition, and evolution of oceanic plateaus are poorly understood and strongly debated. Here, we compared the magmatic history and crustal structure of Afar with the Greenland–Iceland–Faroe Ridge and other oceanic plateaus. Key similarities indicate that Central Afar represents the early stage of development of a specific type of oceanic plateau: a rifted oceanic magmatic plateau (ROMP). These features begin their formation before continental rifting and develop into wide magmatic rift systems capable of isolating slivers of continental crust within the new igneous crust. Importantly, the anomalous magmatism continues through breakup and for several tens of millions of years afterward. The recognition of Central Afar as a precursor of this type of oceanic plateau allows us to better understand their formation. Increased melt production causes early and voluminous magmatism, ultrathick igneous crust, and repeated reorganization of the extension locus during rift/ridge jumps, which delay the onset of oceanization and Penrose-style crustal production. These factors differentiate ROMPs from many magma-rich rifted continental margins and from other types of oceanic plateaus, highlighting that Central Afar and other ROMPs should neither be considered as conventional magma-rich margins nor be considered as normal oceanic crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tectonomagmatic evolution of the southern Coast Mountains batholith, British Columbia reveals the relation of magmatic tempo, deformation, and relative plate motions which inform models for growth of continental crust and convergent plate dynamics. Magmatism in the southern batholith is episodic, derived primarily from the mantle, and reflects lower‐plate dynamics (Cecil et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007874, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02361.1). New field, structural, geochronologic, and geobarometric results from the southern batholith document three episodes of deformation, each spatially and temporally coincident with a high magmatic flux event (HFE). Sinistral faulting (<117–103 Ma) and penetrative deformation (110–90 Ma) occurred only within two distinct areas affected by a HFE at 114–102 Ma. Following a magmatic lull, crustal shortening occurred after 90 Ma and before 72 Ma within the region affected by a second HFE (85–70 Ma). After 70 Ma and before 53 Ma, >100 km of dextral slip occurred on the Coast shear zone and minor shortening affected 64–62 Ma plutons, overlapping with the 64–61 Ma HFE. Thus, at the crustal level exposed in the southern batholith, the timing and location of deformation is linked to magmatic tempo and the style of deformation varies through time. These results suggest that magmatic HFE modulate the timing and location of deformation while relative plate motions during HFE influence the style of deformation. Periods of deformation in batholiths may thus record high‐flux magmatic events and coeval plate motion but do not necessarily signal changes in plate motions. Plain Language Summary: Understanding how continents grow and the dynamics of plate motions relies on knowing the geologic history of convergent margins. Here we present new data on the evolution of a Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene convergent margin preserved in the southern Coast Mountains batholith in British Columbia. Magmatism in the southern batholith is episodic, derived primarily from the mantle, and reflects lower‐plate dynamics (Cecil et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007874, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02361.1). Our new results show that the southern batholith experienced three episodes of deformation, each one coincident with one of three high‐magmatic‐flux events. This pattern suggests that the timing and location of deformation here is linked to magmatic tempo and the style of deformation varies independently. Thus, we conclude that magmatic patterns modulate the tempo and location of deformation and that relative plate motions during episodes of high‐flux magmatism control the style of deformation. Periods of deformation in batholiths may thus record high‐flux magmatic events and coeval plate motion but do not necessarily signal changes in plate motions. Key Points: The location and timing of deformation and high‐flux magmatism coincide across the southern Coast Mountains batholith between ca. 115 and 50 MaHigh‐flux magmatism controls the timing and location of deformation; style of deformation reflects plate motion during high‐flux magmatismDextral slip exceeded 100 km on the intra‐arc Coast shear zone (<70–53) Ma and caused Salinian‐style repetition of the batholith [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophiolites, mostly formed via subduction initiation at proto-forearcs, exhibit a unique variation of mantle-derived magmatism from MORB-like to low-Ti tholeiitic and bainitic-like affinities. Such variation was suggested to form chromite deposits spanning high-Al to high-Cr types. Nevertheless, the origin of diverse magmatism during subduction initiation and their linkages to different chromite deposits has long been enigmatic. Here we show elemental and Os isotopic compositions of different chromitites from the Zambales ophiolite, Philippines. Combined with data from ophiolites worldwide, high-Al and high-Cr chromitites are revealed to result from low-Ti tholeiitic and boninitic-like magmatism, respectively. Proto-forearc mantle had few chromitites generated during MORB-like magmatism, but afterwards, it was modified first by slab fluids and later by continuous asthenospheric upwelling in the context of slab densification and rollback. The latter modification elevated the geothermal gradient and replenished fertile components in the proto-forearc mantle progressively, inducing increasingly higher degrees of mantle melting and Cr-richer magmatism and chromitites. Varied rates of slab rollback are the fundamental driving force for the evolution of infant subduction zones. Relevant non-uniform motion induces thermo-chemical variations in the underlying mantle, generating diverse magmatism and chromite ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thick crust of the southern Tibetan and central Andean plateaus includes high-conductivity, low-velocity zones ascribed to partial melt. The melt origin and effect on plateau uplift remain speculative, in particular if plateau uplift happens before continental collision. The East Anatolian Plateau (EAP) has experienced similar, more recent uplift but its structure is largely unknown. Here we present an 80 km deep geophysical model across EAP, constrained by seismic receiver functions integrated with interpretation of gravity data and seismic tomographic, magnetotelluric, geothermal, and geochemical models. The results indicate a 20 km thick lower crustal layer and a 10 km thick mid-crustal layer, which both contain pockets of partial melt. We explain plateau uplift by isostatic equilibration following magmatism associated with roll-back and break-off of the Neo-Tethys slab. Our results suggest that crustal thickening by felsic melt and mafic underplate are important for plateau uplift in the EAP, Andes and Tibet. Partially molten middle and underplated lower crust may control isostatic plateau uplift, with uplift duration corelated to middle crustal thickness, which determines the height and crustal thickness of the Anatolian, Tibetan and Andean plateaux [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleogeographic reconstructions show that the Ligurian‐Piedmont Ocean (LPO) was a relatively narrow oceanic basin but the actual amount of oceanic lithosphere generated and the timing of magmatic accretion are still subjects of debate. New U–Pb dating of zircon from two pairs of FeTi‐oxide metagabbro and metaplagiogranite s.l. of the Susa and Lanzo Valleys Ophiolites (Western Alps) yields Late Jurassic magmatic ages (~150 Ma), 10–15 Ma younger than most of the magmatism in the LPO. The potential significance of the geochronological data presented are discussed in relation to the structural architecture of the LPO, emphasizing that the investigated ophiolites represent the youngest oceanic lithosphere accreted in the Western Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age of formation of the explosion pipes of the Chapinskii complex in the Chingasan magmatic belt in the northern part of the Yenisei Ridge is determined. U–Pb dating of zircon megacrysts from alkaline ultramafic rocks has established the values of 657.7 ± 13.4 and 647.6 ± 9.7 Ma for the Natalyinskaya pipe and Pipe no. 3, respectively. The intrusion of alkaline ultramafic explosion pipes of the Chapinskii complex corresponds to the time of manifestation of alkaline ultramafic magmatism along the southern and southwestern margin of the Siberian Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of the tholeiitic, alkali or calc-alkali, high-silica, and adakitic rocks (I-, FG- and А-types) in the northeastern margin of Asia often leads to controversial conclusions about the character of magmatism and the active margin evolution in the West Pacific during the Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic. In addition, paleogeodynamic reconstructions of the Asia-Pacific region can only be made based on the synthesis of patterns identified in compositions of magma sources, evolution and character of magmatism, and strain and kinematic analysis of fault tectonics of all parts of the eastern margin of the paleo-Asian continent. The paper presents new isotopic, geochemical, and structural data on one of the largest early Paleogene structures located at the continental margin of the southern Sikhote-Alin. Based on the new and previously published data we have concluded that the tectonic and magmatic settings of the region were shaped by oblique interaction of continental and oceanic plates during the Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene. The igneous products of the frontal (FG-type), in respect to the trench, and intracontinental (А-type) parts of the area are characterized by isotopic-geochemical variations caused by thermal changes in upwelling asthenosphere and by interaction with lithospheric components. These processes accounted for the formation of initial magmas similar to the IAB- or OIB-type mantle source, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear gravity anomalies (LGAs) on the Moon have been interpreted as ancient magmatic intrusions formed during the lunar expansion. The composition of such ancient subsurface intrusions may offer hints for the