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A new, simple hight performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-Spectrodensitometric strategy was created and approved for the synchronous estimation of four antibacterial specialists: ceftazidime (CEF), tazobactam (TAZ), tobramycin (TOB) and sulbactam (SUL). The four compounds were separated on TLC aluminum plates covered with silica gel 60 F254, using chloroform–acetonitrile–methanol–ammonia (4:1:0.5:0.15, v/v/v/v) as a mobile phase at 254 nm. Linear correlation was obeyed over the concentration ranges of 12.0–72.0, 2.0–12.0, 3.0–18.0 and 10.0–50.0 μg mL−1 for CEF, TAZ, TOB and SUL, respectively. The proposed approach is efficient, repeatable and convenient as a flexible method for the quality control of diverse combinations of these pharmaceuticals in various pharmaceutical preparations, with high percent recoveries that are highly consistent with labeled data. When the findings of the proposed technique were compared to those of the comparison methods, there were no critical contrasts in terms of precision and accuracy.

Polymyxins (PMS), namely Colistin (CS) and polymyxin B (poly B), are antimicrobial drugs that have been recently used to treat multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria infections and their resurgence, owing to a lack of new antibiotics. A speedy, simple, and ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetric screening of PMS in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids was urgently required from this point forwards. A reaction between fluorescamine and the aliphatic amino moiety found in both drugs was performed in a slightly alkaline borate buffer (pH 8.5) resulted in highly fluorescent products measured at λ

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide disease that requires special and continuous medical care. Many classes of oral hypoglycemic drugs are currently used; however, the treatment strategy depends on the nature of diabetes type, pharmacological properties of the used drugs in addition to the clinical characteristics of the patient. As such, in this literature review, we will shed the light on the pharmacology and analytical chemistry profile of certain oral hypoglycemic drugs specifically Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin and Saxagliptin that got attention in the last decade. Mode of action and most of up-to-date reported methods that have been developed for determination of these important anti-diabetic drugs in their pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological samples are mentioned in detail.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy among women. Compared to other types of cancer, therapeutic agents can be administrated locally at the mucosal vaginal membrane. Thermosensitive gels have been developed over the years for contraception or for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, and sexually transmitted infections. These formulations often carry therapeutic nanoparticles and are now being considered in the arsenal of tools for oncology. They can also be three-dimensionally (3D) printed for a better geometrical adjustment to the anatomy of the patient, thus enhancing the local delivery treatment. In this study, a localized delivery system composed of a Pluronic F127-alginate hydrogel with efficient nanoparticle (NP) release properties was prepared for intravaginal application procedures. The kinetics of hydrogel degradation and its NP releasing properties were demonstrated with ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (∼80% of encapsulated AuNPs released in 48 h). The mucoadhesive properties of the hydrogel formulation were assayed by the periodic acid/Schiff reagent staining, which revealed that 19% of mucins were adsorbed on the gel's surface. The hydrogel formulation was tested for cytocompatibility in three cell lines (HeLa, CRL 2616, and BT-474; no sign of cytotoxicity revealed). The release of AuNPs from the hydrogel and their accumulation in vaginal membranes were quantitatively measured

The present work was performed in order to study the mechanism of micellar thin layer chromatography (MTLC) and to develop a new simple and sensitive simultaneous MTLC method for separation of empagliflozin, Linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride ternary mixture. The study was done using three different surfactants; sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and polysorbate 80 (tween 80). Chromatographic procedure was performed using micellar mobile phase that composed of aqueous solution of each surfactant and methanol (6: 4 v/v) and micellar TLC determination at λmax 237 nm. Separation using SDS (anionic surfactant) and BAC (cationic surfactant) depends on ionization potential (AMI-IP), partition coefficient (logP (o/w)) and hydrogen bond donor atoms (a-don), whereas separation using tween 80 depends mainly on the lipophilicity (RM0), solvation energy (E-sol) and Van der Waals energy (E-vdw). Quantitative structure–retention relationships study was carried out, modeled, evaluated and validated using molecular operating environment software.

