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The paper describes methodologies added to the Gnu compiler collection (GCC) in an effort to create an obfuscating compiler. An obfuscating compiler creates programs which, when run, execute with the same results as un-obfuscated code, but which are more difficult to reverse engineer from the binary artefact. This provides increased protection with respect to the privacy of the intellectual property within the software, by thwarting the tools normally used to extract information from the binary executable. Reverse engineering technologies involving analysis of machine instructions are briefly described for background. The three methods of obfuscation implemented in the research are detailed: jump hiding, block shuffling, and junk insertion. Overhead in terms of space and speed are given using standard benchmark software.

Critical infrastructures are ubiquitous in the modern world and include electrical power systems, water, gas, and other utilities, as well as trains and transportation systems including airports. This work is concerned with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems that are at the heart of distributed critical infrastructures within airports. Modern airports are highly competitive cost driven operations that offer a range of public and private services. Many airport systems such as car parking and building control systems are SCADA controlled. This is achieved with sensors and controllers monitored over a large, geographically disperse area. To increase efficiency and to achieve cost savings, SCADA systems are now being connected to information technology system networks using TCP/IP. The merging of SCADA systems into the main IT network backbone is presenting new security problems for IT security managers. Historically, proprietary solutions, closed systems, ad-hoc design and implementation, and long system life cycles have led to significant challenges in assessing the true security posture of SCADA systems. To address this, this work seeks how SCADA systems are being integrated into the IT network within a modern airport. From this new standpoint we will be able to identify ways in which SCADA may be vulnerable to malicious attack via the IT network. The results of this work could offer solutions to increase security within airports.

Cyberspace has increasingly become a medium to express outrage, conduct protests, take revenge, spread opinions, and stir up issues. Many cyber attacks can be linked to current and historic events in the social, political, economic, and cultural (SPEC) dimensions of human conflicts in the physical world. These SPEC factors are often the root cause of many cyber attacks. Understanding the relationships between past and current SPEC events and cyber attacks can help understand and better prepare people for impending cyber attacks. The focus of this paper is to analyse these attacks in social dimensions and build a threat model based on past and current social events. A reasoning technique based on a novel combination of formal concept analysis (FCA) and hierarchical fact-proposition space (FPS) inference is applied to build the model.

One of the goals of RITA's IntelliDrive initiative is utilization by the public and private organizations that collect, process, and generate weather products of vehicle sensor data to improve weather and road condition hazard products. Some users may not be able to, or not want to, contend with the complexities associated with vehicle data, such as data quality, representativeness, and format. With funding and support from the U.S. Department of Transportation's RITA IntelliDrive initiative and direction from FHWA's Road Weather Management Program, the National Center for Atmospheric Research is conducting research to develop a vehicle data translator (VDT) to address these vehicle-based data challenges. This paper first describes the VDT quality check (QCh) concept and then examines QCh pass rates for temperature and pressure data collected from 11 specially equipped vehicles operating in the Detroit test bed in April 2009. Results show that temperature pass rates are higher than pressure pass rates. Additionally, pass rates are somewhat affected by vehicle type, vehicle speed, ambient temperature, and precipitation occurrence for both temperature and pressure.

Over the past 2 years, the U.S. Department of Transportation RITA funded an IntelliDrive vehicle probe data collection test bed in the northwest Detroit, Michigan, area. The purpose of the test bed was to provide the infrastructure for both public and private organizations to collect, process, and generate a robust observation data set for multiple purposes (e.g., crash avoidance, automated toll services, weather diagnostics). During April 2009, a weather-specific field study was performed over an 11-day period. The resulting data set was processed by a vehicle data translator (VDT), which parsed, quality controlled, and combined these data (with ancillary weather data) in the generation of road weather-specific algorithms. This paper briefly describes the VDT concept and then examines the accuracy of the quality-controlled temperature and pressure data (for several different stratifications) collected from 11 specially equipped vehicles operated during the study time period. Results show that the vehicles accurately measure the temperature (compared with a nearby fixed weather station, KDTW), but are not as accurate at measuring the barometric pressure. In addition, stratification by speed, vehicle type, time of day, and occurrence of precipitation do not affect the accuracy of the temperature and barometric pressure measurements.

The author focuses on poet James Dickey's novel "Deliverance." The author discusses the narrator of the novel, Ed Gentry, asserting that Ed's experiences in the novel initiate him into manhood by giving him independence and importance away from an urban setting. The author addresses such topics as Ed's masculinity, the natural setting of the novel, and Ed's move toward independence.

