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Health service institutions suffer from challenges resulting from the great changes that our world is witnessing today. This has affected the value that these institutions add to the patient. This research aims to identify the effect of integrating each of the techniques of QFD and value engineering for the health services provided to the patient to improve the value for him and thus obtain his satisfaction, which is reflected in the reputation of the surveyed hospitals. To achieve this, the descriptive analytical method was used, and a questionnaire was designed to collect the necessary data, which represents a measure of this research. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample deliberately taken from the research community consisting of hospital directors, department managers, and divisions in research hospitals, where the sample size was (97) individuals. Various statistical methods were used to test the research hypotheses, including confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The results were extracted using SPSS and Amos. The quality function diffusion and value engineering had an effective and substantial effect in improving value for patients in the surveyed hospitals, which is the most important finding of this research. One of the most important recommendations of the research is to work on the participation of health staff in the health sector with the academic authorities represented by universities and specialized colleges and to work on continuing consultations to implement methods that contribute to achieving the highest levels of quality of health services. Paper type: Research paper.

The purpose of this investigation is to compare the response of primary teeth clinically and histopathologically to vital pulp therapy using formocresol (FC), Ferric sulfate (FS), and Pulpotec (PD). A total of 60 primary molars were treated in 43 children aged 7-9 years. Twenty primary molars received FC, and an equal number received FS, and PD by random selection. Clinical evaluations were performed at 3 and 6 months recall for the whole samples. Histopathological evaluations were carried at 6 months for the teeth indicated for extraction (total 30) as part of the orthodontic treatment. Statistical analysis using Z-test was performed on the data to determine significant differences between the groups. Three and six months results showed a highly significant difference (P< 0.01) between the tested materials in most clinical findings, while histopathologically after 6-months in the FC group mild inflammation was seen in two cases, severe inflammation in three cases, necrosis in two, and abscess in one case. In the FS group mild in one case, severe in three cases, necrosis in one case, and abscess in two cases, finally in PD group mild inflammation was seen in one case, severe in one case, necrosis in one case, with no abscess formation in any case. Clinical and histopathological evaluations showed that Pulpotec (PD) can be considered as a replacement for FC and FS.

Background Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a unique form of caries that develops in temporary dentition. It has a multifactorial infectious disease. Saliva is one of the most important factors, which has an important protective effect against tooth decay when its multiple characteristics and functions are normal. The study aimed to compare some salivary characteristics in children with ECC and children without ECC. Materials and methods Case-control, cross-sectional observational study. The 77 pre-schoolers aged 37 to 72 months (12 with ECC, 26 with ECC-S, and 39 without ECC) examined and we collected the stimulated saliva. The pH microelectrode was used to determine pH and buffer capacity; a formula that involves volume, collection time, and specific saliva weight was used to test the salivary flow rate. The potentiometric and phosphate methods were used to determine fluoride through spectrophotometric, colorimetric absorption techniques. Results The results got to show that there are no statistically significant differences in pH, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate, and levels of fluoride and phosphate, in children with ECC, ECC-S, and without ECC. The risk factors, such as mother's education, bottle use, brushing frequency, and previous dental care of the child are more important at the time of developing ECC than some salivary variables. Conclusion The risk factors, such as mother's education, bottle use, brushing frequency, and previous dental care of the child are more important at the time of developing ECC than some salivary variables such as pH, buffer capacity, salivary flow rate, and levels of fluoride and phosphate.

Microbes are considered as the primary etiologic agents in endodontic diseases.Disinfection of the root canal is obtained by the combined effect of biomechanicalpreparation, irrigation and intra canal medicament. The aim of the present study wasto assess the antimicrobial activity of intracanal medicaments (formocresol andEndosepton) against two micro organisms (Streptococcus mutans and staphylococcusaureus) isolated from 15 necrotic pulps of primary molars indicated for pulpectomyprocedure. The samples were cultured, and purified using microbiological evaluation.Broth dilution test was performed in our study by preparing test tubes containing10 ml of BHI broth (pH. 7) which then inoculated with strains of the tested bacteriaand incubated at 37 C° for 24 h. After over night incubaction, ten fold dilution weremade in test tubes containing 9 ml of normal saline by adding 1 ml of the inoculum tothe first tube . Then from dilution 10-1 , 0.1 ml of cell suspension was added to 9.9 mlof formocresol and endosepton, then 0.1 ml was taken and spread on duplicates ofBHI agar plates at different intervals and incubated aerobically for 24 h. at 37 C°.Colonies on the plates were counted after incubation and CFU/mL (colony formingunit) was calculated. Our results indicating that there were no significant differencesbetween the intracanal medicaments, but there were high significant differencesbetween the intervals time of the study. We concluded that both materials had greatantibacterial effect against the pathogens commonly isolated from necrotic pulpaltissue of primary teeth.

dental caries survey was conducted concerning 6-9 years old children in two different social areas in the city of Baghdad.The total sample composed of 180 (90 males and 90 females). Purpose of this study included the estimation of the prevalence of dental caries and its association with the socioeconomic background of children.Results showed that for the primary dentition dmfs and dmft values were higher for males aged 6-7 and 7-8 years in high socioeconomic class (7.8 & 4.2 , 9.7 & 4.7) than in low socioeconomic class (6.7 & 3.9 ,7.2 & 3.2) with statistically no significant differences ( p> 0.05). For children aged 8-9 years in low socioeconomic area the values were higher compared with those in high socioeconomic area for both sexes.For the permanent dentition the high social class showed higher prevalence of dental caries compared with their lower social class counter parts except females aged 8-9 years with low socioeconomic status recorded higher DMFS and DMFT values ( 2.66 & 2.6) compared to those in high socioeconomic (2.6 & 1.8), while the relation was not significant ( p>0.05).Generally the present study showed that the prevalence of dental caries for primary teeth was higher among children with low social class (dmfs & dmft) than those with high social class, while the results were reversed for the permanent teeth.