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Der Pilotbericht gibt einen ersten Überblick über wesentliche Merkmale und Trends der deutschen „biobasierten Ökonomie“ im nationalen und internationalen Kontext. Er wurde im Rahmen des SYMOBIO-Projekts koordiniert vom CESR der Universität Kassel in Kooperation mit dem Thünen-Institut.

Der Pilotbericht gibt einen ersten Überblick über wesentliche Merkmale und Trends der deutschen „biobasierten Ökonomie“ im nationalen und internationalen Kontext. Er wurde im Rahmen des SYMOBIO-Projekts koordiniert vom CESR der Universität Kassel in Kooperation mit dem Thünen-Institut.

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The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals call for affordable, clean energy. The efficient use of biogenic residues offers various means of promoting that goal. Key questions, however, are which biomasses are available to what extent, and what additional contribution can be expected from improved use. Answering these questions require cross-sectoral, regular and consistent information on the available resources. A comprehensive, continuously applicable measuring instrument for this task does not yet exist. To fill this gap, a monitoring system was developed which is able to quantify the resource base annually, is easy to update and can be used internationally. Using Germany as a case study, a review was carried out for 77 biomasses from five different sectors. The result is a network of 1,113 calculation elements, which forms the basis for an automatic data processing. Based on that, Germany's supply of technically usable biogenic residues was determined to 86–140 million Mg (DM) in 2015. Between 66% and 84% of this amount already has an established use, while the potential which can still be mobilised is in the range of 14–48 million Mg (DM). If this amount were provided as e.g. biomethane, the amount of final energy coming from renewable sources in Germany could thus be increased by up to 18%. Just four biomasses bear the main responsibility for this figure. The monitoring system is able to prioritise areas for action and can provide crucial support in the development of policy and business strategies for the future use of residues.

The efficient use of biogenic by-products, residues and waste offers an extensive range of advantages. As well as fulfilling requirements of public services, intelligent “cascading” can tap alternative sources of carbon and play a key part in a system using renewable sources of energy. However, a comprehensive overview of existing resources and their current use is required as a sufficient basis for decision-making. Accordingly, this article studies the development and application of a four-stage categorisation of relevant biomasses and a consistent comparison of existing findings in form of a literature review. Taking the case example of Germany, 30 studies were evaluated with regard to their information on the theoretical and technical potential of biomass and its current use as a material and source of energy. The compiled results offer a detailed, consistent overview of the status quo in Germany for a total of 93 individual biomass types. The findings show a technical biomass potential between 92.7 and 122.1 million Mg (DM) that means up to 1,500 kg per capita. A share of 62.7–71.2 million Mg (DM) is already in established use. 26.9–46.9 million Mg (DM) are still unused. Currently, however, there is no guaranteed, unified reference year for cross-sectoral reporting on the potential and use of biomass. Also, the handling of sustainability criteria is regulated insufficiently. Thus, long-term monitoring is required to manage the efficient, sustainable use of resources in a future-proof manner. Looking forward, up to 7% of Germany's current primary energy consumption, and at least 13% of the target consumption, could be met using residual matter and waste.

Im Rahmen einer Studie wurden die in Deutschland vorhandenen Potenziale von biobasierten Rest- und Abfallstoffen recherchiert, übersichtlich dargestellt und wissenschaftlich bewertet. Durch die Beteiligung mehrerer Institutionen entstand eine bisher noch nicht existierende Datengrundlage. In der Studie werden sowohl die gegenwärtig genutzten als auch die ungenutzten Biomassepotenziale dargestellt.

