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The scalable synthesis and transfer of large-area graphene underpins the development of nanoscale photonic devices ideal for new applications in a variety of fields, ranging from biotechnology, to wearable sensors for healthcare and motion detection, to quantum transport, communications, and metrology. We report room-temperature zero-bias thermoelectric photodetectors, based on single- and polycrystal graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), tunable over the whole terahertz range (0.1-10 THz) by selecting the resonance of an on-chip patterned nanoantenna. Efficient light detection with noise equivalent powers

Craft soda has become increasingly popular among consumers. Local manufacturers have opportunities to use a variety of strategies to differentiate their products from nationally recognized brands, including the use of real or natural ingredients, premium ingredients, and locally sourced ingredients, handmade and small batches, and creative taste. Loyal consumers of craft sodas often live within the proximity of the production location, and the manufacturers are normally small with a limited distribution area. From the local manufacturer's standpoint, it is important to segment the market based on the closeness to their distribution territory when studying the market demand, or at least to recognize if such locational preferences exist with a view toward identifying market expansion strategies. In this paper, we focus on the case for a Kentucky local craft soda producer, Ale‐8‐One. We examine the demand for craft and noncraft soft drinks using Nielsen scanner data to test whether consumer behavior is different in the core markets. The results show that, in this case, craft soda consumers are less price responsive and more brand loyal in the core market, compared with the outside market. [EconLit Citations: C55, D12, Q13].

The Federal Reserve shifted monetary policy from early 2016 by gradually increasing nominal interest rates until very recently (July 2019). A decline in commodity prices is expected in response to a contractionary policy. According to the overshooting hypothesis, agricultural prices could decrease more than their long‐run equilibrium levels (i.e., overshoot) in the short run. This research contributes to the overshooting literature by including the energy sector in the overshooting model. The theoretical results show that flexible energy prices share the burden of the shock with other flexible prices and, thus, agricultural prices and the exchange rate overshoot but less than the results of prior studies. The empirical results confirm the theoretical expectation that agricultural commodities adjust faster than manufacturing prices, but energy prices reduce the extent to which agricultural prices overshoot. This adjustment behavior has implications for income stability and financial viability of farmers.

Chemical and physical characterization of transported evolving aerosols in an in vitro system is complex. The challenges include appropriate sampling sensitivity, measurement capabilities, and performing online measurements of constituents in the flowing aerosol during exposure. We assessed the performance of single-photon ionization mass spectrometry in measuring aerosol properties within an in vitro aerosol exposure system. The sampling efficiency of the instrument was studied under three protocols to capture the evolving aerosol process inside the exposure system, and it was evaluated using computational fluid dynamics modeling. The changes in the aerosol as dilution is applied show not only a reduction in concentration of the traced substances but also selective sampling due to evolution of the aerosol and (gas/liquid) phase partitioning of the substances forming the aerosol or a change in the aerosol properties. These effects have potentially a direct impact on the delivered dose, as aerosol deposition is dependent on particle size. Dilution affects the chemical concentration of the substances as well as the interconnected physical properties of the aerosol; therefore, the experimental design of in vitro studies should not only report the dilution flow rates but also details of the applied dilution protocol. This adds a layer of complexity to the design and comparison of studies. We also discuss the potential and limitations of single-photon ionization mass spectrometry as a tool in in vitro monitoring of aerosols.

Signal suppression of the gastrointestinal tract fluids in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has been performed using various natural and chemical substances with the different MRCP pulse sequences. This study aimed to investigate the signal suppressions of the grape syrup and the grape syrup/lemon aqueous solutions in MRCP using the heavily T2-weighted sequences. For this purpose, the potassium, iron and manganese contents of grape syrup were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The grape syrup and the grape syrup/lemon solutions with the various grape syrup percentages were imaged using the heavily T2-weighted sequences of MRCP such as T2 HASTE thick slab and T2 SPACE. MRCP in the volunteers was performed before and 10 minutes after oral administration of the grape syrup solution. The concentrations of potassium, iron, and manganese in grape syrup were 34.8, 2.4 and 1 mg/l, respectively. The in vitro study showed significantly lower signal to noise ratio using the grape syrup samples comparing to the grape syrup/lemon. The effective signal suppression for the in vitro study and considerable enhancement of negative contrast in the post-contrast MRCP was obtained using a T2 HASTE thick slab sequence. As a conclusion, the grape syrup solution can be used for signal suppression of the gastrointestinal tract fluid in MRCP as an oral negative contrast material. A T2 HASTE thick slab sequence produces suitable contrast in MRCP images using the grape syrup solution.

