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The rapid growth of distributed energy resources (DERs) in smart grids has necessitated innovative strategies to manage and optimize energy markets. This paper introduces an architectural framework that leverages game theory and reinforcement learning (RL) as foundational methodologies to enhance the efficiency and robustness of distributed energy markets. Through simulations and case studies, we demonstrate how these approaches can facilitate improved decision-making among market participants, leading to better energy distribution and consumption. This exploratory approach is intended to lay the groundwork for more complex implementations that account for physical and regulatory constraints. Our preliminary results indicate a 25% reduction in energy costs and a 30% improvement in energy distribution efficiency compared to traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trinity of global warming, climate change, and air pollution casts an ominous shadow over society and the environment. At the heart of these threats lie carbon emissions, whose reduction has become paramount. Blockchain technology and the internet of things (IoT) emerge as innovative tools for establishing an efficient carbon credit exchange. This paper presents a blockchain and IoT-centric platform for carbon credit exchange, paving the way for transparent, secure, and effective trading. IoT devices play a pivotal role in monitoring and verifying carbon emissions, safeguarding the integrity and accountability of the trading process. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and immutable nature, empowers the platform with transparency, reduced fraud, and enhanced accountability. This platform aims to arm organizations and individuals with the ability to actively curb carbon emissions, fostering collective efforts towards global pollution reduction goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent structural stability, high operating voltage, and high capacity have made Na3V2(PO4)2F3 a promising cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries. However, high‐temperature battery performances and heat generation measurements have not been systematically reported yet. Carbon‐coated Na3V2(PO4)2F3@MWCNT (multi‐walled carbon nanotube) samples are fabricated by a hydrothermal‐assisted sol‐gel method and the electrochemical performances are evaluated at three different temperatures (25, 45, and 55 °C). The well‐crystallized Na3V2(PO4)2F3@MWCNT samples exhibit good cycling stability at both low and high temperatures; they deliver an initial discharge capacity of 120–125 mAhg−1 at a 1 C rate with a retention of 53 % capacity after 1,400 cycles with 99 % columbic efficiency. The half‐cell delivers a capacity of 100 mAhg−1 even at a high rate of 10 C at room temperature. Furthermore, the Na3V2(PO4)2F3@MWCNT samples show good long‐term durability; the capacity loss is an average of 0.05 % per cycle at a 1 C rate at 55 °C. Furthermore, ionic diffusivity and charge transfer resistance are evaluated as functions of state of charge, and they explain the high electrochemical performance of the Na3V2(PO4)2F3@MWCNT samples. In‐situ heat generation measurements reveal reversible results upon cycling owing to the high structural stability of the material. Excellent electrochemical performances are also demonstrated in the full‐cell configuration with hard carbon as well as antimony Sb/C anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ni0.5TiOPO4 oxyphosphate exhibits good electrochemical properties as an anode material in lithium ion batteries but suffers from its low conductivity. We present here the electrochemical performances of the synthesized Ni0.5TiOPO4/carbon composite by using sucrose as the carbon source. X-ray diffraction study confirms that this phosphate crystallizes in the monoclinic system (S.G. P21/c). The use of the Ni0.5TiOPO4/C composite in lithium batteries shows enhanced electrochemical performances compared with the uncoated material. Capacities up to 200mAhg−1 could be reached during cycling of this electrode. Furthermore, an acceptable rate capability was obtained with very low capacity fading even at 0.5C rate. Nevertheless, a considerable irreversible capacity was evidenced during the first discharge. In situ synchrotron X-ray radiation was utilized to study the structural change during the first discharge in order to evidence the origin of this irreversible capacity. Lithium insertion during the first discharge induces an amorphization of the crystal structure of the parent material accompanied by an irreversible formation of a new phase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4/C composite was synthesized by the co-precipitation method using polyethylene glycol as carbon source. X-ray diffraction study showed that the as-prepared material crystallizes in the monoclinic system (S.G. P21/c). This 3D structure exhibits an open framework favourable to intercalation reactions. The morphology and the microstructure characterisation was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Small particles (∼1μm) coated by carbon were observed. Raman study confirms the presence of carbon graphite in the Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4/C composite. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge galvanostatic cycling were used to characterize its electrochemical properties. The Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4/C composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performances with good capacity retention for 50 cycles. Approximately 200mAh/g could be reached at C, C/2, C/5 and C/20 rates in the 0.5–3V potential range. These results clearly evidenced the positive effect of the carbon coating on the electrochemical properties of the studied phosphate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Layered LiNi0.2Mn0.2Co0.6O2 phase, belonging to a solid solution between LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 and LiCoO2 most commercialized cathodes, was prepared via the combustion method at 900°C for a short time (1h). Structural, electrochemical and magnetic properties of this material were investigated. Rietveld analysis of the XRD pattern shows this compound as having the α-NaFeO2 type structure (S.G. R-3m; a =2.8399(2)Ǻ; c =14.165(1)Ǻ) with almost none of the well-known Li/Ni cation disorder. SQUID measurements clearly indicate that the studied compound consists of Ni2+, Co3+ and Mn4+ ions in the crystal structure. X-ray analysis of the chemically delithiated Li x Ni0.2Mn0.2Co0.6O2 phases reveals that the rhombohedral symmetry was maintained during Li-extraction, confirmed by the monotonous variation of the potential–composition curve of the Li//Li x Ni0.2Mn0.2Co0.6O2 cell. LiNi0.2Mn0.2Co0.6O2 cathode has a discharge capacity of ∼160mAhg−1 in the voltage range 2.7–4.3V corresponding to the extraction/insertion of 0.6 lithium ion with very low polarization. It exhibits a stable capacity on cycling and good rate capability in the rate range 0.2–2C. The almost 2D structure of this cathode material, its good electrochemical performances and its relatively low cost comparing to LiCoO2, make this material very promising for applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Excellent structural stability, high operating voltage, and high capacity have made Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, high-temperature battery performances and heat generation measurements have not been systematically reported yet. Carbon-coated Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 @MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube) samples are fabricated by a hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method and the electrochemical performances are evaluated at three different temperatures (25, 45, and 55 °C). The well-crystallized Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 @MWCNT samples exhibit good cycling stability at both low and high temperatures; they deliver an initial discharge capacity of 120-125 mAhg -1 at a 1 C rate with a retention of 53 % capacity after 1,400 cycles with 99 % columbic efficiency. The half-cell delivers a capacity of 100 mAhg -1 even at a high rate of 10 C at room temperature. Furthermore, the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 @MWCNT samples show good long-term durability; the capacity loss is an average of 0.05 % per cycle at a 1 C rate at 55 °C. Furthermore, ionic diffusivity and charge transfer resistance are evaluated as functions of state of charge, and they explain the high electrochemical performance of the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 @MWCNT samples. In-situ heat generation measurements reveal reversible results upon cycling owing to the high structural stability of the material. Excellent electrochemical performances are also demonstrated in the full-cell configuration with hard carbon as well as antimony Sb/C anodes., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)