Diffusion cells are devices made of donor and acceptor compartments (DC and AC), separated by a membrane. They are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, toxicology, and protective equipment tests (e.g., gloves) to measure the kinetics of permeants (molecules and nanoparticles) across biological membranes as the skin. However, rarely is the concentration of permeants in the AC measured in continuous or in real-time, and this limitation leads to significant discrepancies in the calculations of kinetic parameters that define the permeation mechanisms. In this study, a diffusion cell compatible with positron emission tomography was used to measure the permeation kinetics of nanoparticles across glove membranes. The technology allows for the measurement of nanoparticle concentration in real-time in the two compartments (DC and AC) and at a detection sensitivity several orders of magnitude higher compared with conventional spectroscopies, thus allowing a much more precise extraction of kinetic parameters. Ultra-small (

In this paper, two simple, rapid and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric methods were developed and validated for nystatin determination in its pure form and pharmaceutical dosage form (oral suspension). The first method was based on measuring the nystatin native fluorescence after dilution with isopropyl alcohol at 407 nm (excitation 303 nm). The fluoresence intensity was linearly dependant on the nystatin concentration within the specified range 50-500 ng ml-1 . The second was based on micellar enhancement of nystatin fluorescence using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In the presence of 2% w/v SDS, an ~1.9-fold enhancement could be achieved in the relative fluorescence intensity of nystatin. The linear range for the second method was 20-100 ng ml-1 . The limits of quantification and detection were found to be 43.23 ng ml-1 and 14.27 ng ml-1 (Method I), 6.08 ng ml-1 and 2.0 ng ml-1 (Method II). According to percentage recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained, the proposed methods were precise (RSDs were less than 2%), reproducible, and accurate and could be successfully applied for quantitative estimation of nystatin in its dosage form. The statistical results of this method were compared with that of the reported method and showed excellent agreement with respect to accuracy and precision.

In recent years, the global emergence of antibacterial resistance has led to the development of new antibacterial drugs with unique chemical structures. The FDA has recently approved delafloxacin for acute bacterial infection treatment. The proposed potentiometric sensor is considered as the first electrochemical method for accurate, precise, and sensitive determination of delafloxacin. It was based on developing a novel polymeric material that functioned as a recognition element and a transducer at the same time. This polymeric material was fabricated by the covalent polymerization of aniline monomers with the crown ether ionophore and followed by the ionic attachment to the surface of the MWCNTs. A linear response ranging from 1 × 10–3 to 1 × 10–8 mol L−1 and a high sensitivity reached nano-molar level down to 3.5 × 10–9 mol L−1 have been displayed by the fabricated sensor. It was used efficiently in human plasma, pure form, and pharmaceutical tablets for the quantitation of delafloxacin with high recovery ranged from 97.68% to 100.45% and without any extraction or pretreatment steps. The proposed sensor is characterized by high selectivity and stability over 143 days with no surface renewal.

Background: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a standard procedure for the treatment of chronic sinusitis. This surgery is usually conducted under general anesthesia and it is better to be performed under controlled hypotensive technique to improve surgical field and to decrease the operation time. Routine analgesic treatment is usually based on non-opioid analgesics with rescue opioids. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare opioid free versus opioid based general anesthesia in functional endoscopic sinus surgeries regarding hypotension, surgical field, operation time and postoperative pain. Patients and methods: Patients were divided into 2 equal groups: Group 1: Opioid free group: (Group OFA) 22 participants, Group 2: Opioid based group: (Group OBA) 22 participants. All participants were subjected to medical history taking, complete clinical examination and premedication and routine laboratory investigations. Results: There was no statistical significant difference between the studied groups regarding the mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation and need for analgesia. Duration of stay in post anesthesia care unit was significantly shorter in OFA group than OBA group. OBA Group was significantly associated with higher VAS score at 6-, 10- and 12-hours postoperatively. Conclusion: OFA provided satisfactory intraoperative analgesia and control of surgery-induced pressor reflexes. Also, the perioperative safety and efficacy of the opioid-free anesthesia techniques provided for functional endoscopic sinus surgeries had good postoperative analgesia and other postrecovery criteria. There is a need for wider-scale comparative studies with large number of patients with long period in multi-center studies to confirm our finding.