A multifunctional nanoparticle, Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Carbon Dots (SPION-CDs), for fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging is introduced. This nanoparticle possesses the magnetic properties of super-paramagnetic iron oxide (SPION) core as well as the fluorescence characteristics of carbon dots (CDs) coated in mesoporous structure. The SPION-CDs were synthesized using a high temperature facile single-pot hydrothermal method. The products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/vis absorption, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The cytotoxic effect of SPION-CDs on OVCAR-3 cells was also evaluated. The synthesized nanoparticle possesses optimal size, low toxicity and excellent magnetic properties, including super-paramagnetic behavior (Ms = 42 emu g−1). Moreover, in the viewpoint of optical properties, the quantum yield of ~2.4% was obtained and the nanoparticle shows good fluorescence stability for cell-labeling studies. This multifunctional nanoparticle with appropriate characterization is a promising candidate for multimodal fluorescence/magnetic resonance imaging platform.

Many aerosols present in nature (e.g., atmosphere) or artificially generated for various purposes (e.g., inhalation) are composed of liquids that are prone to continuous evolution due to thermodynamical changes of surrounding conditions as for example temperature and humidity. Thermodynamical changes influence the aerosol dynamics causing condensation or evaporation and subsequent aerosol size growth or shrinkage. These evolution mechanisms simultaneously influence the aerosol deposition due to particle size dependent nature of the aerosol deposition mechanisms (i.e., inertial and diffusional deposition). As the experimental measurements of evolving liquid aerosol deposition are challenging, development and validation of computational models allowing aerosol simulations are important to explore and understand the underlying physics. In this manuscript, we present our multispecies evaporation/condensation model implemented in an Eulerian aerosol framework. The model is validated by comparing with the available literature data for droplet evaporation/condensation under controlled conditions. We applied the model to explore the effect of the temperature and humidity variations on the aerosol size change and its consequent influence on the aerosol deposition in a bent pipe for single- and multispecies mixtures. We show influence of condensation on the aerosol deposition efficiency for various particle sizes. Our results demonstrate that particle size growth favoring inertial deposition and inhibiting diffusional deposition can significantly influence the number of depositing particles and result in an increase of the deposited liquid mass on the walls. These effects are caused by subtle interaction of flowing aerosols in the laminar boundary layer with surrounding vapors available for condensation and they are dependent on the gradient of temperature between flowing mixture and walls.

Terahertz (THz) technology has recently attracted wide scientific and technological interests in quantum science, where the need of fast and sensitive photodetectors prospects fascinating impacts in quantum computing, quantum metrology and optical communications. In this work, we demonstrate that quantum dot single electron transistors (SETs) based on InAs/InAs0.3P0.7 axially heterostructured nanowires integrated with planar on-chip nano-antennas, behave as highly sensitive zero-bias photo-thermoelectric detectors at 0.6 THz. The detector photoresponse can be optimized by electrostatic gating, taking advantage of the SET transport characteristics that clearly reflects energy quantization and single-electron tunneling in the dot.

Low dimensional nano-systems are promising candidates for manipulating, controlling and capturing photons with large sensitivities and low-noise. If quantum engineered to tailor the energy of the localized electrons across the desired frequency range, they can allow devising efficient quantum sensors across any frequency domain. Here, we exploit the rich few-electrons physics to develop millimeter-wave nanodetectors employing as sensing element an InAs/InAs0.3P0.7 quantum-dot nanowire, embedded in a single electron transistor. Once irradiated with light the deeply localized quantum element exhibits an extra electromotive force driven by the photothermoelectric effect, which is exploited to efficiently sense radiation at 0.6 THz with a noise equivalent power < 8 pWHz-1/2 and almost zero dark current. The achieved results open intriguing perspectives for quantum key distributions, quantum communications and quantum cryptography at terahertz frequencies., This is the authors' version of the article submitted to Nano Letters and accepted for publication https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02022 (18 Pages, 4 Figures)

We trace the photodetection mechanisms at THz frequencies in InAs nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FET) by means of a combination of two near-field techniques: photocurrent nanoscopy and detectorless scattering near-field microscopy. By mapping local THz photocurrents with nanoscale (15 nm) spatial resolution we demonstrate the activation of photo-thermoelectric and bolometric effects under THz illumination of these room temperature nanodetectors.