lunar thermodynamic state in the initial stage of lunar history. To pose a first compositional constraint on magmatism related to lunar expansion, this study analyzed the spectrum and gravity around craters on LGAs, such as Rowland, Roche, and Edison craters. Using reflectance spectra around the craters, we first surveyed non‐mare basaltic exposures. To test the LGA excavation scenario as a possible origin of the discovered exposures, we then compared the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory data and post‐cratering gravity simulation with the iSALE shock physics code. Our spectral analysis reveals no basaltic exposure around the Rowland crater. Further, the observed termination of LGA at the crater rim contradicts the gravity simulation, which assumes that LGA predates the Rowland crater. These results suggest that LGA formation might postdate the Rowland formation and that lunar expansion lasted even after the Nectarian age. On the other hand, we found that both Roche and Edison craters possess basaltic exposures in their peripheries. Because the gravity reduction inside Roche crater can be reproduced in our simulation, the discovered basaltic exposures are possibly LGA materials ejected from these craters. The composition of those exposures shows that the LGA intrusions at the two locations are composed of low‐titanium magma, indicating that ancient magma during the expansion did not contain ilmenite‐rich melt, perhaps resulting from the low‐ilmenite content of the ancient upper mantle. Plain Language Summary: The Moon has positive, narrow, and long gravity anomalies, so‐called linear gravity anomalies (LGAs), which are thought to be magmatic intrusions formed during the ancient lunar expansion. The composition of these intrusions may provide insights into the early lunar thermal state. This study analyzed the reflectance spectra and gravity data around craters located on LGAs, specifically Rowland, Roche, and Edison craters, which are postulated to have ejected the LGA material. By analyzing the reflectance spectra, we first identified non‐mare basaltic exposures that likely originated from these subsurface formations. We next examine if these exposures are composed of the LGA materials by comparing the observed gravity with cratering simulation results. We found no basaltic exposures around Rowland and that gravity inside Rowland is not consistent with the excavation hypothesis, perhaps suggesting that LGA formation and lunar expansion occurred after the Rowland formation. On the other hand, we discovered basaltic exposures around both Roche and Edison craters, which can be interpreted as ejecta from the LGAs consistent with the gravity inside Roche crater. The composition of these exposures indicates that LGAs are composed of low‐titanium magma, which provides a new constraint on the ancient thermal state of the Moon. Key Points: High‐calcium pyroxene exposures and gravity reduction around Roche crater imply an excavation of lunar linear gravity anomaly materialsLunar subsurface dikes formed during the ancient expansion stage are estimated to be composed of low‐titanium magmaA linear gravity anomaly possibly postdates the Rowland crater, suggesting a potential prolongation of lunar expansion beyond the Nectarian age [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the crustal radial anisotropy in the eastern South China Block (ESCB) with the F‐J multimodal ambient noise tomography. Well corresponding to widespread mid‐crustal low‐velocity zones in the VSV ${V}_{SV}$ model, a pronounced mid‐crustal channel of positive radial anisotropy is revealed. In the Cathaysia Block, it may origin from sub‐horizontally aligned quartz induced by extension and correspond to the phase transition of α $\alpha $ to β $\beta $ quartz. In other areas, while, it may be relevant to other well‐aligned minerals. This positive mid‐crustal radial anisotropy channel not only provides the solid evidence for dominative extensional deformation since late Mesozoic, but also may indicate an important detachment surface, contributing much to the early Mesozoic magmatism in the ESCB. Plain Language Summary: Seismic radial anisotropy represents that the vertically and horizontally polarized shear‐waves propagate at different wave velocities, providing useful insights into crustal deformation. In areas with extensional deformation, the positive radial anisotropy, which denotes that the shear‐wave velocity along horizontally polarized direction is larger than that along vertically polarized direction, has been widely found in the middle and lower crust. However, this is still a lack of detailed investigation on the crustal radial anisotropy and validation on the existence of positive mid‐crustal radial anisotropy in the ESCB although it also experienced crustal extension since the late Mesozoic. In result, we investigated the crustal radial anisotropy in this area with the F‐J multimodal ambient noise tomography and revealed a pronounced mid‐crustal channel of positive radial anisotropy (MCC‐PRA). This MCC‐PRA may correspond to phase transitions of relevant well‐aligned minerals, solidly supporting the extensional deformation. Meanwhile, the MCC‐PRA may represent the crustal brittle‐ductile transition zone because its top accords well with the depth distribution of earthquakes. More importantly, it may indicate an important detachment surface, playing a critical role in the early Mesozoic magmatism in the ESCB. Key Points: We present a new radial anisotropy model of the crust in the eastern South China Block with F‐J multimodal ambient noise tomographyThe new radial anisotropy model presents a pronounced mid‐crustal channel of positive radial anisotropy (MCC‐PRA)This MCC‐PRA may outline phase transitions of relevant well‐aligned minerals (e.g., quartz) and indicate an important detachment surface [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Palaeozoic–early Mesozoic Palaeo‐Tethyan evolution was crucial for the formation of present‐day eastern Asia. However, the exact timing and mechanism of the opening of the main Palaeo‐Tethys Ocean, represented by the Longmuco‐Shuanghu‐Changning‐Menglian‐Bentong‐Raub Suture, remain debated. Here, we report U–Pb–Hf isotopes and trace elements for Late Devonian detrital zircons from the Batang area, which exhibit arc‐like geochemical signatures, indicating strong continental arc magmatism in the North Qiangtang terrane. These characteristics match well with those of coeval zircons from the Indochina and Hainan terranes, thus defining a 4000‐km‐long Late Devonian continental arc. Supported by available geological and geophysical evidence, our results suggest that the southward subduction of the Jinshajiang‐Ailaoshan‐Song Ma Ocean led to the northward migration of the North Qiangtang‐Indochina‐Hainan continental ribbon and the subsequent opening of a back‐arc basin, which evolved into the main Palaeo‐Tethys Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Laurentia (ancestral North America) records nearly 4 billion years of crustal evolution. Here, a newly compiled continental‐scale Pb isotopic database is used to evaluate the Precambrian crustal evolution of Laurentia. Pb model ages yield a 2.7 Ga peak, a 2.5–1.8 Ga minimum and 1.8–0.9 Ga continuum. Pb model ages yield thermochronometric data and track crustal growth via arc‐related magmatism and accretionary orogenesis. Model 232Th/204Pb and 238U/204Pb broadly correlate with mapped crustal domains. More homogeneous and less radiogenic 238U/204Pb and 232Th/238U after 2.7 Ga suggests a shift to more juvenile sources, loss of early isotopic reservoirs and greater crustal reworking. U and Th are fractionated from Pb in Proterozoic orogens with abundant ferroan and anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite(AMCG)‐suite magmatism. This fractionation suggests the removal of Pb‐rich lower crust, supporting petrogenetic models involving lithospheric foundering and magmatic underplating. Lithospheric thinning and associated magmatism may have contributed to high middle Proterozoic geothermal gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late Mesozoic igneous rocks along the coastal South China Block (SCB) exhibit complex parental sources involving a depleted mantle, subducted sediment-derived melt, and melted crust. This period aligns with the magmatic flare-up and lull in the SCB, debating with the compression or extension in coastal region. Our study employs numerical models to investigate the dynamics of the ascent of underplating magma along the Changle–Nan'ao Belt (CNB), simulating its intrusion and cooling processes while disregarding the formational background. The rheological structure of the lithospheric mantle significantly influences magma pathways, dictating the distribution of magmatism. This work reveals that the ascent of magma in the presence of faults is considerably faster than in the absence of faults, and contemporaneous magmatic melts could produce different cooling and diagenetic processes. Additionally, the influence of pre-existing magma accelerated the emplacement of underplating magma. The magma beneath the fault ascended rapidly, reaching the lower crust within 20 million years, with a cooling rate of approximately ∼ 35 °C Myr -1. Conversely, the thickened magma took 40–50 million years to ascend to the lower crust, cooling at a rate of ∼ 10 °C Myr -1. In contrast, magma without thickening and fault would take a considerably longer time to reach the lower crust. The ascent of magma formed a mush-like head, contributing to magmatic circulation beneath the crust and decreasing crustal thickness. Multiphase magmatism increases the geothermal gradient, reducing lithospheric viscosity and promoting underplating magma ascent, leading to magmatic flare-ups and lulls. Our findings suggest that the Cretaceous magmatism at different times in the coastal SCB may be associated with the effects of lithospheric faults under similar subduction conditions. Boundary compression forces delay magma ascent, while rising magma induces a significant circulation, decreasing the crustal thickness of the coastal SCB. This study provides new insights into the complex interplay of magmatic processes during subduction, emphasizing the role of lithospheric structure in shaping the temporal and spatial evolution of coastal magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main ocean–continent transformation stage of the Qinling and Qilian conjunction zone happened in the Early Paleozoic with the occurrence of a lot of subduction–collision–related magmatic rocks. However, there is still considerable