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2. Estimates of European emissions of methyl chloroform using a Bayesian inversion method

Author

Maione, M, Graziosi, F, Arduini, J, Furlani, F, Giostra, U, Blake, DR, Bonasoni, P, Fang, X, Montzka, SA, O'Doherty, SJ, Reimann, S, Stohl, A, and Vollmer, MK

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Methyl chloroform (MCF) is a man-made chlorinated solvent contributing to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is controlled under the "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" and its amendments, which called for its phase-out in 1996 in developed countries and 2015 in developing countries. Long-term, high-frequency observations of MCF carried out at three European sites show a constant decline in the background mixing ratios of MCF. However, we observe persistent non-negligible mixing ratio enhancements of MCF in pollution episodes, suggesting unexpectedly high ongoing emissions in Europe. In order to identify the source regions and to give an estimate of the magnitude of such emissions, we have used a Bayesian inversion method and a point source analysis, based on high-frequency long-term observations at the three European sites. The inversion identified southeastern France (SEF) as a region with enhanced MCF emissions. This estimate was confirmed by the point source analysis. We performed this analysis using an 11-year data set, from January 2002 to December 2012. Overall, emissions estimated for the European study domain decreased nearly exponentially from 1.1 Gg yrg'1 in 2002 to 0.32 Gg yrg'1 in 2012, of which the estimated emissions from the SEF region accounted for 0.49 Gg yrg'1 in 2002 and 0.20 Gg yrg'1 in 2012. The European estimates are a significant fraction of the total semi-hemisphere (30-90° N) emissions, contributing a minimum of 9.8% in 2004 and a maximum of 33.7% in 2011, of which on average 50% are from the SEF region. On the global scale, the SEF region is thus responsible for a minimum of 2.6% (in 2003) and a maximum of 10.3% (in 2009) of the global MCF emissions.

Published
2014

3. Improving safety and efficiency in care: multi-stakeholders’ perceptions associated with a peritoneal dialysis virtual care solution

Author

Jeffs L, Jamieson T, Saragosa M, Mukerji G, Jain AK, Man R, Desveaux L, Shaw J, Agarwal P, Hensel JM, Maione M, Nguyen M, Onabajo N, and Bhatia RS

Subjects
peritoneal dialysis, chronic kidney disease, virtual care, qualitative research, patient centric care, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Lianne Jeffs,1–3 Trevor Jamieson,4,5 Marianne Saragosa,5 Geetha Mukerji,3,5,6 Arsh K Jain,7 Rachel Man,7 Laura Desveaux,3,5 James Shaw,3,5 Payal Agarwal,5,8 Jennifer M Hensel,5,9 Maria Maione,10 Megan Nguyen,5 Nike Onabajo,5 R Sacha Bhatia3,5,11 1Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; 2Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1WB, Canada; 3Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada; 4Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of General Internal Medicine, St Michael’s Hospital, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1WB, Canada; 5Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (WIHV), Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada; 6Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada; 7London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada; 8Department of Family and Community Medicine, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada; 9Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Women’s College Hospital, Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada; 10St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1WB, Canada; 11University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1B2, Canada Background: Although there is a growing body of literature on the outcomes and impacts of remote home management with peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, less is understood how this virtual care solution impacts the quality and efficiency of the healthcare system care. In this context, a study was undertaken to understand the perceptions of patients and their caregivers, healthcare providers, health system decision makers, and vendors associated with a remote monitoring and tracking solution aimed at enhancing the outcomes and experiences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients receiving PD at home. Methods: A qualitative design using semi-structured interviews with 25 stakeholders was used in this study. Narrative data were analyzed by a thematic analysis approach. Results: The following two themes emerged from the data: (1) leveraging data to monitor and intervene to keep patients safe and (2) increasing efficiencies and having control over supplies. Discussion: Our study findings elucidated the ability of patients (and in some cases, caregivers) to monitor and trend their data and order and track directly on-line their dialysis supplies were key to their active participation in managing their CKD and keeping them safe at home. Their active participation and functionality of the virtual care solution also led to enhanced efficiencies (eg, process faster, easier, convenient, time savings) for both patients and healthcare providers. Conclusion: The virtual care solution showed promising signs of a patient-centric approach and may serve as a blueprint for other virtual care solutions for chronic disease management. Keywords: peritoneal dialysis, chronic kidney disease, virtual care, qualitative research, patient centric care