In this article the rate of return (ROR) and risk factors faced by international oil company (IOC), in IPC contract of Darkhowein oil field is modeled. For this purpose, we analyze the IPC contract specific risk factors that can contribute to a reduction in the rate of return for the international oil company including oil price, production level, capital cast, operating cost, and remuneration. The results of the cash flow risk analysis show the impact of these factors on the contractor's rate of return on IPC contracts is not significant in comparison to Buy-back contracts. The most important risk factor in Buy-back contracts is capital cast, which affects a large part of the contractor's returns, but in these contracts, this risk has been significantly reduced due to the government's additional compensation. In general, according to the results, it can be said that in IPC contracts, the contractor's return rate has not been heavily influenced by risk factors, and therefore the risk of the international oil company has fallen in these contracts.

The farm-gate price of raw milk in Iran is determined annually in negotiations among representatives of dairy processors, milk producers, and government officials. This study estimates the average bargaining power of dairy farmers and processors, through applying the generalized axiomatic Nash approach in a bilateral bargaining model. We employ annual data from 1990 to 2013 to estimate econometric representation of a bilateral bargaining model using a Monte Carlo expectation maximization algorithm. Results imply a higher bargaining power of 0.69 for processors, compared with 0.31 for farmers. This asymmetry of bargaining power causes unequal allocation of gains in the milk market.

Adopting appropriate and efficient tools for risk management is a core element in managing a variety of risks. Insurance-Linked Securities are modern financial-insurance tools which have been utilized widely by the insurers to cover risks especially catastrophe related risks and massive risks. Moreover, these securities are financial tools that occur in life insurance securitizations. Heretofore, the risk securitizations have been inside the insurance industry and the operational models for issuing such securities on oil and gas projects' risks have not been presented to the literature yet. Considering the importance of oil and gas sector and also the high diversity and variety of oil and gas projects' risks and in order to diversify the risk management tools in the hands of oil and insurance industries, this paper has tried to develop a model for issuing oil risk securities based on Simon's theory of bounded rationality (1996). This model is consistent with conditions in Iranian oil and insurance industries and the Islamic juridical (Shari'ah) considerations for the corresponding investments.

Semiconductor nanowire field-effect transistors represent a promising platform for the development of room-temperature (RT) terahertz (THz) frequency light detectors due to the strong nonlinearity of their transfer characteristics and their remarkable combination of low noise-equivalent powers (100 V/W). Nano-engineering an NW photodetector combining high sensitivity with high speed (sub-ns) in the THz regime at RT is highly desirable for many frontier applications in quantum optics and nanophotonics, but this requires a clear understanding of the origin of the photo-response. Conventional electrical and optical measurements, however, cannot unambiguously determine the dominant detection mechanism due to inherent device asymmetry that allows different processes to be simultaneously activated. Here, we innovatively capture snapshots of the photo-response of individual InAs nanowires via high spatial resolution (35 nm) THz photocurrent nanoscopy. By coupling a THz quantum cascade laser to scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and monitoring both electrical and optical readouts, we simultaneously measure transport and scattering properties. The spatially resolved electric response provides unambiguous signatures of photo-thermoelectric and bolometric currents whose interplay is discussed as a function of photon density and material doping, therefore providing a route to engineer photo-responses by design., Acoustic metamaterials: Photocurrent nanoscopy: Insight into room temperature terahertz photodetectors Focusing a terahertz laser onto a scattering near-field optical microscope tip reveals the mechanisms at play in a field effect transistor nanowire when it detects light. The approach was developed by Miriam Serena Vitiello and colleagues at Italy’s Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore and could help engineer sensitive, ultrafast room temperature Terahertz photodetectors for use in ultra-high-speed communications, biomedical imaging, and quantum optics. The researchers applied their photocurrent nanoscopy technique on indium arsenide nanowires in field effect transistors and found signatures of two thermally driven processes: the photo-thermoelectric and bolometric effects, where local temperature changes translate to voltage or resistivity changes respectively, driving the current flow. Knowledge gained by using the technique can be used for the research and engineering of a wide range of room temperature terahertz frequency light detectors.