controversy over the duration of the subduction–collision orogeny process of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, here termed as the Wushan–Shangdan Ocean. We provide geochronological, geochemical, and Lu-Hf isotopic data for typical Early Devonian igneous rocks there, named Tailu pluton. The Tailu pluton at 410 Ma comprised K-rich, calc-alkaline, metaluminous A-type granite with low Y/Nb ratios (0.85 to 1.35) and A/CNK values (0.90 to 1.01); with high SiO2 contents (65.44 to 74.46 wt%), Mg# values (39.2 to 50.7), and zircon saturation temperatures (745 to 846 °C); and with negative εHf (t) values (−8.0 to −1.9); therefore, they resulted from the partial melting of the ancient felsic lower crust accompanied by the incorporation of mantle-derived material during the intraplate magmatism process. Research on Tailu pluton has provided more sufficient evidence for the evolution process of the Qinling–Qilian conjunction zone in the Early Paleozoic, associated with evolution of the Wushan–Shangdan Ocean, the northern part of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of magmatic microgranular enclaves has been investigated in the Mesoproterozoic granitoid Krasnopol intrusion (1.5 Ga), part of the AMCG (anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite) Mazury Complex in the East European Craton (NE Poland). The granitoids are ferroan and metaluminous, and display the typical characteristics of A-type granites, with high contents of Zr, Nb, Ga and rare earth elements (REEs). The enclaves are metaluminous and have a broad compositional range with two groups distinguished: silica-poor (45–50 wt% SiO2) and silica-rich (54 to 59 wt% SiO2), the latter overlapping in composition with the granitoid samples. The silica-poor enclaves are enriched in REEs compared to the silica-rich type, while the silica-rich enclaves exhibit trace-element patterns similar to those of the granitoids. Initial whole rock εNd values range between -3.8 and -4.0 for the granitoids and give a slightly wider range from -2.6 to -3.8 for the enclaves. The 87Sr/86Sr initial values vary from 0.7084 to 0.7138 for the granitoids and between 0.7052 and 0.7075 for the enclaves and indicate that the granitoids and enclaves are not isotopically identical. These may suggest that the two magmatic systems represented by the granitoid host rock and the enclaves, were probably derived from different sources, but with sufficient interaction, which led to a progressive change in the composition of the enclaves towards intermediate composition. We suggest that the mafic melts of the enclaves were generated at the base of the thickened crust through partial melting of the lower crustal source, with a significant contribution from mantle material. The increase in temperature resulted in anatexis of the lower crust and the formation of the granitoid parental magma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eocene Rasht-Abad volcanic rocks are located in the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt (including the Tarom-Hashtjin province) of NW Iran. Those are mainly mafic to intermediate with calc-alkaline affinities, comprising andesite, andesite-basalt, trachy-andesite, and dacite. Clinopyroxene ranging in composition from diopside to augite is the most significant mafic mineral of the basic rocks. Aluminum partitioning between tetrahedral and octahedral sites shows that those crystalized at low pressure. Ferric iron of clinopyroxene also indicates high oxygen fugacity for formation of crystal. Geothermobarometry using clinopyroxene-melt equilibrium calculations constrains the crystallization temperature and pressure of this mineral as 1100–1200 °C and 2–6 kbar. Ce/Pb values of the mafic lavas are lower than values expected for mantle-derived melts but do not support crustal contamination. Co-existing basalt to trachyandesite lavas display parallel and tight REE patterns that suggest these rocks originated from a common mantle source or parental magma. Tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams and mineral compositions are consistent with the host volcanic rocks having the characteristics of continental margin arcs. Geochemical data are consistent with the parental magma of mafic-intermediate rocks of Rasht-Abad area being derived from a typical subcontinental lithospheric mantle which was enriched by subducted slab-derived fluids and melts during tectonic events in the active continental margin. The data support a model of Eocene flare-up magmatism associated with rollback of a flattened slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the northeastern part of the Chingiz–Tarbagatai segment of the Boshchekul–Chingiz folded area, U‒Pb age estimates of Middle Paleozoic granitoid complexes were obtained for the first time and their geochemical features were described. The recent data indicate a wide distribution of Late Silurian granitoids, represented by I-type rocks, on this territory. Early Devonian rocks form a number of separate volcano-plutonic structures, the granitoids of which can be classified as A-type. The compositional features of granitoids formed during the Cambrian‒Devonian enable one to trace the evolution of the crust of this part of the Chingiz–Tarbagatai segment from an ensimatic island arc to a volcanic belt with a relatively mature continental-type crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New U–Th–Pb (SIMS)–geochronological, petro-geochemical, and Sr–Nd isotopic data for granitoids of three plutonic complexes (Sakhani, Omchikanda, and Arga–Emneken), located in the joint area of the two large batholih belts of the Verkhoyan–Kolyma fold area, Glavnyi and Severnyi, are presented. The Valanginian–Hauterivian age of the granitoids of all three complexes is established. The similarity of the granites and leucogranites of the Omchikanda and Sakhani complexes to the I–S-type granites and the similarity of the Arga–Emneken granitoids to the I-type granites are shown. The petro-geochemical peculiarities of the granitoid composition indicate a metasedimentary source for the granites and leucogranites of the Omchikanda and Sakhani complexes and a metamagmatic (amphibolitic) source for granitoids of the Arga–Emneken Complex. Sr–Nd isotopic data show that the granitoids were melted from different crustal sources, in which there are various proportions of mature material of the continental crust. The totality of geological and newly obtained geochronological, petro-geochemical, and isotopic data allow us to suppose a collisional setting of their formation in the terminal Valanginian–Hauterivian stage of collision between the Kolyma–Omolon microcontinent and the Siberian continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large mantle helium anomaly and separate domains of high heat flow are the predominant manifestations of bimodal magmatic activity in the Milford valley. The mantle helium anomaly (1.9–2.6 R/Ra) covers 270 km2 and is subdivided into two separated domains: a cold shallow groundwater regime and high temperature hydrothermal activity. The zone of anomalous heat flow covers >100 km2 and is also subdivided into two adjacent domains, comprising hydrothermal activity at Roosevelt Hot Springs (RHS) (3–7 W/m2) and conductive heat flow (100–180 mW/m2). While the transfer of heat and mantle helium at RHS are coupled, heat and helium transfer are decoupled in the adjacent cold groundwater regime to the west. Both the mantle helium and geothermal anomalies are attributed to recent mafic‐felsic magmatic intrusions of >400 km3, however, the absence of volcanic eruptions <500,000 years indicates magmas stall before rising to shallow crustal level <10 km depth. Deep level magmatism produces a felsic composition melt, which is inferred to be responsible for the widespread and near uniform range of diluted mantle helium values. A thick and impermeable mass of crystalline granitic basement rock at the mid‐crustal level divides the ascent of mantle helium into separate flow paths. It may also impede the rise of buoyant magma trapping thermal energy that facilitates partial melting, slow cooling, and development of a thick thermal aureole. Partitioning of convective and conductive thermal regimes and independent flow paths supplying deeply derived helium characterize the development of a large long‐lived magma‐related geothermal system. Plain Language Summary: Productive high‐grade geothermal resources, a form of renewable energy, are associated with volcanic centers and zones of hydrothermal activity in regions undergoing crustal thinning. The Milford valley in southwest Utah is host to a long dormant volcanic center whose modern expression is mostly limited to hydrothermal activity at Roosevelt Hot Springs, which has produced energy since 1984. The US Department of Energy established the Utah FORGE enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) field laboratory in an adjacent zone of extensive hot dry crystalline rock to advance new methods of energy production. Newly discovered additional natural expression of the geothermal system occurs in the shallow cold groundwaters defined by infiltration of deep‐derived mantle helium. It is the primary indication of undiscovered zones of high heat flow and geothermal resources concealed beneath the surface. The isotopic composition of the helium, plus the high geothermal heat flow, suggest that helium is derived from a large body of magma (>400 km3) that is similar in composition to the volcanic deposits that erupted 500,000 to 800,000 years ago in the nearby Mineral Mountains. A thick mass of impermeable granitic rock forms a barrier to magma ascent, suppressing the recent volcanic activity, and producing geothermal resources instead. Key Points: A large groundwater mantle He anomaly and geothermal resources are shallow manifestations of mafic‐felsic magmatism in the lower crustTwo pathways transect the crust transferring mantle He with or without heat at Roosevelt Hot Springs and the adjacent cold groundwater regimeMid‐crustal granitic basement rock impedes the rise of buoyant magma trapping thermal energy that facilitates partial melting and slow cooling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Eocene–Oligocene post‐breakup magmatism of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) in East Greenland, is represented by sub‐volcanic intrusions associated with a NE‐SW oriented magmatic lineament, the Werner Bjerge Rift. This onshore magmatism extends for more than 100 km from eastern Traill Ø to Werner Bjerge. In the same region, strike‐slip post‐breakup faulting is documented along N‐S trending