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This was a deceptive cross sectional study aimed to differentiate between benign and malignant tumor using ultrasonography, done in Khartoum area hospital during the period from January 2022 to January 2023. 200 patients with thyroid nodules (20%) 40 males and 160 (80%) females. The study found that most patients had well define margin nodules were 145 (73%) and ill define margin nodules were 54 (27%), most patients had taller-than-wider capsule were 192 (96%) and wider-than-taller capsule were 8(4%), most patients had internal vascularity were 150 (75%) and peripheral were 50 (25%), most patients had No calcification170 (85%) and had calcification 30(15%), most patients had hyper echogenicity were 156 (78%), hypo echogenicity were 30(15%) and iso echogenicity were 14 (7%), most patients had multi lesion were 118(59%) and solitary lesion had 82 (41%), most patients had benign lesion were 150 (75%) and malignant lesion were 50(25%), study confirmed that there was statistically significant correlation between age and margins (p-value = 0.00), vascularity (p-value = 0.003) and there was statistically insignificant correlation between age and capsule, number of lesions, between gender and margins, capsule, vascularity, number of lesions and between weight and margins, capsule, vascularity, number of lesions (p-value > 0.05). there was statistically insignificant correlation between age, gender and echogenicity (p-value > 0.05), there was statistically significant correlation between calcification and type of lesion (p-value =0.001), there was statistically significant difference in margins (sig=0.001), in vascularity (sig=0.00) .The study concluded that the most patients had benign lesion, there was statistically significant correlation between age and margins, vascularity, between calcification and type of lesion, there was statistically significant difference in margins, in vascularity, and in calcification between benign and malignant lesion and there was statistically insignificant difference in capsule and echogenicity between benign and malignant lesion.

This is a prospective cross-sectional hospital-based staudy was to assess the left ventricular change in hypertensive patients using Echocardiography, carried out in period from September 2020 to january 2022, the sample included 200 hypertensive patients who checked at the different Center at Khartoum city. A questionnaire is used to collect the data and to 200 patients. Data was analyzed by using SPSS, results was presented as tables and figures. The chi-square test and independent t-test were used with p≤ 0.05 considering significance. more than half of the patients (59%) were female and (41%) were male, the age ranged between 35–95 years with mean age of 61.3±11.6 in addition more one third of them 36%) aged between 60 – 69 years. The current study showed that most of the patients 87% had normal ejection fraction, severe decrease 9%, mild decrease3% and the least moderate decrease 1%. In the present study all of the included patients had LVH, most of them 98% had severe LVH and only 2% were moderate, in addition more than half 54% of them had eccentric hypertrophy whereas 46% had concentric hypertrophy. The mean of LVIDD, LVISD, left ventricular mass, LVMI more in male than female and it is statically significant whereas mean of EF more in the female. There were no relationship between demographic data (sex, age and family history, DM and duration of HTN) and Left ventricle mass. Echocardiography should be routinely used in the diagnosis, management and follow up of hypertensive patients

The purpose of the study was to study the pulmonary vessels in patients with pulmonary hypertension using Computed Tomography scan (CT) This is a prospective ,analytical study. this study was conducted at Khartoum Hospital (Sudan); in the period between November 2020 - January 2021 a sample of (100) patients with clinically diagnosed as pulmonary hypertension was enrolled, their mean ages were (47.92 ± 19.03) years, the sample included both genders, (42) patients were females while (58) were males and their ages were ranged from (3 - 80) years old. (CTPA) scans were acquired, all patients were examined by using multislice (CT) scanner, the data collected by special designed sheet from findings and analyzed statistically by using an (SPSS) Statistics software package. The sample was directed to study the relationship of pulmonary hypertension with the presence of pulmonary vessels measurements; the patient's age and gender correlation with the pulmonary hypertension were investigated. The results find that the right and left main pulmonary arteries diameters changes were found to be significantly related to the presence of pulmonary hypertension, while there was no significant difference in the main pulmonary artery diameters measurements. The study concluded that CT for pulmonary artery plays an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension this due to it is easily accessible and excellent non-invasive method for the visualization and measurement of pulmonary artery and to know the possible cause of pulmonary hypertension.