Accurate predictions of aerosol transport, evolution, and deposition in the human airways are crucial for inhalation dosimetry investigations. Inhaled aerosol transported through the airways undergoes thermodynamic changes due to changes in temperature and humidity. Aerosol evolution processes are particularly important for liquid multispecies aerosols. These aerosols are sensitive to condensation and/or evaporation dynamics, which can modify gas/liquid partitioning of each species and particle size distribution. In this manuscript, we present computational fluid dynamics simulations of complex aerosol mixtures in a realistic geometry of the human respiratory tract cast model. We used a publicly available computational framework, AeroSolved, developed for simulation of evolving multispecies aerosol mixtures. We evaluated the dynamics of liquid particles in physiologically relevant conditions of 100 % relative humidity at the temperature of 37 ° C . We studied two separate inhalation flow scenarios: in the first case, a warm aerosol at 50 ° C was inhaled and subsequently cooled down while flowing in the airways. In the second case, an aerosol at room temperature was inhaled and heated up to the temperature of 37 ° C . Our results demonstrated that aerosol evolution mainly occurs in the upper segments of the airways (throat and trachea) at the very short timescales. Apart from showing the significant influence of temperature and humidity conditions on aerosol dynamics and evolution, we also measured aerosol deposition fluxes investigating the dependence of the delivered aerosol mass on evolution mechanisms. We showed that the delivered regional mass of each species depends on the physico-chemical properties of the mixture, and it is also significantly influenced by the airways’ humidity and thermal conditions. It was also shown that the species-specific properties of the liquid mixture (e.g., activity coefficient) play an important role in gas/liquid partitioning of the species. With AeroSolved such dependencies can be further investigated with greater attention towards specific needs and physiologically important conditions (e.g., transient flow inhalation patterns, aerosol mixture composition and its properties).

We establish the local Langlands conjecture for small rank general spin groups GSpin 4 {\mathrm{GSpin}_{4}} and GSpin 6 {\mathrm{GSpin}_{6}} as well as their inner forms. We construct appropriate L-packets and prove that these L-packets satisfy the properties expected of them to the extent that the corresponding local factors are available. We are also able to determine the exact sizes of the L-packets in many cases.

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We give a complete description of the image of the endoscopic functorial transfer of generic automorphic representations from the quasi-split general spin groups to general linear groups over arbitrary number fields. This result is not covered by the recent work of Arthur on endoscopic classification of automorphic representations of classical groups. The image is expected to be the same for the whole tempered spectrum, whether generic or not, once the transfer for all tempered representations is proved. We give a number of applications including estimates toward the Ramanujan conjecture for the groups involved and the characterization of automorphic representations of GL(6) which are exterior square transfers from GL(4), among others. More applications to reducibility questions for the local induced representations of p-adic groups will also follow.

Observations of fast transport of fluorescent tracers in mouse brains have led to the hypothesis of bulk water flow directed from arterial to venous paravascular spaces (PVS) through the cortical interstitium. At the same time, there is evidence for interstitial solute transport by diffusion rather than by directed bulk fluid motion. It has been shown that the two views may be consolidated by intracellular water flow through astrocyte networks combined with mainly diffusive extracellular transport of solutes. This requires the presence of a driving force that has not been determined to date, but for which arterial pulsation has been suggested as the origin. Here we show that arterial pulsation caused by pulse wave propagation is an unlikely origin of this hypothetical driving force. However, we further show that such pulsation may still lead to fast para-arterial solute transport through dispersion, that is, through the combined effect of local mixing and diffusion in the para-arterial space.

We explicitly compute the adjoint L-function of those L-packets of representations of the group GSp(4) over a p-adic field of characteristic zero that contain non-supercuspidal representations. As an application we verify a conjecture of Gross and Prasad and Rallis in this case. The conjecture states that the adjoint L-function is holomorphic at s=1 if and only if the L-packet contains a generic representation.

We study the local L-functions for Levi subgroups in split spinor groups defined via the Langlands-Shahidi method and prove a conjecture on their holomorphy in a half plane. These results have been used in the work of Kim and Shahidi on the functorial product for GL2 × GL3.