faults extending more than 300 km from Traill Ø up to the north, along the Loch Fyne Fault Zone. Offshore East Greenland, the NW‐SE trending East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone, has represented the northern boundary of the Jan Mayen Micro Continent in the Eocene–Oligocene, and extended westward, toward Traill Ø. The Werner Bjerge Rift, the Loch Fyne Fault Zone and the East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone were active during the Late Eocene–Oligocene and intersected in eastern Traill Ø with a 120° angle, resembling a triple junction. This study presents the onshore deformation and magmatism associated with a failed triple junction that was active between 40 and 25 Ma, highlighting the importance of inherited structures in response to stress variations and plate tectonics modifications. The tectonic trends of the Fault‐Fault‐Ridge Traill Ø triple junction are inherited structures from the Caledonian Orogeny and from multi‐stage rifting episodes that characterized the East Greenland basin system since the Late Carboniferous. New age and geochemistry of the magmatism in the Werner Bjerge Rift, combined with structural analyses of fault systems suggest that the Traill Ø triple junction was generated by plate tectonics configuration and not by a mantle plume. Plain Language Summary: Triple junctions, the place where three tectonic plates meet, are often associated with mantle plumes. However, the hypothesis of divergent triple junctions linked to the initial doming of continental lithosphere above a mantle plume‐head has been questioned by recent geological, geophysical, and numerical modeling studies. In this paper we describe structures and magmatism associated with a failed triple junction in Traill Ø (East Greenland), that was active in the Late Eocene–Oligocene, between 40 and 25 Ma ago. The triple junction formed in the aftermath of mantle plume action within the North Atlantic Igneous Province and appears primarily controlled by lithosphere structure and inherited structural trends. The data indicate that pre‐existing thermal and mechanical heterogeneities in the lithosphere could significantly impact the propagation, orientation, localization, and distribution of continental rifts and triple junctions. Key Points: The N‐S trending Loch Fyne Fault Zone, characterized by left‐lateral strike slip faults, represents the failed arm of a triple junctionThe Werner Bjerg Rift is a Late Eocene‐Oligocene failed rift characterized by alkaline magmatism similar to the East African riftInherited structural trends, stress variations, and plate tectonics modifications primarily control the failed triple junction in Traill Ø [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Takestan area is in the western part of the Alborz magmatic arc. Magmatic rocks of the area consist of plutonic rocks (e.g. granitoids), effusive volcanic, and pyroclastic rocks. Using U-Pb zircon LA ICP-MS dating, we conclude that major parts of Takestan plutonic rocks were emplaced at 41–39 Ma (Late Eocene, Bartonian), but a small part of these rocks have ages of ~37 Ma (Late Eocene, Priabonian). The dacitic rocks have an age of ~39 Ma (Late Eocene, Bartonian) and the rhyolitic rocks are the youngest part of the magmatic rocks of the region with ages of 37–35 Ma (Late Eocene, Priabonian). Old zircons are present in all of granitoid and volcanic samples, except for a dacitic sample. They are interpreted both as earlier components in a long-lived magma chamber and inherited zircons from older continental crust. The age of magmatic rocks in the western part of the Alborz magmatic arc decreases from east to west, but the ages of the majority of them are limited to Palaeogene. The studied rocks like other Palaeogene magmatic rocks of Iran were possibly formed in a subduction related tectonic environment. Indeed, the Palaeogene magmatism of Iran is akin to geodynamic events related to Neotethyan subduction beneath Iranian micro-continent at the southern part of Eurasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper mantle is critical for our understanding of terrestrial magmatism, crust formation, and element cycling between Earth's solid interior, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Mantle composition and evolution have been primarily inferred by surface sampling and indirect methods. We recovered a long (1268-meter) section of serpentinized abyssal mantle peridotite interleaved with thin gabbroic intrusions. We find depleted compositions with notable variations in mantle mineralogy controlled by melt flow. Dunite zones have predominantly intermediate dips, in contrast to the originally steep mantle fabrics, indicative of oblique melt transport. Extensive hydrothermal fluid-rock interaction is recorded across the full depth of the core and is overprinted by oxidation in the upper 200 meters. Alteration patterns are consistent with vent fluid composition in the nearby Lost City hydrothermal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the effects of eclogitization of slab rocks on the subduction regime under a continent. Eclogitization of rocks in high-pressure metamorphic complexes occurs only in the areas of penetration of hydrous fluid. In the absence of hydrous fluid, the kinetic delay of eclogitization preserves low-density rocks under P‒T conditions of eclogite metamorphism, delaying the weighting of a slab and reducing the efficiency of the slab-pull mechanism, which contributes to steep subduction into the deep mantle. The results of numerical petrological–thermomechanical 2D modeling of subduction under a continent in a wide range of eclogitization parameters of oceanic crustal rocks (discrete eclogitization) are presented. The effects of a lower kinetic delay of eclogitization in a water-bearing basalt layer, compared to a drier underlying gabbro layer, have been tested. Based on the results of 112 numerical experiments with 7 variants of eclogitization ranges (400–650°C for basalt and 400–1000°C for gabbro) at different potential mantle temperatures (ΔT = 0–250°C, above the modern value), and steep, flat, and transitional subduction regimes were identified. The steep subduction regime occurs under modern conditions (ΔT = 0°C) with all ranges of eclogitization. Here, it is characterized by an increase in the angle of subduction of the slab as the plate descends, and above the boundary of the mantle transition zone there is a flattening and/or tucking of the slab. Subduction is accompanied by the formation of felsic and mafic volcanics and their plutonic analogues. At elevated mantle temperatures (ΔT ≥ 150°С) and discrete eclogitization over a wide range, the flat subduction regime is observed with periodic detachments of its steeper frontal eclogitized part. The flat subduction regime is accompanied by significant serpentinization of the mantle wedge and sporadic, scarce magmatism (from mafic to felsic), which occurs at a significant distance (≥500 km) from the trench. During the transition regime, which is also achieved in models with elevated mantle temperatures, a characteristic change occurs from flat to steep subduction, resulting in a stepped shape of the slab. As the kinetic shift of eclogitization increases, flat subduction develops. An increase in the thickness of the continental lithosphere from 80 to 150 km contributes to steep subduction, while the influence of the convergence rate (5–10 cm/year) is ambiguous. Discrete eclogitization of thickened oceanic crust and depletion of lithospheric mantle in the oceanic plate are the main drivers of flat subduction. In modern conditions, their influence becomes insignificant due to the decrease in thickness of oceanic crust and degree of depletion of the oceanic mantle lithosphere. As a result, less frequent flat movement of slabs is determined by other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic rocks can provide key clues to the change of the recycled material type and/or tectonic transition in subduction‐related zones. Despite continental materials widely recognized in their sources, it remains unclear whether such continental materials were contributed by former oceanic subduction or recent continental subduction. Here we address this issue by systematically investigating previously reported and our new chemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the post‐collisional K‐rich rocks in Southeast Tibet. Kink‐like compositional variations provide solid evidence for a primary control of fractional crystallization on the evolution of these K‐rich magmas. Their primary melts are demonstrated to have been produced by partial melting of phlogopite‐bearing peridotites in subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). The trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic signatures argue against involvement of the deeply subducted Indian continent but suggest a great contribution from sediments in oceanic slabs. A thinned (∼70–100 km) and hot (∼55–70 mW/m2) lithosphere is also unraveled beneath Southeast Tibet during the potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism. Together with geophysical data, here we suggest a two‐stage geodynamic model for post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet: (a) Before the Indian‐Asia continental collision, phlogopite/K‐richterite‐bearing SCLM sources were formed through oceanic subduction‐related metasomatism; (b) After the Indian‐Asia continental collision, asthenosphere upwelling induced by post‐collisional tectonic extension or deep subduction of the Indian continental slab caused lithospheric thinning, partial melting of pre‐existing phlogopite/K‐richterite‐rich SCLM and thus K‐rich magmatism. This study provides new insights into the role of oceanic subduction and continental collision in post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism. Plain Language Summary: Potassic‐ultrapotassic rocks, a special group of K‐rich igneous rocks with K2O > 3.0 wt.% and K2O/Na2O > 1, have been widely recognized in post‐collisional settings. A large part of them also has low SiO2 (<56 wt.%), high MgO (>6.0 wt.