The aim of this study was to characterize the hippocampus in Sudanese epileptic patients in MR images using image texture analysis techniques in order to differentiate hippocampus between the normal and epileptic patient. There were two groups of the patients were examined by using Signal-GE 1.5Tesla MR Scanner which was used with patients with known epilepsy and normal T1 weighted brain. MRI finding patients, 101 and 105 patients respectively examined in period from December 2017- March 2018, where the variables of the study were MRI images entered to the IDL program as input for further analysis, using window 3*3 the images texture was extracted from hippocampus (head, body and tail) that include, mean, STD, variance, energy, and entropy then the comparison was made to differentiate between the normal and abnormal hippocampus. The extracted feature classified using linear discriminate analysis. The classification score function is used to classify the hippocampus classes was as flows: Epileptic= (.271×mean) + (.026×variance) + (7.475× Part) -32.134 Normal= (.240×mean) + (.052×variance) + (2.960× Part) -13.684 The study confirmed that it’s possible to differentiate between normal and epileptic hippocampus body, head, and tail in sagittal section texturally. The result showed that the classification result is best in the tail where higher classification accuracy will be achieved followed by body and then head.

Background: Lung cancer is one of leading death worldwide, it begins when cells in the lung grow out of control and formed mass or nodules which classified in two known major forms, non-small cell and small cell cancer. The accurate assessment of the disease extent is important in management approach and Computed tomography imaging in nodal staging remains the important tool for lung cancer diagnosis, particularly when assessing intra and extra thoracic spread of lung cancer. Objective: This is a quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in Sudanese lung cancer patients in period from November 2019 to February 2020 in Khartoum state hospital. The main aim of the study was to evaluate staging of lung cancer using computed tomography technology. Method: A group of 100 participants patients were selected randomly in different gender and in age group between (30-80) years old. The inclusion limited to patients diagnosed with lung cancer by computed tomography techniques and the normal cases and other abnormalities was being excluded. The data were collected using a special collection sheet and the data statistical analyzed using SPSS program. Result: The outcomes of this study showed that patients in age group between (60-70) years old do not have lung cancer in the first stage, while lung cancer in the second stage occurred in 10 patients only with 10 % percentage. The third stage is the most common type with a high incidence rate which occurred in 90 patients with 90 %. Percent. Conclusion: Advance imaging with CT scan techniques play a critical role in the diagnosis and management of lung cancer patients adding to accurately describing the radiological extent of the disease. Moreover, the important to understand the principles of staging description and their impact on treatment decisions.

Background: The prostate may become larger and begin to cause problems as male ages. Ultrasound is a commonly used imaging modality for the assessment of the prostate. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the normal measurements (volume and diameters) of the prostate gland in Khartoum state Sudan in normal Sudanese. Method: This descriptive study of the study was done in Sudan teaching hospital, from March –to October 2019. 60 patients were randomly selected, their age ranged from 20 to 60 years; patients with symptoms related to prostate pathologies were excluded. Transabdominal ultrasound scanning by3.5 MHz probes was performed. And the Maximum length, width, and depth of the prostate diameters were obtained as well as the prostate volumes. Results: The results of the study revealed that the prostate length, width and thickness Diameters mean values were (4.88) cm, (3.37) cm, and (4.55) cm respectively, the Mean prostate volume obtained from the above parameters was18.65 ml. The study also showed that there was an increase in the prostate volume in relation to an increase in the patient's age and weight. Transabdominal ultrasound is a respectful approach and should be used confident pathologies among Sudanese and for normal measurements.

Background: Miscarriage is that the commonest complication of early pregnancy. In recent years, there has been a trend towards more conservative management for women with first trimester miscarriage. Most miscarriages are due to uterine malformations or chromosomal abnormalities, which account for the majority that occur within 10 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography is that the most popular modality to verify the presence of a viable intrauterine gestation. In some instances, creating an identification of early pregnancy loss is simple and requires restricted testing or imaging. Purpose: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the first trimester miscarriage among Sudanese women in Khartoum state using ultrasonography. Methods: descriptive prospective across sectional study conducted in Khartoum state hospitals during period from June 2017 to June 2018 using ultrasound. Out of 100 patients whom in the first trimester and accomplishing the exclusion and inclusion criteria included in the study. Results: the results of the study shows that the mean age of pregnant women was 26-± 30 years majority of them between (26-30) years old. (58%) of abortion occur in homemakers occupations groups. Incomplete and complete miscarriage are the most common (34%) and the most common cause of miscarriage was unexplained (80%), trauma (12%), uterine defect (4%), fibroid (2%), febrile diseases (2%). Conclusion: The study concluded that most common type of miscarriage found at Khartoum is incomplete and complete miscarriage. Ultrasound characterized various kinds of miscarriage.