For improving the conditions of project intended purpose and reaching high score in the project success, project Stakeholders (including employer, contractor, consultant and its users) try to comply with the implementation of project Critical Success Factors(CSFs) at the beginning of each project. This implementation is in two terms: economic and executive. Artificial neural networks are one of the new methods which have been developed to estimate and predict parameters by using inherent relationship among data. In this research, it tried to propose a model to determine the project success score by using radial basis neural networks. For reaching this purpose, firstly, the key indicators of project success (employer, contractor and consultant) among the main elements involved in the industry of macro-civil construction projects in Iran reviewed. Secondly, ten CSFs key project success indicators were recognized in five categories: (i) financial, (ii) interaction processes, (iii) manpower, (iv) contract settings and (v) characteristic nature of the project (based on conditions of the present research in Iran). Then, some projects were selected by random sampling of projects operated during the last 5 years in the country's Ministry of Energy. Among those projects, project information was collected by managers of large projects. After training the designed neural network, the project success model was provided based on an assessment of project objectives including factors of Scope, Time, Cost, and Quality of the projects. For facilitating other researches’ use, the applied equation of the model was presented as well. Outputs, calculated by the proposed model, were in good agreement with the actual number of projects assessed in Iran. The results of this study may be used as a tool in implementing projects for the rapid assessment of achieving project goals’ facilities.

Using soft-tissue composition in conventional regional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the spine and hip to predict whole body composition (whole-body fat mass, whole-body lean mass and trunk-fat mass) instead of a whole body DXA scan.We identified 143 adult patients who underwent DXA evaluation of the whole body. Anthropometric indices were also measured. Datasets were split randomly into two parts; the derivation set including a sample of 100 subjects, and the validation set including a sample of 43 subjects. Multiple regression analysis with the backward stepwise elimination procedure was used for the derivation set and the estimates were then compared with the actual measurements from the whole-body scans for the validation set. The Ra2 (adjusted coefficient of multiple determination) and SSE (error sum of squares) criteria were applied to compare regression models.Using multiple linear regression analyses, the best equation for predicting whole-body fat mass (Ra2= 0. 945) included gender, height, weight, waist circumference (WC), spine fat fraction and hip fat fraction; the best equation for predicting whole-body lean mass (Ra2 = 0. 970) included gender, weight, WC, spine fat fraction and hip fat fraction; and the best equation for predicting trunk-fat mass (Ra2 = 0. 944) included gender, weight, spine fat fraction and hip fat fraction.The results of this study show that regional DXA scans of the spine and hip can be used to accurately predict body composition.

This paper explicitly describes the procedure of associating an automorphic rep- resentation of PGSp(2n, A) with a Siegel modular form of degree n for the full modular groupn = Sp(2n, Z), generalizing the well-known procedure for n = 1. This will show that the so-called "standard" and "spinor" L-functions associated with such forms are ob- tained as Langlands L-functions. The theory of Euler products, developed by Langlands, applied to a Levi subgroup of the exceptional group of type F4, is then used to establish meromorphic continuation for the spinor L-function when n = 3.

Background: Precise and accurate measurements of body composition are useful in achieving a greater understanding of human energy metabolism in physiology and in different clinical conditions, such as, cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to measure body composition, but the easiest method to assess body composition is the use of anthropometric indices. This study has been designed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of body composition prediction equations by various anthropometric measures instead of a whole body DXA scan. Materials and Methods: We identified 143 adult patients underwent DXA evaluation of the whole body. The anthropometric indices were also measured. Datasets were split randomly into two parts. Multiple regression analysis with a backward stepwise elimination procedure was used as the derivation set and then the estimates were compared with the actual measurements from the whole-body scans for a validation set. The SPSS version 20 for Windows software was used in multiple regression and data analysis. Results: Using multiple linear regression analyses, the best equation for predicting the whole-body fat mass (R 2 = 0.808) included the body mass index (BMI) and gender; the best equation for predicting whole-body lean mass (R 2 = 0.780) included BMI, WC, gender, and age; and the best equation for predicting trunk fat mass (R 2 = 0.759) included BMI, WC, and gender. Conclusions: Combinations of anthropometric measurements predict whole-body lean mass and trunk fat mass better than any of these single anthropometric indices. Therefore, the findings of the present study may be used to verify the results in patients with various diseases or diets.