%) and Mg# (>0.65; molar Mg/(Mg + Fe)), suggesting derivation from the mantle depths. Post‐collisional K‐rich rocks are widely distributed within the Himalaya‐Tibet Orogen. Over the last decades, numerous studies have focused on these K‐rich rocks because of their potentially great importance for understanding plateau uplift, continental subduction and Cu‐Mo‐Au mineralization. Although there is an increasingly clear consensus on the relevance of the deeply subducted Indian continent in the formation of the post‐collisional (<25 Ma) K‐rich rocks in Southwest Tibet, there remain considerable uncertainties about the mechanism of the potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet. Based on the systematic investigation of previously reported and our new chemical and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic data of the post‐collisional K‐rich rocks in Southeast Tibet, here we unravel phlogopite‐bearing peridotite lithospheric mantle sources for these K‐rich rocks. This study highlights that the potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet was a combined result of pre‐collisional oceanic subduction‐related metasomatism and post‐collisional lithospheric thinning, a mechanism distinct from that in Southwest Tibet. Key Points: A primary control of fractional crystallization on magmatic evolution of post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic rocks in Southeast TibetSubducting sediments within oceanic slabs rather than the deeply subducted Indian continent provided K‐rich materials in the sourcesA critical role of post‐collisional lithospheric thinning in the post‐collisional potassic‐ultrapotassic magmatism in Southeast Tibet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cordillera Blanca and Cordillera Huayhuash contain some of the highest topography in the Andes and provide insight into tectonomagmatic processes associated with the onset of flat-slab subduction. These adjacent ranges shared a similar history of deformation and exhumation prior to the late Miocene, when synconvergent extension began in the Cordillera Blanca. Magmatism in the Cordillera Huayhuash has been inferred as coeval with magmatism in the Cordillera Blanca. Yet, extension, which has been correlated with magmatic heat flow, is limited to the Cordillera Blanca. New zircon U-Pb dates and trace and rare earth element concentrations from the Cordillera Blanca batholith and the Huayllapa pluton in the Cordillera Huayhuash and reassessment of existing zircon data help to characterize regional magmatic processes prior to the establishment of flat-slab subduction. Two compositionally distinct samples of the Huayllapa pluton yielded mean ages of 24.8 ± 0.4 Ma and 25.4 ± 0.8 Ma. In contrast, the Cordillera Blanca batholith has a protracted crystallization history postdating that of the Cordillera Huayhuash by up to 20 m.y. Miocene magmatism in the Cordillera Blanca began at 19 Ma and ended with injection of large volumes of geochemically distinct, mantle-derived magma from 10 to 5 Ma. We suggest that 6–5 Ma magmatism in the Cordillera Blanca promoted elevated heat flow and reduced shear strength, which facilitated extensional shearing along the western slopes of the range, whereas colder amagmatic crust in the Cordillera Huayhuash inhibited southward propagation of faulting. Our data demonstrate that the linkages between magmatism and elevated heat flow identified in the Cordillera Blanca are important driving processes in initiating extension in cordilleran-style orogenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article demonstrates the possibility of joint interpretation of seismic, density, magnetic, and geoelectric models of the deep structure of the lithosphere along the Spassk-Dalniy–Zerkalnaya Bay geotraverse. Seismic and density boundaries form the main structural framework of the integrated model of the lithosphere. Magnetic heterogeneities map the elements associated with magmatism. The electrical model reflects the most recent processes of matter redistribution. The resulting integrated geophysical model demonstrated that for the identified terranes on the surface and most of the faults separating them, the structural style is well expressed only within the upper and middle parts of the crust to a depth of 10–20 km. The lithosphere of the Khanka superterrane retains its structure both in the crust and mantle. Structures of the crust and upper mantle of the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt are different and associated with each other through highly conductive areas and zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary‐derived (S‐type) granites are an important product of orogenic metamorphism, and a range of subtypes can be recognized by differences in field occurrence, mineralogy and geochemistry. These subtypes can reflect variations of initial protolith composition, partial melting reactions, pressure and temperature of anatexis, or magmatic processes that occur during ascent through the crust (e.g. mineral fractional crystallization or crustal assimilation). Together, these diverse factors complicate geological interpretation of the history of peraluminous felsic melt fractions in orogenic settings. To assess the influence of these factors, we performed integrated field investigation, petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and phase equilibrium modelling on a series of leucosomes within migmatite associated with different S‐type granites within the Khondalite belt, North China craton (NCC), which is an archetypal collisional orogen. Three types of leucosome are recognized in the east Khondalite belt: leucogranitic leucosome, K‐feldspar (Kfs)‐rich granitic leucosome and garnet (Grt)‐rich granitic leucosome. Phase equilibrium modelling of partial melting and fractional crystallization processes indicate that the leucogranitic leucosomes were mostly produced through fluid‐present melting, Kfs‐rich granitic leucosomes are produced through muscovite dehydration melting with 3 vol.% garnet fractional crystallization, and Grt‐rich granitic leucosomes are produced through biotite dehydration melting with 20–40 vol.% K‐feldspar fractional crystallization and up to 20 vol.% peritectic garnet entrainment. Mineral fractional crystallization and peritectic mineral entrainment occur in the source during melting, and play equally important roles in partial melting mechanisms in terms of affecting the geochemical compositions of granitic melts. Thus, we suggest that peraluminous felsic magmas preserved in collisional orogens are dominantly produced by fluid‐absent melting in the middle to deep continental crust, although extraction of low‐volume melt fractions from an anatectic source region at shallower depths during fluid‐present melting can also generate small amounts of S‐type granites that subsequently crystallize at high structural levels in the crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents U-Pb zircon ages and Lu-Hf zircon isotope data for Cretaceous-Paleocene plutonic rocks along a W-E transect in northwestern Mexico. These data are combined with tectonic reconstruction that restores Late Cenozoic extensional deformation and shows the position of magmatism at 36 Ma. Zircon U-Pb ages results span from 142 to 58 Ma and demonstrate that the continental arc migrated northeastward at 1–2.5 km/Myr. These rates are slower than previously interpreted, but consistent with landward arc migration rates observed in the Andes. Weighted mean initial epsilon hafnium (εHf(t)) values of plutonic rocks along the transect range from + 8.8 to −9.1. The heterogeneity in the zircon εHf(t) is spatially related to the pre-Cretaceous basement provinces that the intrusive rocks were emplaced into. Zircon εHf(t) values of western Baja California display positive values ranging from + 8.8 to + 2.6 suggesting they were formed from a moderately depleted mantle and were emplaced into the Guerrero-Alisitos-Vizcaino terrane. Zircon εHf(t) values in the eastern part of Baja California and most of Sonora are heterogeneous ranging between −0.7 and −9.1 and may be formed from a relatively slightly more evolved mantle source and end up more evolved after crustal assimilation of metasediments. Zircon εHf(t) values ranging from + 8.7 to + 2.9 in Chihuahua are consistent with a depleted-mantle derived melt and assimilation of Grenville lithospheric province. Our results highlight how Hf isotopic signatures help to constrain the pre-Cretaceous basement configuration in northwestern Mexico despite the few exposed outcrops along the transect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the crustal structure of the Northeastern (NE) South China Sea (SCS) rifted margin to constrain its crustal thickness and basement nature with implications for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the SCS. First‐order interfaces interpreted from seismic reflection data were integrated into a 3D gravity inversion scheme to determine Moho depth and crustal thickness variations. A joint inversion of seismic and gravity data allowed us to determine crustal density variations along 2D profiles. The distal margin of the NE SCS is divided into two distinct crustal domains: the Southern Rift System (SRS), and the Southern High (SH). The SRS shows an extremely thinned crust on top of which thick Cenozoic sequences are observed. It is separated from the oceanic crust (∼6–8 km thick) by the SH, a comparatively thicker crustal domain (∼10–15 km thick) with significant magmatic additions. The distal NE SCS margin formed during the Cenozoic rifting of the SCS. The SH likely corresponds to a polygenic piece of crust, recording polyphase magmatic activity since the Mesozoic, with potentially significant activity during Cenozoic post‐rift time. The NE SCS margin is conjugate to Palawan whose basement is considered to be part of the exotic Luconia microcontinent that collided with Eurasia during the Late Cretaceous. Basement similarities between Palawan and the SH are highlighted, suggesting that the latter might also be part of Luconia. Our results suggest that the docking/suture zone between Eurasia and Luconia might have acted as a preferred zone for the Cenozoic rift development. Key Points: The Northeastern South China Sea rifted margin shows a contrasted crustal structure constrained by seismic and gravity dataPart of the distal margin corresponds to a dense polygenic continental crust that underwent polyphase magmatic activityThe former Mesozoic suture zone between Eurasia and Luconia acted as a weakness zone for the Cenozoic rifting [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mauléon basin is a world‐class example of hyperextended rift suture. The basin possesses key attributes of an optimal hydrogen target, namely mantle, at shallow depth with tectonic structures rooted into it. Natural H2 seepages have been recognized at the surface in the foothills. Yet distribution and quantification of serpentinization within the mantel piece representing the potential H2 source has not been addressed while this aspect is crucial to consider further exploration. We discuss these aspects using joint gravimetric and magnetic 2D forward modeling along two orthogonal transects. 