Background: The liver is that the largest organ within the anatomy. the dimensions depends on many factors: age, sex, body size and shape, from all the specific examination technique utilized Ultrasonography of the liver is one of the most common routine investigations which assess the size, texture and pathological change. Objective: The aim of this study was to Study the correlation between size of left lobe of the liver and body characteristic in Sudanese patients sono-graphically. Method: The data used in this study was collected in a randomly selected population sample and identify factors that affect liver size in Khartoum hospitals, the data collected from august 2018 to august 2019. Result: 100 subjects (42 male-58 female) underwent sonographic examination of the liver in the mid clavicular line to determine liver span. The mean age of the sample was 36.8 (SD14.4), ranging from 20 to 87 years. The result of the study revealed that the mean of the liver span 15.02+_0.35, the mean of left lobe was 5.21+_0.39 and the mean of caudate lobe was 2.5+_0.07. The study also found that there is strong positive relation between body mass index and left lobe of the liver, but there was no such correlation between body mass index and liver span. Researchers recommended that a future study, continuous research in this subject is highly recommended.

Objective: The aim of study was to study the chemical composition of renal stone in Sudanese population using computed tomography scan. Method: This is analytic study conducted in Khartoum state hospitals in the period from November 2018 to October 2019.The problem of the study was no similar study done in Sudanese populations. The study was done in 100 patients. The data was collected from computed tomography scan to the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. Classified and analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences application (SPSS). Results: The study found that most chemical composition of renal stone among Sudanese population was uric acid (0%), Cystine (26%) then Struvite (14%) and calcium (60%). The most effective age group with renal stone was (61-70) years old (36.7%) and same age group have a Struvite stone (28.3%). Furthermore, the most common age group with a cyctine renal stone were the cystine affect in the age between 50 years to 60 years old. The uric acid, Cystine, and calcium stone composition may be reliably predicted in vivo on the basis of dual-energy Computed tomography findings. In the future, a single dual-energy computed tomography examination may contribute to not only the identification but also the chemical characterization of stones in the urinary tract and it may add to the information available from non-enhanced conventional CT performed for evaluation of nephrolithiasis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the specific Doppler criteria for the portal vein as well as the spleen length or volume in liver transplants. A relative study was done after performing venous Doppler sonographic studies in 45 liver transplant cases (4 whole liver, 41 lobar) with no known vascular complications. The ultrasonic Doppler study were targeted to the portal vein flow direction, flow velocity in Doppler level and the caliber in gray scale level. Average gray scale and color flow mapping appearances as well as normal monophasic wave character was found. The following Doppler parameters were evaluated: for the portal veins, venous pulsatility index. There were no cases of portal vein obstruction found in our sample (neither stenosis, nor occlusion). Mean portal vein velocity was (less than 55 cm /s), the splenic length was (13.7±1.5). The relation between the portal venous index, and the splenic length was built. Both are useful parameters for diagnosing liver transplants complications.

Computed tomography (CT) scanning is typically used in the evaluation of patients with known colonic neoplasm's or in the detection of colorectal tumors in patients with nonspecific abdominal complaints. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is extremely helpful in detection and characterization of suspected hepatic metastases, particularly in the setting of a negative CT scan. MRI is also effective in the staging of tumor for local extension. Transrectal ultrasonography has become popular in staging tumors for local extension because of its ability to demonstrate the various layers of the colon wall. The incidence of gasterointestinal tract tumors is expected to increase in the future. This research paper is focus on the role of Computed tomography (CT scan),Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (u/s) in detection of tumors in the human body.The evaluation of of (CT scan), (MRI) and Ultrasound can provide valuable information regarding GIT tumors .So the final diagnosis depend and based on imaging modalities for detection GIT tumors. The various imaging modalities that used for detection of GIT tumors .Researcher also discuss the various imaging characteristics after administration of contrast agent .MRI like CT scan has difficulty in diagnosing metastases local lymph node involvement however, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) has recently became popular in staging colonic malignancy. Key-words: Role Computed tomography Ultrasound tumors Magnetic resonance Imaging

homotheraphy "slice therapy" is the proposal for the delivery of radiation therapy with intensity- modulated strips of radiation. The proposed method employs alinear accelerator, which would be mounted on aring gantry like a helical tomotherapy (CT scanner). The patient would move through the bore of the gantry simultaneously with gantry rotation. The intensity modulation would be performed by temporally modulated multiple independent leaves that open and close across the slit opening. This method would result in the delivery of highly conformal radiation and overall treatment times should be comparable with contemporary treatment delivery times. The dose reconstruction capabilities provide an ability to determine the dose actually delivered to the patient. The ring gantry would make it convenient to mount anarrow multisegmental megavoltage detector system for beam verification and aCTscanner on the treatment unit. A treatment unit could become a powerful tool for treatment planning, conformal treatment and verification using tomographic images. In this review a full description of the development of this novel technique is given , properties, advantages and applicability of this device are evaluated and the fundamental design specifications are justified. There is no previous studies for that purpose in Saudi Arabia so, researchers recommend that king Khalid hospital in Najran to implement Tomotheraphy unit in the near future for improving imaging and treatment planning .