Diffusion cells are routinely used in pharmacology to measure the permeation of pharmaceutical compounds and contaminants across membranes (biological or synthetic). They can also be used to study drug release from excipients. The device is made of a donor (DC) and an acceptor (AC) compartment, separated by a membrane. Usually, permeation of molecules across membranes is measured by sampling from the AC at different time points. However, this process disturbs the equilibrium of the cell. Furthermore, analytical techniques used in association with diffusion cells sometimes lack either accuracy, sensitivity, or both. This work reports on the development of nuclear imaging – compatible diffusion cells. The cell is made of a polymer transparent to high-energy photons typically detected in positron emission tomography (PET). It was tested in a finite-dose set-up experiment with a pre-clinical PET system. Porous cellulose membranes (3.5, 25 and 300 kDa), a common excipient in pharmacology, as well as for dialysis membranes, were used as test membranes. The radioisotope 89Zr chelated with deferoxamine B (DFO; 0.65 kDa), was used as an imaging probe (7–10 MBq; 0.2–0.3 nMol 89Zr-DFO). In medicine, DFO is also commonly used for iron removal treatments and pharmacological formulations often require the association of this molecule with cellulose. Permeation profiles were obtained by measuring the radioactivity in the DC and AC for up to 2 weeks. The kinetic profiles were used to extract lag time, influx, and diffusion coefficients of DFO across porous cellulose membranes. A sensitivity threshold of 0.005 MBq, or 3.4 fmol of 89Zr-DFO, was revealed. The lag time to permeation (τ) measured in the AC compartment, was found to be 1.33, 0.5, and 0.19 h with 3.5, 25, and 300 kDa membranes, respectively. Diffusion coefficients of 3.65 × 10−6, 8.33 × 10−6, and 4.74 × 10−5 cm2 h−1 where revealed, with maximal pseudo steady-state influx values (Jpss) of 6.55 × 10−6, 1.76 × 10−5, and 1.29 × 10−5 nmol cm−2 h−1. This study confirms the potential of the technology for monitoring molecular diffusion and release processes at low concentrations, high sensitivities, in real time and in a visual manner.

Es un proyecto para ayudar a los pequeños y medianos proyectos informáticos a tener sus aplicaciones en ejecución en la nube de Azure y incluyendo sistema de despliegue continuo, sin que los empleados de dicho proyecto tienen que invertir mucho esfuerzo para conseguir este objetivo

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of morbidity and mortality after liver resection. Albuminuria is associated with a higher risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. This study evaluated albuminuria as a predictor of the outcome of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in patients with pre-existing DM.This retrospective study involved 103 type II diabetic patients with end-stage liver disease who received LDLT. Preoperative spot urine albumin: creatinine ratio was used to determine the degree of albuminuria. The primary outcome measure was the impact of urinary albumin excretion on the 3-year mortality rate after LDLT in this diabetic cohort.Hepatitis C virus infection was the main cause of cirrhosis. Albuminuria was detected in 41 patients (39.8%); 15 had macroalbuminuria, while 26 had microalbuminuria. Patients with microalbuminuria were significantly older than those with macroalbuminuria and normal albumin in urine. After 3 years, twenty-four patients (23.3%) died within 3 years after LT. Myocardial infarction was the leading cause of death (25%). Albuminuria was an independent factor affecting 3-year mortality with an odds ratio of 5.17 (95% CI: 1.86-14.35).Preoperative albuminuria is an independent factor affecting mortality within 3 years after LDLT in type II diabetic patients. Myocardial infarction was the leading cause of death in 25% of cases, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence, sepsis, and graft failure.KEY MESSAGESDiabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of morbidity and mortality after liver resection.Albuminuria is associated with a higher risk for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.Preoperative albuminuria is a significant predictor of mortality within 3 years after LDLT in diabetic patients.