Iran is the major producer of pistachio nuts in the world. Iran dominated the international pistachio export markets until 1982, when a new competitor, the United States, emerged in the international markets. Currently, both Iran and the United States are major pistachio exporters to Japan. In this study, we address the following empirical question: Is the Japanese pista- chio import market best characterized by Cournot or Bertrand duopoly competition or some other form of game? We use two historical data sets on pistachio prices and quantities imported by Japan from Iran and the United States and estimate the demand functions for these two main exporters. Considering two different strategic variables, quantity and price, full information maximum likelihood (FIML) resulted in different esti- mates. We used normalized likelihood ratio statistics for the model comparison. Having proper game-specific non- linear-equation restrictions enabled us to form six alter- native models. The model that best fit the data was the Stackelberg model with US quantity leadership. markets and took over the majority of Iran's traditional export markets, mainly in Europe, Japan, and other coun- tries. Pistachio nuts are a heterogeneous commodity, and the quality of Iran's pistachios, especially in terms of taste, differentiates this commodity in the international markets. This study investigates the possibility of oligo- polistic behavior by these two main competitors in the Japanese import market. Pistachio trees grow naturally in dry and desert cli- mate areas and are native to Iran, Syria, Turkey, Greece, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Pistachio trees were first introduced into the United States in 1954, but the industry was not commercialized until 20 years later. During this time, the United States was mainly importing pistachios from Iran (Zheng 2011). Iran and the United States export quantity, value, and unit price are com- pared in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively, for the period 1961-2008. The shock of Iran's revolution in 1979 and the aflatoxin food safety incident in 1997, in which European countries rejected a large shipment of pistachios from Iran, helped the United States establish a strong rivalry with Iran in international pistachio markets. Historical data during the period of 1982-2008 show

We establish Langlands functoriality for the generic spectrum of GSp(4) and describe its transfer on GL(4). We apply this to prove results toward the generalized Ramanujan conjecture for generic representations of GSp(4)., 12 pages, better bounds in Cor 3.4 than originally stated

We prove Langlands functoriality for the generic spectrum of general spin groups (both odd and even). Contrary to other recent instances of functoriality, our resulting automorphic representations on the general linear group are not self-dual. Together with cases of classical groups, this completes the list of cases of split reductive groups whose $L$ -groups have classical derived groups. The important transfer from $\mbox{\rm GSp}_{4}$ to $\mbox{\rm GL}_{4}$ follows from our result as a special case

The brain possesses an intricate network of interconnected fluid pathways that are vital to the maintenance of its homeostasis. With diffusion being the main mode of solute transport in cerebral tissue, it is not clear how bulk flow through these pathways is involved in the removal of metabolites. In this computational study, we show that networks of astrocytes may contribute to the passage of solutes between tissue and paravascular spaces (PVS) by serving as low resistance pathways to bulk water flow. The astrocyte networks are connected through aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels with a parallel, extracellular route carrying metabolites. Inhibition of the intracellular route by deletion of AQP4 causes a reduction of bulk flow between tissue and PVS, leading to reduced metabolite clearance into the venous PVS or, as observed in animal studies, a reduction of tracer influx from arterial PVS into the brain tissue.

While there is growing experimental evidence that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow induced by the beating of ependymal cilia is an important factor for neuronal guidance, the respective contribution of vascular pulsation-driven macroscale oscillatory CSF flow remains unclear. This work uses computational fluid dynamics to elucidate the interplay between macroscale and cilia-induced CSF flows and their relative impact on near-wall dynamics. Physiological macroscale CSF dynamics are simulated in the ventricular space using subject-specific anatomy, wall motion and choroid plexus pulsations derived from magnetic resonance imaging. Near-wall flow is quantified in two subdomains selected from the right lateral ventricle, for which dynamic boundary conditions are extracted from the macroscale simulations. When cilia are neglected, CSF pulsation leads to periodic flow reversals along the ventricular surface, resulting in close to zero time-averaged force on the ventricle wall. The cilia promote more aligned wall shear stresses that are on average two orders of magnitude larger compared with those produced by macroscopic pulsatile flow. These findings indicate that CSF flow-mediated neuronal guidance is likely to be dominated by the action of the ependymal cilia in the lateral ventricles, whereas CSF dynamics in the centre regions of the ventricles is driven predominantly by wall motion and choroid plexus pulsation.