A new technology for biotechnological treatment of mine waters with both high concentrations of heavy metals and sulphate was developed. The technology is based on the technical coupling of microbially mediated hydrolysis, fermentation and microbial sulphate reduction in a self-stabilising process. Electron donor for sulphate reduction is supplied by degradation of a solid substrate (silage). Elimination of metals is primarily achieved by sulphide precipitation within the sulphate reduction zone. The organic compounds are either supplied by elution or by hydrolysis of polymeric compounds which was named active elution. The concept was realised as a two-phase process with (active) elution in the first phase (R1) and sulphate reduction and metal elimination in the second phase (R2). With this process setup the supply of sufficient amounts of electron donor in R1, a stable and effective sulphate reduction yield as the basis of metal elimination in R2 and a stable separation of microbial processes in R1 and R2 was achieved at hydraulic retention times of 69 h in R1 and 40 h in R2. Almost complete elimination of heavy metals was achieved from wastewaters with 0.2 mM Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mn2. A structurised mathematical model describing the two-phase process was developed on the basis of literature values and tested with data from continuous experiments. Microbial processes were significantly influenced in the presence of precipitated heavy metal sulfides. The effect was dependent on both the bound metal (Ni2+ or Fe2+) and the relative distance between sediment and biomass., Es wurde eine neuartige Technologie zur biotechnologischen Reinigung von schwermetallbelasteten, sulfathaltigen Bergbauwässern entwickelt. Die Technologie basiert auf der technischen Kopplung von mikrobiell vermittelter Hydrolyse, Fermentation und mikrobieller Sulfatreduktion in einem selbststabilisierenden Prozess, wobei aus Abbau eines festen Substanzgemisches (Silage) Elektronendonor zur Sulfatreduktion bereitgestellt wird. Die Schwermetallelimination erfolgt vorrangig durch sulfidische Fällung, die technisch einstufig mit der mikrobiellen Sulfatreduktion realisiert wurde. Die organischen Verbindungen wurden durch Elution bereitgestellt bzw. durch hydrolytischen Abbau von polymeren Verbindungen. Hierfür wurde der Begriff der ?Aktiven Elution? geprägt. Die Konzeption wurde technisch zweistufig umgesetzt. In der ersten Stufe (R1) erfolgt die (Aktive) Elution, in der zweiten Stufe (R2) erfolgen Sulfatreduktion und Schwermetallelimination. Mit der verfahrenstechnischen Umsetzung wurde die Bereitstellung einer ausreichenden Menge an Elektronendonor in R1, eine effektive und stabile Sulfatreduktionsausbeute als Bedingung der Schwermetallelimination in R2 und eine weitgehende Trennung der mikrobiellen Prozesse in R1 und R2 bei Verweilzeiten von 69 h in R1 und 40 h in R2 erreicht. Bei Behandlung von wässrigen Lösungen mit 0,2 mM Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ und Mn2+ konnte eine nahezu vollständige Elimination der Schwermetalle aus der Lösung erreicht werden. Es wurde ein strukturiertes mathematisches Modell für den zweistufigen Prozess auf der Basis von Literaturangaben entwickelt und anhand der kontinuierlichen Laborversuche überprüft. Es wurde ein erheblicher Einfluss schwermetallsulfidischer Präzipitate auf die mikrobiellen Prozesse festgestellt. Dabei wurde dieser Einfluss in Abhängigkeit von der Art der gebundenen Metallionen (Ni2+ oder/und Fe2+) und in Abhängigkeit der relativen räumlichen Anordnung von Sediment und Biomasse festgestellt.

Stable carbon isotopic measurements were employed to characterize the transformation of a 13C-labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), anthracene, in a closed soil bioreactor system. The 13C-label was used to calculate a carbon mass balance including mineralization and the formation of nonextractable soil-bound residues. Similar results were obtained from 13C-labeled carbon and 14C-labeled carbon mass balance calculations for separate batch experiments with labeled anthracene. In concentration ranges typical for real PAH-contaminated sites, the sensitivity of the 13C tracer method meets the requirements of classical radiotracer experiments. Therefore, our balancing method based on stable isotope-labeled chemicals may supplement or substitute radiotracer experiments under many circumstances. One major advantage of using stable isotope-labeled tracers is the possible application in transformation studies where the use of radioactive substances is of environmental concern. The transformation of 13C-labeled PAH into nonextractable residues clearly depends on the metabolic activity of the soil microflora and occurs during an early phase of biodegradation. Successive contamination of the soil by anthracene leads to a progressive adaptation of the microflora to a complete mineralization of anthracene in the soil. The extent of residue formation is controlled by the capability of the microflora to degrade the contaminant. Results of long-term experiments indicate that nonextractable residues are relatively stable over time.

The type of association between pollutants and humic substances of soils, sediments and river waters has been investigated. Metabolites, which can arise from the microbiological degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), were cleaved from the macromolecular matrix by selective chemical degradation techniques (OH−, BCl3, Rh/H2). Hydrolysis reactions performed with Na18OH proved that some metabolites of pollutants form stable ester bonds by condensation processes with functional groups of humic substances, a phenomenon which has major implications for transport, toxicity and bioavailability of xenobiotica.