Approved, basic and taken a toll successful spectroscopic strategies (spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric) were created for the measure of seven cephalosporins to be specific; cefpiramide (I), cefuroxime (II), cefoxitin (III), ceftazidime (IV), cefpirome (V), ceftabiprole (VI) and ceftriaxone (VII). The most guideline of these strategies is twofold complex arrangement through the response of the drugs amino bunch with Eosin Y (EY). The examined drugs were decided spectrophotometrically at 542-550 nm in acetic acid derivation buffer. The examined drugs were encourage decided spectrofluorimetrically by measuring their extinguishing impact on the EY local fluorescence at 545 nm after excitation at 305 nm. The absorbance-concentration charts were rectilinear over the ranges of (20-100), (10-130), (20-220), (30-230), (10-210), (20-180) and (10-130) μg mL-1 for I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, individually. The fluorescence-concentration charts were rectilinear over the ranges (0.5-1.5), (0.1-0.9), (0.3-1.5), (0.5-2.5), (0.1-0.9), (0.5-2.5) and (0.1-1.0) μg mL-1 for I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, respectively. The recommended comes about have been certified concurring to ICH controls and were connected for examination of the considered drugs in dose shapes and human plasma tests. The approved comes about were acknowledged compared to reference strategies.

The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) presents a short list of performance measures for colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Current performance measures for colonoscopy mainly focus on detecting (pre)malignant lesions. However, these performance measures are not relevant for all colonoscopy indications in IBD patients. Therefore, our aim was to provide endoscopy services across Europe and other interested countries with a tool for quality monitoring and improvement in IBD colonoscopy. Eight key performance measures and one minor performance measure were recommended for measurement and evaluation in daily endoscopy practice.

Omar MM, Eleraky NE, El Sisi AM, Ali Hasan O. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019;13:4413–4430. The Editor and Publisher of Drug Design, Development and Therapy wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised regarding the alleged image manipulation of the TEM micrograph shown in Figure 2. It appears several of the small spherical vesicles shown in the figure are duplicates of each other. The authors did not respond to our queries and the decision was made to retract the article. The authors were notified of this. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”. This retraction relates to this paper

Ahmed Salman,1 Mohamed Salman,2 Ahmed Moustafa,3 Hossam El-Din Shaaban,4 Ahmed El-Mikkawy,5 Safa Labib,1 Ahmed Youssef,1 Mahmoud Gouda Omar,1 Mohamed Matter,6 Hesham Elkassar1 1Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 2General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 3Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; 4Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; 5Hepatology and Gastroenterology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt; 6Radiodiagnosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Ahmed SalmanInternal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 110 L Hadayek Alahram, 11311, Cairo, EgyptTel +201000468664Email awea844@gmail.comPurpose: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) appears effective for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Evaluation of prognostic factors is imperative for patient selection and improving treatment efficacy. This study aimed to assess sarcopenia as a predictor of the outcome of RFA in patients with HCC.Methods: This prospective study included all patients with HCC on top of HCV-related cirrhosis who underwent RFA and followed up for a minimum of two years. CT scan was used to determine the skeletal muscle index at the psoas, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis, external and internal obliques, and rectus abdominis muscles. Cross-sectional areas were calculated to obtain a lumbar skeletal muscle index (L3-SMI).Results: A total of 97 patients were enrolled in the study. The L3-SMI was 46.2± 12.1 cm2/m2. Older age was the only risk factor associated with sarcopenia (p = 0.001). The overall survival at two years for the whole group was 65.2%. Sarcopenia and MELD score were independent predictors of OS at two years with HR of 7.6 (95% CI: 3.1– 18.7) and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.0– 4.8), respectively. Recurrence-free survival was 84.1% at two years. Recurrence was not affected by all factors, including sarcopenia.Conclusion: Sarcopenia is a surrogate predictor of overall survival at two years in HCC patients after RFA. Sarcopenia assessment might be an additional prognostic indicator with conventional biomarkers to optimize the selection criteria for receiving RFA for early-stage HCC.Keywords: sarcopenia, mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma, radiofrequency ablation