2D forward modeling shows that serpentinization gradually increases from bottom (20 km depth) to top reaching a maximum amount of nearly 76% (8 km depth). The N‐S transect evidence that serpentinization fronts are northward inclined, suggesting a N‐S serpentinization gradient responsible for the long wavelength gravity and magnetic anomalies. This orientation matches that of detachment within the former hyperextended domain, which exhumed the mantle during the Cretaceous. The W‐E transect shows that serpentinization also increase toward the east reaching its maximum amount against the Barlanès lithospheric structure. The latter also coincides with the main short wavelength magnetic anomaly recognized in the basin. Forward geophysical modeling reveals that this anomaly could be linked to the presence, at shallow depth, of an alkaline magmatic body or a shallower piece of highly serpentinized subcontinental mantle both attesting for the paroxysm of the Cretaceous rifting phase. Finally, we propose a conceptual model of the H2 life cycle in the Mauléon basin and discuss the implications for H2 exploration. Key Points: We address the distribution of serpentinization in an inverted hyperextended rift system based on joint gravimetric and magnetic modelingThe mantle is gradually serpentinized on an overall thickness of around 15 km reaching a maximum amount of nearly 76%The mantle and the basement top are respectively in optimal thermal windows to generate H2 by serpentinization and trap it [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ∼173–164 Ma Papudo‐Quintero plutonic complex near 32.5°S in central Chile records three deformation events that provide insight into the tectonic development of the early Andean margin. The first event (D1) includes: (a) high‐temperature (>600°C), coaxial‐dominated strain along NE‐ to N‐striking subvertical shear zones; (b) widespread emplacement of granitic dikes that dip gently to steeply NE; and (c) development of narrow (<10 cm thick) strike‐slip and oblique‐reverse shear zones. These D1 structures record NW‐SE to WNW‐ESE transpressional shortening with a component of sinistral shear parallel to the N‐S trending magmatic arc. Zircon and apatite U‐Pb dates and cross‐cutting relations constrain most D1 deformation to ∼166–164 Ma. The second event (D2) occurred during postmagmatic cooling in the Late Jurassic and was characterized by development of pervasive E‐W‐striking veins with alteration halos and minor strike‐slip and normal faults that record N‐S extension in a transtensional regime. Structures associated with the last deformation event (D3) include Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous mafic dikes, veins, and conjugate strike‐slip faults that record NW‐SE to N‐S shortening in a strike‐slip regime. D1 deformation is consistent with studies from other areas that document NW‐SE shortening ± sinistral transpression along the arc throughout the Jurassic, suggesting this deformation was regional in scale and driven by oblique subduction convergence. Deformation associated with oblique convergence was localized within the active magmatic arc, which was an important process in the early Andean orogeny. As the arc migrated eastward, D2 and D3 structures formed in a low‐stress regime in an arc margin or forearc setting. Key Points: Three deformation events (D1, D2, and D3) are recorded in the ∼173–164 Ma Papudo‐Quintero plutonic complex in central ChileD1 records ductile NW‐SE transpressional shortening in the Middle Jurassic; D2 and D3 record brittle transtension or strike‐slip deformationD1 is consistent with regional oblique subduction convergence and localization of plate‐driven strain in the active magmatic arc [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rare metal and rare earth mineral resources in the eastern section of the north margin of North China Plate are distributed mainly in the plate margin or tectonic junction of different ages, controlled by regional major faults, such as Tancheng-Lujiang fault belt and Suolun-Xilamulun-Changchun-Yanji fault zone, and experienced mainly three stages of tectono-magmatic events including Lyuliangian, Indosinian and Yanshanian. The rare metal-rare earth minerals in the area are closely related to Mesoproterozoic and Mesozoic magmatic rocks. Over 10 rare metal-rare earth deposits or ore occurrences have been found so far, distributed mainly in Liaoning Province and eastern Inner Mongolia, dominated by metallogenesis of alkaline granite-alkali rock type, followed by pegmatite type. The mineralization of rare metal-rare earth elements is related to alkaline magmatism. The geochronology of ore-forming rock mass shows that the mineralization can be divided into three stages:Yanshanian (120-140 Ma), Indosinian (200-230 Ma) and Lyuliangian(2500-2510 Ma). The enrichment and mineralization process of rare metal-rare earth elements is closely related to the advanced evolution of alkaline magma. Under the action of water and volatiles, the magma experienced strong fractional crystallization, resulting in migration and accumulation of ore-forming elements. With the change of mineralization conditions such as temperature and pressure, the ore-bearing fluids were concentrated and mineralized in the late stage of magmatism with the crystallization of major rock-forming minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continental alkaline magmatism has been suggested to play a significant role in releasing deep mantle carbon into the atmosphere, which can greatly impact the global climate. However, the temporal variations of alkaline magmatism and their potential to modulate climate over geologic time remain poorly constrained. The detrital zircon record is a frequently used proxy for tracking secular variations in particular magmatism. Here, we use a novel machine‐learning technique to discriminate zircon from carbonatites, kimberlites, and other alkaline rocks. A global compilation of detrital zircon yields continental alkaline magmatic flare‐ups between 1,050−850, 650−500, 250−200, and 50−0 Ma. Our estimates indicate relatively elevated contributions of total magmatic carbon outgassing from alkaline magmatism during the aforementioned magmatic flare‐ups. We infer that anomalous alkaline magmatism may influence global warming during specific intervals of geologic time, but when they are not that voluminous or persistent extensive arc magmatism may drive warming conditions. Plain Language Summary: The potential of volcanic CO2 emissions to modulate atmospheric CO2 levels and affect the environment of our planet has been recognized. Some specific volcanic types, such as continental arc volcanism, have been hypothesized to play a dominant role in driving long‐term climate change. Recently, the efficiency of continental alkaline magmatism in releasing carbon from the deep mantle to the atmosphere and its ability to influence Earth's climate is proposed for certain timescales and supported by empirical data. However, the quantitative estimation of the alkaline magmatic activity over geologic time and its general link to the global climate change remains poorly constrained. Here, we assess the alkaline magmatic variations based on the detrital zircon record and a novel machine‐learning model which could discriminate zircon from carbonatites, kimberlites and other related alkaline silicate rocks. The predictive result shows several peaks at 1,050−850, 650−500, 250−200, and 50−0 Ma, which is considered a minimum estimation due to the preservation bias of the detrital zircon record. Our estimates indicate that continental alkaline magmatism may influence global warming during specific intervals of geologic time such as the early Paleozoic and early Mesozoic. Key Points: Frequency of magmatic events can be assessed by a machine‐learning analysis of zirconContinental alkaline magmatism peaked between 1,050−850, 650−500, 250−200, and 50−0 MaAnomalous alkaline magmatism may contribute to global warming at certain times [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the Erguna Block, NE China remains controversial, especially the relationship between magmatism and the subduction history of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate. Here we present data for the Early Jurassic–Early Cretaceous adakite-like magmatic rocks from Chaoman Farm in the northeastern part of the Erguna Block. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the syenogranites crystallized at around 190–180 Ma, while the monzonites, quartz diorite porphyries, and quartz monzonite porphyries were emplaced at around 147–143 Ma. The syenogranites, monzonites, quartz diorite porphyries, and quartz monzonite porphyries are adakite-like rocks. The syenogranites and quartz monzonite porphyries were produced by the partial melting of a thickened ancient mafic lower continental crust and a thickened juvenile lower crust, respectively. Meanwhile, the monzonites and quartz diorite porphyries were formed as a result of partial melting of the oceanic crust. In conclusion, the occurrence of these Early Jurassic magmatic rocks was closely linked to the process of southward subduction of the Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic plate. On the contrary, the Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous magmatism (147–143 Ma) occurred in an extensional environment, and was probably triggered by upwelling of the asthenosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenoliths recovered from the post-Variscan Bode dike system of the eastern Harz Mountains provide evidence for the existence of an Early Devonian magmatic arc system hidden beneath very low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Rhenohercynian Zone, but also for Late Carboniferous–Early Permian crust reworking. This interpretation is based on petrographic observations and whole-rock geochemical analyses of granite xenoliths, in addition to results of zircon U–Pb dating and Hf isotope analyses. Zircon grains recovered from variably deformed granite xenoliths yield ages between 419 and 393 Ma, interpreted to reflect the timing of granite intrusion. Rare zircon xenocrysts of Archean (ca. 2.92–2.65 Ga) and Proterozoic age (ca. 1.5 to 0.56 Ga), all with subchondritic εHf420 Ma values (− 0.8 to − 5.5) indicate reworking of older crust. Compilation of age-Hf isotope data further suggests that the pre-Variscan granitoids beneath the Harz Mountains belong to the same magmatic arc system exposed widespread in the adjacent Mid-German Crystalline