The Runt box domain DNA‑binding transcription factors (RUNX) play key roles in hematopoietic, bone, and gastric development. These factors regulate angiogenesis and tumorigenic events, functioning as either activators or repressors of target genes. Although RUNX2 is an essential bone maturation factor, it has also been found to promote transformation in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro, perhaps by associating with specific coactivators or corepressors. Adenoviral‑mediated overexpression of dominant negative RUNX2 or specific reduction of RUNX2 with RNA‑interference inhibits cell proliferation. To determine whether RUNX2 also plays a role in cell transformation, RUNX2 interactions with the coactivator Yes‑associated protein (YAP65) were examined. RUNX2 associated with YAP65 via a proline‑rich segment in the C‑terminal domain (PPPY) and coexpression of RUNX2 and YAP65 significantly increased foci formation and anchorage‑independent growth relative to each factor alone. However, in contrast to wild‑type RUNX2, a mutant RUNX2(P409A), which does not bind YAP65, did not cooperate with YAP65 to promote anchorage‑independent growth. RUNX2 is a strong repressor of the cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor p21CIP1, which is known to mediate cell transformation. Overexpression of YAP65 prevented RUNX2‑dependent downregulation of p21CIP1 protein expression while promoting cell transformation. The RUNX2(P409A) mutant retained the ability to bind DNA and repress the p21CIP1 promoter as shown by DNA precipitation and luciferase‑reporter assays, respectively, but was not able to relieve repression of the p21CIP1 promoter. Therefore, these results reveal a novel function of the RUNX2 and YAP65 interaction in oncogenic transformation that may be mediated by modulation of p21CIP1 protein expression.

Members of the highly related TEF-1 (transcriptional enhancer factor-1) family (also known as TEAD, for TEF-1, TEC1, ABAA domain) bind to MCAT (muscle C, A and T sites) and A/T-rich sites in promoters active in cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle, placenta, and neural crest. TEF-1 activity is regulated by interactions with transcriptional co-factors [p160, TONDU (Vgl-1, Vestigial-like protein-1), Vgl-2 and YAP65 (Yes-associated protein 65 kDa)]. The strong transcriptional co-activator YAP65 interacts with all TEF-1 family members, and, since YAP65 is related to TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif), we wanted to determine if TAZ also interacts with members of the TEF-1 family. In the present study, we show by GST (glutathione S-transferase) pull-down assays, by co-immunoprecipitation and by modified mammalian two-hybrid assays that TEF-1 interacts with TAZ in vitro and in vivo. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays with purified TEF-1 and GST–TAZ fusion protein showed that TAZ interacts with TEF-1 bound to MCAT DNA. TAZ can interact with endogenous TEF-1 proteins, since exogenous TAZ activated MCAT-dependent reporter promoters. Like YAP65, TAZ interacted with all four TEF-1 family members. GST pull-down assays with increasing amounts of [35S]TEF-1 and [35S]RTEF-1 (related TEF-1) showed that TAZ interacts more efficiently with TEF-1 than with RTEF-1. This differential interaction also extended to the interaction of TEF-1 and RTEF-1 with TAZ in vivo, as assayed by a modified mammalian two-hybrid experiment. These data show that differential association of TEF-1 proteins with transcriptional co-activators may regulate the activity of TEF-1 family members.

The human MutY homolog (hMYH) is a DNA glycosylase involved in the removal of adenines or 2-hydroxyadenines misincorporated with template guanines or 7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanines. hMYH is associated in vivowith apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and replication protein A (RPA) in HeLa nuclear extracts as shown by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. However, binding of hMYH to DNA polymerases β and δ was not detected. By using constructs containing different portions of hMYH fused to glutathione S-transferase, we have demonstrated that the APE1-binding site is at a region around amino acid residue 300, that the PCNA binding activity is located at the C terminus, and that RPA binds to the N terminus of hMYH. A peptide consisting of residues 505–527 of hMYH that contains a conserved PCNA-binding motif binds PCNA, and subsequent amino acid substitution identified Phe-518 and Phe-519 as essential residues required for PCNA binding. RPA binds to a peptide that consists of residues 6–32 of hMYH and contains a conserved RPA-binding motif. The PCNA- and RPA-binding sites of hMYH are further confirmed by peptide and antibody titration. These results suggest that hMYH repair is a long patch base excision repair pathway.

Two cases of abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with horseshoe kidney are presented and the litera ture is reviewed. Preoperative urog raphy is recommended in all but emergent cases. If the urogram is ab normal, aortography is indicated to confirm the diagnosis of horseshoe kidney and to determine the nature of the renal blood supply. If the renal blood supply arises from the aneu rysm or is from multiple small ves sels, resection may not be indicated because of the possibility of extreme operative difficulties. If the pelvis is split, extreme care must be taken to insure a watertight closure and to institute adequate drainage to avoid retroperitoneal inflammatory compli cations.

The upper eyelid is raised by the action of the levator palpebrae superioris and Müller's palpebral muscle. The former is innervated by the oculomotor nerve and the latter by fibers from the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk. Ptosis of the upper lid follows paralysis of either nerve supply, that due to a lesion of the oculomotor nerve being greater than the slight droop which is seen in Horner's syndrome1 due to involvement of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk (figure, A). Likewise, there is limitation of the upward excursion of the lid when the eyeball is elevated in disorders referable to the oculomotor nerve while in disturbances of the sympathetic innervation the amplitude is normal. With section of the third nerve mydriasis occurs as well as external and internal ophthalmoplegia, while a lesion of the sympathetic trunk causes miosis and enophthalmos.This communication deals with ptosis produced