The practice of radiology field are undergoing rapid change in the recent years due to technological advanced and the challenges and unique situations presented in higher education settings. Individuals in leadership positions need to have a strong set of leadership skills to affect positive change for radiology educators face many challenges but they have opportunities for trying to improve the quality of radiology education. The objective of this research is to create enough time to teach, to Provide adequate funds for education, to decide exactly what to teach, to Learn how to teach and to develope stable tools for evaluating the quality of teaching. This study performed between January 2012 and October 2013 radiology department teaching staff (20) of Applied Medical College-Radiological Sciences. The study revealed significant results that 93 % of the staff that leader ship affect their work experience in the positive manner ,while 7 % of the staff clarified that the leadership role affect their work experience in the negative manner. The leaders that mustsurmount these obstacles in higher education have a different role from faculty of applied medical college – radiological sciences –Sudan universities. Although they may have similar backgrounds in regard to education and lack of preparation for their leadership role. Many leaders may have been high-performing faculty members, but this does not always translate into being strong leaders. It is often assumed that those in leadership positions have the appropriate skills for effective leadership, which requires them to provide guidance and use decisionmaking skills to make the changes that are necessary for success. However, many times leaders have very little administrative experience or training for the role. These leadership skills need to be developed in order for the leader to be successful.

Whatever man does, he couldn’t reach the degree of perfection because perfection is only ascribed to almighty Allah. However, the continuous and serious follow up, assessment and reassessment are important for any program, particularly if this program impinges the environment. The man employs his qualification to lead a life that makes him capable of providing the needed contribution in serving the homeland. Based on this fact, the effect of ionizing radiation increases environmental hazards, so it’s required to control normal exposure, to prevent the spread of contamination during normal working condition, and to prevent or limit the extent of potential exposure. According to the researcher’s knowledge, no previous study is available in this field. Thus this study aims to know the effect of ionizing radiation in increasing the environmental hazards in Khartoum state, and suggests the necessary means of improving the level of knowledge among the health personnel, a matter that leads to development of medical services. A random sample that comprises five hospitals representing the public medical services sector in Khartoum state is selected, in which (250) medical personnel were interviewed. The initial information of this study was collected through interviews and questionnaire, and then the data is analyzed using computer. This study has examined the knowledge, attitude and behavior of the medical personnel towards the effect of ionizing radiation as a factor that increases environmental hazards. The summery of the results of the study is as follows: 1-(2%) of the health personnel selected knows nothing about the effect of ionizing radiation. 2-(85%)of them has a good knowledge about the effect of ionizing radiation. 3-(13%) of them is weak in their knowledge about effect of ionizing radiation. 4-The radiographic technologist’s knowledge about effect of ionizing radiation is good.

Telemedicine offers the potential to alleviate the severe shortage of medical specialists in developing countries and promises to alleviate some of the difficulties rural doctors and hospitals have in accessing specialist advice in Saudi Arabia. Telemedicine programs between remote rural hospitals and central hospitals have been successfully implemented in Canada, USA, Australia and in Saudi Arabia. In all these countries telemedicine has allowed the specialist to come to the patient rather than the patient's having to travel vast distances to visit the specialist. There is an acute shortage of radiologists in rural regions of the country, particularly in southern region of Saudi Arabia, therefore applications include Teleradiology, Telepathology and teleconferencing between rural hospitals and central hospitals which is ideally suited to the development of a national telemedicine network. Nearly half a century ago, telemedicine was disregarded for being an unwieldy, unreliable and unaffordable technology. Rapidly evolving telecommunications and information technologies have provided a solid foundation for telemedicine as a feasible, dependable and useful technology. enhanced access to healthcare via telemedicine will be achieved only with the ubiquitous distribution of telemedicine systems networks. In fact, the need for increased access to healthcare, lower cost for healthcare and increased quality of such care is generally inversely related to populations or regions economic status. To achieve enhanced access in our educational fields, these systems must become more affordable and both the public and private sectors must assume their respective shares in this investment and also use full point in medical educational filed. This paper describes and clarify the role of Telemedicine and Teleradiology in education .Through identifying the relevant literature and provide suggestion that might be implemented and consider in the near future. Researchers expect that this study will enhance the level of understanding and meaning of telemedicine among stakeholders, new entrants researchers and students and eventually enabling a