Zone, and interpreted to result from NW-ward subduction of the Rheic Ocean beneath Avalonia-Baltica. Zircon in xenoliths with granophyric texture yields ages at 400 Ma and 295–310 Ma, indicating re-melting of Devonian granitoid basement during post-Variscan rift-related magmatism, immediately prior to Bode dike intrusion. Left: Late Devonian intrusion of magmatic arc granites during NW-ward subduction of the Rheic ocean beneath Avalonia-Baltica. Right: Formation of the Bode dike system and Harz granites during Late Carboniferous-Permian extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variscan granitoids and associated mafic rocks exposed in the External Crystalline Massifs (ECM) of the Western Alps document the Variscan stages from the early Carboniferous collision to the early Permian post-collisional setting. Our study focuses on the Central part of the ECM, synthesizing newly acquired and existing geochronological, whole-rock geochemical and isotopic data. We identified two distinctive magmatic series: (i) high-K calc-alkaline granitoids, which range from magnesian (MgG) to ferro-magnesian (FeMgG) rocks; (ii) ultra-high-K metaluminous (UHKM) rocks ("durbachites"). These series were emplaced roughly simultaneously between ca. 350 and 300 Ma, with two main episodes during the Visean (ca. 348–335 Ma) and the late Carboniferous (305–299 Ma), with a more limited activity in between. A younger Permian event at ca. 280–275 Ma has also been identified in one granitoid pluton. Contemporaneous emplacement of these two series reflects concomitant crustal anatexis and melting of LILE–LREE-rich metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Trace elements and Nd–Sr isotopes reveal significant hybridization between these two magmatic end members, by magma mixing, or assimilation of crystallized mafic ultrapotassic enclaves in the high-K calc-alkaline granitoids. Granitoid composition evolves over time, especially SiO2, Mg#, Sr/Y, La/Yb and Nb/Ta, possibly explained by increasing differentiation of magmas over time, changes in the crust versus mantle sources mass-balance, and decrease in melting pressure due to the orogenic collapse. The εNdi values of both high-K calc-alkaline granitoids and durbachites decreases from [− 3.8; − 2.9] to [− 6.4; − 5.2] between 345 and 320 Ma, possibly indicating an increasing influence of subducted/relaminated crustal material contaminating the lithospheric mantle source. εNdi values then rise to [− 3.7; − 0.5] during the late Carboniferous, possibly due to progressive exhaustion of the enriched mantle source, or advection of the asthenosphere during the post-collisional stage. Possible geodynamic scenario along the central-eastern segment of the Variscan Belt, which may account for the temporal evolution of Variscan magmatism in the External Western Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Weishancheng area of Tongbai County, Henan Province, is an important Au‐Ag polymetallic ore concentration area in China, characterized by a widespread distribution of plutons and frequent magmatic activities. To investigate the genetic relationship between magmatism and the mineralization of gold and silver polymetallic deposits in the area, this study focuses on the porphyritic monzogranite of the Liangwan pluton and the biotite granite of the Taoyuan pluton in detail. The zircon U‐Pb age of the Liangwan pluton is 128.5 ± 0.7 Ma, placing its intrusion age in the Early Cretaceous. Similarly, the zircon U‐Pb age of the Taoyuan pluton is 431.3 ± 2.7 Ma, indicating an intrusion age in the Early Silurian. Petrogeochemical analysis reveals that both the Liangwan and Taoyuan plutons exhibit high SiO2, Na2O and Al2O3 contents, along with low MgO, Fe2O3 and CaO contents, indicating a (high‐K) calc‐alkaline series, and have the properties of peraluminous I‐type granite. The total rare earth elements (REE) concentrations are low, with noticeable fractionation between light and heavy REE, and a negative Eu anomaly. High‐field‐strength elements (such as Nb, Ta, P, Ti) are depleted, while the large‐ion lithophile elements (such as Rb, K, Pb) are enriched. The εHf(t) values of the Liangwan and Taoyuan plutons range from −16.1 to −18.8 and from 11.0 to 14.6, respectively. The mean values of Hf two‐stage model ages (TDM2) are 603 Ma and 2230 Ma, respectively. These results suggest that the Liangwan pluton may have formed through partial melting of ancient crustal materials in the Palaeoproterozoic, during extensional tectonic events following the subduction of Izanagi Plate. It appears closely linked to Au‐Ag mineralization in the ore concentration area. The Taoyuan pluton likely originated from the depleted mantle and experienced some degree of crustal contamination. However, it is unrelated to regional mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subduction and demise of an ocean plate are generally recognized as essential processes that result in the reworking and maturation of the continental crust. The northern Lhasa Terrane in central Tibet represents the forefront of the Lhasa-Qiang-tang collision belt following the closure of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean. Thus, it is a pivotal location to study the transition processes from oceanic lithosphere subduction to continental collision as well as pertinent crustal growth mechanisms. Here, we present zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotope, and zircon Hf isotope and trace element data of the Mendang igneous complex, Baingoin County, northern Lhasa Terrane. Geochro-nological results show that the granodiorites, trachydacites, and rhyolites in the Mendang igneous complex formed at ca. 122-116 Ma, 97 Ma, and 73 Ma, respectively. The Early Cretaceous granodiorite samples are peraluminous with high SiO2, Al2O3, and K2O contents, and moderate A/CNK (molar ratio of Al2O3/[CaO + Na2O + K2O]) values, which are similar to those of typical felsic peraluminous I-type granites. The granodiorites are characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb) and depletion in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta). They also show the most enriched whole-rock Sr-Nd [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7072-0.7078; eNd(t) = -7.60 to -5.08] and zircon Hf [eHf(t) = -4.46 to +1.02] isotope compositions, indicating that the Early Cretaceous granodiorites were likely derived from an ancient basement under a subduction setting. The trachy-dacites have uniform SiO2, high Al2O3, Sr contents, and Sr/Y values, and low Y and Yb contents, belonging to adakitic rocks. They show more depleted whole-rock Sr-Nd [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7065-0.7066; eNd(t) = -0.56 to -0.22] and zircon Hf [eHf(t) = 4.36-7.84] isotopes than the granodiorites, suggesting that the trachydacites may have generated from partial melting of the juvenile thickened lower continental crust. The rhyolites have the highest SiO2 and K2O contents in the Mendang igneous complex, and significant depletion of Ba, Sr, Eu, P, and Ti. They have slighter more enriched whole-rock Nd [eNd(t) = -3.71 to -1.16] and zircon Hf [eHf(t) = 1.03-4.31] isotope compositions than the trachydacites. These features suggest that the rhyolites were highly fractionated products of the crustal melts. Wholerock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotopes of the Mendang igneous complex show a kink trend from enrichment to depletion and then transfer to enrichment again, signifying an increased contribution of juvenile materials in the northern Lhasa Terrane toward progressively replacing the ancient lower crust and accumulating to newly formed crust. The estimated crustal thickness beneath the northern Lhasa Terrane shows a sharp increase from the Early to Late Cretaceous and peak at ca. 97 Ma, whereas it largely decreases in the Late Cretaceous. Integrated with previous studies, we propose that the formation of the Mendang igneous complex (122-73 Ma) elaborately documents the regional tectonic transition from oceanic lithosphere subduction to demise as well as continental crustal differentiation and maturation. The rollback and breakoff of the southward subducted Bangong-Nujiang oceanic slab in the Early Cretaceous initiated diverse magmatism in the northern Lhasa Terrane. During the early Late Cretaceous, the widespread ada-kitic and Mg-rich magmatism was attributed to the delamination of the thickened lithosphere following the final amalgamation of the Lhasa and Qiangtang Terranes. In the late Late Cretaceous, post-collisional extension induced the formation of the rhyolites in the northern Lhasa Terrane. The growth and destruction of the continental crust had certain tempos from the oceanic lithosphere subduction to continental post-collision stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early Paleozoic tectono-magmatic activity within the South China block, which is well illustrated by Ordovician-Devonian granites in the western Qinhang belt, was the response to closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and convergence of continental blocks. The spatiotemporal distribution and source characteristics of the granites provide us the opportunity to understand the processes and driving mechanisms of intracontinental orogeny. As an example, the Miaoershan-Yuechengling granite batholith in northern Guangxi, located along the western margin of the Qinhang orogenic belt, is mainly composed of quartz monzonite and monzogranite. All the granitic rocks from Miaoershan-Yuechengling batholith are composed of K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, biotite, and hornblende. Geochronologic dating indicates that the Miaoershan-Yue-chengling batholith was emplaced during the late Silurian and Early Devonian, respectively. The rocks have high SiO2, with an average value of 73.29 wt%, and total alkalis (Na2O + K2O = 7.21-10.03 wt%), but low Al2O3 (12.96-15.51 wt%), showing characteristics of the high-potassium calc-alkaline series of S-type peraluminous granites (Al2O3/[CaO + Na2O + K2O] = 1.03-1.22). Trace elements in the Miaoershan-Yue-chengling granitic rocks are characterized by enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and depletion of high field strength elements. Their rare earth element (REE) trends are characterized by relatively flat distribution patterns with weak light REE enrichment, weak heavy REE fractionation, and negative Eu anomalies. Zircons from the rocks have negative eHf(Z) values ranging from -13.24 to -5.1, with crustal model ages (THf2) of 2.2-1.7 Ga. These features indicate that they are S-type granites with parental magmas