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Here, we report the biosynthesis of molybdenum oxide (Mo5O14) nanoparticles (NPs) by co-precipitation methods using various vermiculture-based extracts and their impact on seed germination in Vigna radiata. The synthesis of Mo5O14 NPs was initially characterized by a color change from yellow to white and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 360 nm in UV–visible spectroscopic analysis. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed that the Mo5O14 NPs were crystalline with a tetragonal structure and a size of 35.32–41.86 nm. Furthermore, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of NPs absorption bands revealed the presence of unique functional groups, such as -OH stretching, CH2 stretching, and primary amide groups, providing strong evidence that the native protein served to a reduce, cap, and stabilize Mo5O14 NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the ultrastructural profile of Mo5O14 NPs formed rod particles with an average particle length of 102 nm and width of 33 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) pattern analysis confirmed the presence of Mo and O ions. Finally, the effects of Mo5O14 NPs on Vigna radiata seed fresh and dry biomass characteristics, root and shoot length, and seed germination were investigated, and it was found that a significant increase in the seed germination rate of all seven vermiculture-based Mo5O14 NPs was observed at 200 ppm. Consequently, our work provides a step forward in the development of vermiculture-based Mo5O14 NPs as a promising green agrochemical nano-fertilizer.

The present investigation explore the biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by simple Co-precipitation method using Eudrilus eugeniae vermi wash and its applications to the seed germination of green gram (Vigna radiata). UV–Visible Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the formation of CuO and its interaction with the functional group of enzymes present in the vermin wash. X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy; Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis reveals the crystalline structure morphology, and elements of the CuO NPs. In order to evaluate the bio-potential properties of CuO NPs, a seed germination studies were carried out with green gram (V. radiata) with different concentrations of CuO NPs, and the result reveals that CuO NPs show a positive influence on the germination of green gram.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most potent and ubiquitously found mycotoxins, capable of causing contamination in agricultural products. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most toxic and primarily produced Aflatoxin and will be a real threat to the safety of food and feeds. The current study searched for the potential of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from animal excreta for AFB1 mitigation. Three LAB out of 56 isolates were found to exhibit more than 50% sorbent action with AFB1 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were identified as Lactococcuslactis strain CF_6 (OP183481) (65.38%), Lacticaseibacillus casei strain CW_3 (OP183482)(52.63%) and Lactobacillus acidophilus strain CE_4 (OP183483)(63.13%). More than 60% of the total AFB1 removal was observed in 2 hr of incubation, and maximum sorbent action was found at a pH 6-7 range at 37o C for 24 hours. In the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, heat-killed cells showed a significant increase in cell surface binding area, which improved the surface binding for all isolates except L. casei strain CW_3; however, it proves that LAB surface binding is strain-specific rather than heat treatment. Moreover, the rise in AFB1 concentration improved the rate of the sorbent action but did not observe any substantial changes in total AFB1 detoxification. So, it is concluded that the animal excreta may be a versatile source of probiotic LAB for AFB1 detoxification by surface binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase enzyme that carries both alcohol oxidation and aldehyde/ketone reduction activity. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity of yeast cells were essential for industrial applications. Sugar-rich organic waste resources including spoiled fruits, fruit peel waste, spoiled vegetables, raw and composed sludge from the dairy industry, and cane molasses spill from the sugar industry, provide a favorable habitat for ethanol-oxidizing microorganisms with ADH activity. The total ethanol oxidizing microbial population of organic waste resources differs considerably from the overall microbial community. Yeast from the natural habitats has a great potential for developing novel enzymes for industrial uses. Under this backdrop, the present study was focused on screening and characterization of potential ethanol oxidizing yeast strains from sugar-rich organic waste resources. Totally seventeen ethanol oxidizing yeast strains belongs to Pichia sp. (9 strains), Candida sp. (2 strains) and Debaryomyces sp. (2 strains), Hanseniaspora sp, Lachancea sp, Torulaspora sp, and Magnusiomyces sp. have been identified. The ability of strains to oxidize ethanol into acetaldehyde was verified by the Schiff's-base reaction through p-rosaniline assay. The selected five potential ethanol oxidizing strains were identified by 18S rRNA gene sequence as Pichia kluyveri FYES5, Pichia kudriavzevii FYES6, Pichia kudriavzevii VYES2, Candida mengyuniae CSYES1, and Magnusiomyces capitatus CSYES2 with the p-r index of 2.64±0.40, 3.79±0.54, 3.73±0.69, 2.28±0.24, and 2.87±0.58 respectively at 28°C. This is the first report to identify ethanol oxidizing yeast strains from sugar-rich organic waste resources and by this study found that the strain Candida mengyuniae has a better ability to oxidize ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]