Ultrasmall nanoparticles (US-NPs

Abstarct: Aim: Recently, increasing evidence showed that small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) is a multifactorial disease which is precipitated by various perioperative factors other than graft size. We conducted the current work to evaluate perioperative effectors, which can increase the risk of SFSS following adult living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Methods: This is a retrospective study on 110 adult cirrhotic cases (mean age of 48.4 ± 6.9 years old) who underwent adult LDLT. Most cases were males (89%). Cases were categorized into two groups based on the occurrence of SFSS. The groups were compared regarding preoperative (gender, age, comorbidities, baseline investigations), intraoperative (mean blood pressure and glucose; mean operation time; number of packed red cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate units; time of cold and warm ischemia, and anhepatic phase; preclamping and post-reperfusion portal pressures), and postoperative factors (relevant investigations, hospital stay). Results: Postoperatively, 23 patients developed SFSS (20.9%). SFSS group had significantly lower preoperative graft recipient weight ratio (GRWR) (0.76 ± 0.1% versus 1.03 ± 0.15, respectively; p

Purpose Epicardial fat thickness is an interesting parameter of early atherosclerosis. We prospectively assessed whether weight loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) leads to a significant reduction in the epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and the correlation between the decline in the epicardial fat thickness with other clinical parameters. Methods A prospective analysis of 98 cases that were scheduled to undergo LSG and followed up for 12 months was conducted. EFT was assessed using two-dimensional (2 D) echocardiography. Results A total of 98 cases and 70 controls were enrolled. EFT demonstrated a significant reduction at follow-up in the whole group (median 8.9 (1.95) versus 7.65 (1.67) mm, respectively). The degree of reduction was higher in the LSG cohort compared to control cohort 1.3 (0.4) versus 1 (0.4), respectively; p

Mahmoud M Omar,1,2 Omiya Ali Hasan,1,2 Randa Mohammed Zaki,3,4 Nermin E Eleraky5 1Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, 61768, Egypt; 2Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy,Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt; 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; 5Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, EgyptCorrespondence: Mahmoud M OmarDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy,Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Deraya Square Street, Minia, 61768, EgyptTel +20 10 0933 2419Email mahmoudmomar@hotmail.comPurpose: To develop an externally triggered rapid-release targeted system for treating ovarian cancer, gemcitabine (GMC) was entrapped into sonosensitive (SoS) folate (Fo)-modified liposomes (LPs).Methods: GMC-loaded LPs (GMC LPs), GMC-loaded Fo-targeted LPs (GMC-Fo LPs), and GMC-loaded Fo-targeted SoS LPs (GMC-SoS Fo LPs) were prepared utilizing a film-hydration technique and evaluated based on particle size, ζ-potential, and percentage entrapped drug. Cellular uptake of the fluorescent delivery systems in Fo-expressing ovarian cancer cells was quantified using flow cytometry. Finally, tumor-targeting ability, in vivo evaluation, and pharmacokinetic studies were performed.Results: GMC LPs, GMC-Fo LPs, and GMC-SoS Fo LPs were successfully prepared, with sizes of < 120.3± 2.4 nm, 39.7 mV ζ-potential, and 86.3%± 1.84% entrapped drug. Cellular uptake of GMC-SoS Fo LPs improved 6.51-fold over GMC LPs (under ultrasonic irradiation — p< 0.05). However, cellular uptake of GMC-Fo LPs improved just 1.24-fold over GMC LPs (p> 0.05). Biodistribution study showed that of GMC concentration in tumors treated with GMC-SoS-Fo LPs (with ultrasound) improved 2.89-fold that of free GMC (p< 0.05). In vivo, GMC-SoS Fo LPs showed the highest antiproliferative and antitumor action on ovarian cancer.Conclusion: These findings showed that externally triggered rapid-release SoS Fo-modified LPs are a promising system for delivering rapid-release drugs into tumors.Keywords: sonosensitive liposome, gemcitabine, folate-modified liposomes, externally triggered, ovarian cancer

Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)is challenging. Patients usually have normal LV size and ejection fraction. This clinical syndrome develops from a complex interaction of several risk factors that cause organ dysfunction and clinical symptoms. There’s evidence that testosterone deficiency is associated with a worse cardiometabolic profile and increased inflammatory markers. We thought that these changes might have an impact on heart failure pathogenesis. We aimed to study the relationship between testosterone level and symptoms in HFpEF. Methods We studied 120 male patients with HFpEF. According to New York Heart Association (NYHA), patients were classified into I, II and III classes; class IV patients were excluded. All patients were subjected to clinical and echocardiographic examinations. In addition, we measured serum testosterone, cardio-metabolic profile, intracellular adhesive molecule-1(ICAM-1), P-selectin and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Results Patients with testosterone deficiency had worse NYHA class and higher BNP P = (0.001). Additionally, they had a significantly worse metabolic profile; higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR P = (0.005, 0.001, 0.001, 0.001), respectively. Also, they had higher inflammatory markers and worse endothelial functional parameters; (ICAM-1, NO and P- selectin) P = (0.001). Age, BNP and testosterone deficiency can be used as independent predictors of NYHA class III symptoms with a Testosterone cutoff value of 2.7 ng/ml. Conclusion Testosterone deficiency could be used as an independent predictor of symptom severity in HFpEF, and it aggravates systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in these patients.

Background: Beta thalassemia syndrome is a hereditary disorder characterized by reduced or absent synthesis of thebeta chains of hemoglobin that disturbs the normal shape of red blood cells. Chronic hypoxia of the nerves resulting from severe anemia may contribute to the pathogenesis of the peripheral neuropathy in patients with β-thalassemia. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of neurological manifestations in β- thalassemia patients and to determine the contributing factors that lead to these manifestations.Patients and Methods: This study was prospective cross sectional study conducted during the period from June 2019 to December 2020. This study was carried out on 120 thalassemia patients (67 males and 53 females), with ages ranged from 11 to 22 years old with a mean age of 16.45+3.31 years.Results: About 31.7% of the studied cases had neurological manifestations. Tingling and numbness were the main neurological symptoms among cases (24.1% and 23.3% respectively) followed by headache (21.7%), joint and muscle pain (20.8%) and tremors in hands (3.3%). Hypotonia was found in 25 cases (20.8%). Grade 4 muscle power was reported in 13 cases (10.8%) and normal (grade 5) muscle power was reported in 107 cases (89.1%). Deep tendon reflexes were normal in (89.2%) cases, while (10.8%) cases had brisk deep tendon reflexes.Conclusion: Frequency of neurological manifestations in beta thalassemia patients was 31.7%. About 26.3% of them had abnormal nerve conduction study (NCS). Age >16 years old, short stature, prolonged duration of the disease, transfusion frequency >10 times/year, delayed puberty and jaundice were risk factors for neurological manifestations in our studied cases.

A novel, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric approach for determination of terbutaline sulphate (TER) and its prodrug bambuterol (BAM) in their pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms was developed. The suggested approach depends on enhancing the native fluorescence of either TER or BAM at 315 and 297.2 nm after excitation at 277 and 259 nm, respectively, using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as a micellar medium. In the presence of 0.7% w/v SDS, ~1.38-fold and 1.18-fold enhancement is achieved in the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) of TER and BAM, respectively. The fluorescence-concentration curves were rectilinear over the concentration range 0.8-16 μg ml