originating from partial melting of sandy argillaceous sources of Paleoproterozoic lower continental crust. The thermal budget for Ordovician to Early Devonian magmatism is attributed either to crustal thickening in relation to intracontinental orogenic compression or to crustal thinning due to postoro-genic tectonic extension during assembly and breakup of Greater Gondwana. This study reveals that the change in mantle convection systems during plate interactions acted as a major driving force for the early orogenic processes, late collapse of the orogenic belt, and massive syncollisional to postorogenic magmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permian-Triassic metaluminous-peraluminous granitoids, mafic-ultramafic plutons, and Ni-Cu and Au deposits are prominent features in the Eastern Tianshan of the southern Altaids. However, the genetic relationship between coeval granitoids and mafic-ultramafic intrusions, and the geodynamics of magmatism and related mineralization, remain ambiguous. To address these ambiguities, we present petrological, geochemical, and bulk-rock Sr-Nd-Fe and zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope analyses of granitoids from the Shuangchagou Complex and gabbros from the Huangshandong Complex in the Eastern Tianshan. Zircon U-Pb ages demonstrate that the Huangshandong gabbro was emplaced at ca. 277.8 ± 1.4 Ma. In contrast, U-Pb ages determined from zircons in the granitic rocks of the Shuangchagou Complex suggest that the complex crystallized from three stages of magmatism: (1) strongly peraluminous S-type granitic magma represented by early-stage gneiss and granitic veins (ca. 289 Ma), (2) metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type granitic magmas represented by the intermediate-stage granitoids (ca. 283-261 Ma), and (3) late-stage granitoids (ca. 250-241 Ma). The intermediate- and late-stage granitoids (ca. 283-241 Ma) show clear enrichments in the light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Th, and U), and depletions in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti), similar to arc magmas, which indicates that the North Tianshan oceanic plate was still subducting during the Middle Triassic. Considering the diversity of magmatic rocks (e.g., mid-oceanic-ridge-type mafic rocks, and I-, S- and A-type igneous rocks), mineralization styles (e.g., Alaskan-type Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and orogenic gold deposits), and the dextral strike-slip faults (e.g., Kanggur Fault) that occurred concurrently in the Eastern Tianshan during the Early Permian to Middle Triassic, we suggest that splitting of the subducted portion of the North Tianshan oceanic plate created a slab window that allowed the upwelling and partial melting of asthenospheric mantle to form the mafic-ultramafic intrusions and related Ni-Cu sulfide deposits. Sustained migration of magma provided the heat necessary to induce partial melting, devolatilization, and desulfurization of crustal materials, producing the Permian-Triassic, high-K to calc-alkaline I- and S-type granitoids, and associated orogenic gold deposits. By integrating the results of this study with published work regarding the Kanggur Accretionary Complex, we suggest that the subduction of the North Tianshan Ocean may have lasted until the Late Triassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-collisional evolution of the Tibetan lithosphere is of paramount significance to our understanding of collisional orogeny. It is generally postulated that the Lhasa lithospheric mantle was horizontally shortened and thickened coherently with the overlying crust to form a physical barrier, preventing Indian subduction beneath Tibet until the thickened mantle root was foundered during the Miocene. This study first identifies post-collisional oceanic-island basalt (OIB)-type magmatism in the Lhasa Block (LB), as attested by zircon U-Pb age (ca. 58 Ma) and geochemistry--positive Nb-Ta anomalies, high La/Yb, and depleted bulkrock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotopes, of diabase in the northern (inboard relative to Indus Suture) part of this block. Coupled with extensive early Paleogene arc-type magmatism in the southern-central LB and thermodynamic modeling, we suggest that these diabases were formed by partially molten upwelling asthenosphere near the base of continental crust, where much of the underlying lithospheric mantle had been removed due to Neo-Tethyan slab rollback and lithospheric delamination. Compared to OIB-type magmatism worldwide, the diabases investigated here were emplaced peculiarly in a region where the continental crust was under horizontal compression and shortening by coeval thrusting. Our study thus implies a decoupled deformation between the crust and mantle of the LB during the early Indian-Asian collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern margin of the North China Craton experienced prolonged tectono-magmatic evolution during the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic in response to the southward subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. However, details about the subduction process and the timing of the tectonic transition from subduction to post-collision are still poorly constrained. Here, we identify two-stage crust-mantle interactions in the Wulashan area and report new geochronology, geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data for magmatic rocks that record such processes following the subduction and closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The early Carboniferous Xiguanjing pluton features a bimodal suite of gabbro (ca. 333 Ma) and syenogranite (ca. 331 Ma). The gabbros have arc-like geochemical affinities, with low Nb/La (0.31-0.40) and La/Ba (0.04-0.09) ratios, and variable Rb/Y (1.22-2.94) ratios, as well as enriched, mantle-like Sr-Nd-Pb (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7046-0.7047; eNd(t) = -3.8 to -3.5; 206Pb/204Pbi = 17.078-17.141) and enriched to depleted Hf (eHf(t) = -4.5 to +6.2) isotopic values. Such geochemical signatures indicate that they were derived from partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized by slabderived fluids, with minor involvement of asthenospheric components. In contrast, the contemporaneous syenogranites are characterized by lower negative eNd(t) (-13.5 to -12.1) and eHf(t) values (-16.3 to -8.2), which suggests that they were formed by partial melting of the lower crust. Late Triassic Shadegai and Xishadegai plutons are mainly composed of enclave-bearing syenogranite, and both mafic microgranular enclaves and syenogranites crystallized at ca. 233-231 Ma. The mafic microgranular enclaves have geochemical features similar to those of the early Carboniferous gabbros, and also have moderately enriched isotopic compositions (eNd(t) = -9.7 to -8.4; eHf(t) = -9.2 to -0.3), which suggests that they originated from interaction between mantle-derived magma and overlying crust-derived magma, with minor additions of asthenospheric melts in their sources. Field and petrological observations, coupled with the similar ages of the host granites and mafic microgranular enclaves, suggest a magmatic mingling process. Isotopic mixing models suggest that minor amounts (~10%-20%) of lower crustal materials were mixed during the formation of the mafic microgranular enclaves. The host syenogranites display calc-alkaline to alkalic and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous compositions, and negative eNd(t) (-15.0 to -12.1) and eHf(t) values (-16.4 to -9.8), which indicates that they were mainly derived from partial melting of the lower crust and experienced the injection of deep mantle-derived magmas. Our new data, along with previously published data for magmatic rocks in the northern margin of the North China Craton, suggest that the early Carboniferous bimodal intrusive rocks formed in a localized back-arc extensional regime that was probably triggered by slab rollback of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. However, the Late Triassic plutons formed in a postcollisional extensional regime in response to slab breakoff or lithospheric delamination. Temporal variations of Nd-Hf isotopes for the magmatism in the northern margin of the North China Craton suggest that tectonic switching from advancing to retreating subduction to post-collisional extension occurred during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic. We propose that a tectonic transition from subduction to post-collisional extension may have occurred during the Early-Middle Triassic, marking the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, which most likely took place at ca. 250-235 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological evidence has demonstrated the presence of an intra-Neo-Tethyan subduction system during the Cretaceous. However, when and how this intra-oceanic subduction was initiated, especially for the eastern Neo-Tethys, are still not well constrained. Here we present geochemical and geochronological analyses of the Indawgyi mafic rocks from the Central Ophiolite Belt in the West Burma Block (Myanmar), which record early forearc spreading during the intra-Neo-Tethyan subduction initiation. Zircon U-Pb ages of gabbros indicate the ophiolitic crust formation at ca. 120 Ma. Gabbros show mid-oceanic-ridge basalt-like rare earth element patterns and depleted Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions with negative anomalies of high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf), similar to forearc basalt characteristics. Basalts show more slab-derived component signatures than the gabbros and represent mantle wedge magmas most likely formed between forearc spreading and arc maturation. These data, together with regional geological records and geophysical observations, suggest that the Indawgyi gabbros were derived from an intra-Neo-Tethyan forearc setting during the early stage of subduction initiation. Considering the timing of supra-subduction zone ophiolites and metamorphic sole in the Indo-Burma Range, we propose that spontaneous subduction initiation and sinking of the eastern Neo-Tethyan lithosphere during the Early Cretaceous (ca. 120 Ma) led to formation of the Indawgyi forearc crust, whereas subsequent mature subduction resulted in the Middle Cretaceous (ca. 108-90 Ma) arc magmatism in the West Burma Block. These findings confirm the double-subduction model of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and shed new light on the intra-Neo-Tethyan subduction initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]