Published
2018

4. Results from the International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE)

Author

Hall, B. D, Engel, A., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W, Artuso, F., Atlas, E., Aydin, M., Blake, D., Brunke, E.-G., Chiavarini, S., Fraser, P. J, Happell, J., Krummel, P. B, Levin, I., Loewenstein, M., Maione, M., Montzka, S. A, O'Doherty, S., Reimann, S., Rhoderick, G., Saltzman, E. S, Scheel, H. E, Steele, L. P, Vollmer, M. K, Weiss, R. F, Worthy, D., and Yokouchi, Y.

Subjects
international comparison, climate change, halocarbons, atmospheric measurements
Abstract

The International Halocarbons in Air Comparison Experiment (IHALACE) was conducted to document relationships between calibration scales among various laboratories that measure atmospheric greenhouse and ozone depleting gases. Six stainless steel cylinders containing natural and modified natural air samples were circulated among 19 laboratories. Results from this experiment reveal relatively good agreement among commonly used calibration scales for a number of trace gases present in the unpolluted atmosphere at pmol mol−1 (parts per trillion) levels, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Some scale relationships were found to be consistent with those derived from bi-lateral experiments or from analysis of atmospheric data, while others revealed discrepancies. The transfer of calibration scales among laboratories was found to be problematic in many cases, meaning that measurements tied to a common scale may not, in fact, be compatible. These results reveal substantial improvements in calibration over previous comparisons. However there is room for improvement in communication and coordination of calibration activities with respect to the measurement of halogenated and related trace gases.

Published
2013

5. Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality

Author

Monks, PS, Granier, C, Fuzzi, S, Stohl, A, Williams, ML, Akimoto, H, Amann, M, Baklanov, A, Baltensperger, U, Bey, I, Blake, N, Blake, RS, Carslaw, K, Cooper, OR, Dentener, F, Fowler, D, Fragkou, E, Frost, GJ, Generoso, S, Ginoux, P, Grewe, V, Guenther, A, Hansson, HC, Henne, S, Hjorth, J, Hofzumahaus, A, Huntrieser, H, Isaksen, ISA, Jenkin, ME, Kaiser, J, Kanakidou, M, Klimont, Z, Kulmala, M, Laj, P, Lawrence, MG, Lee, JD, Liousse, C, Maione, M, McFiggans, G, Metzger, A, Mieville, A, Moussiopoulos, N, Orlando, JJ, O'Dowd, CD, Palmer, PI, Parrish, DD, Petzold, A, Platt, U, Pöschl, U, Prévôt, ASH, Reeves, CE, Reimann, S, Rudich, Y, Sellegri, K, Steinbrecher, R, Simpson, D, Brink, H ten, Theloke, J, van der Werf, GR, Vautard, R, Vestreng, V, Vlachokostas, Ch, and von Glasow, R

Subjects
Climate Action, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Air quality, Emissions, Climate, Co-benefit, Oxidation chemistry, Aerosols, Transport of pollutants, Ozone, Statistics, Atmospheric Sciences, Environmental Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Air quality transcends all scales with in the atmosphere from the local to the global with handovers and feedbacks at each scale interaction. Air quality has manifold effects on health, ecosystems, heritage and climate. In this review the state of scientific understanding in relation to global and regional air quality is outlined. The review discusses air quality, in terms of emissions, processing and transport of trace gases and aerosols. New insights into the characterization of both natural and anthropogenic emissions are reviewed looking at both natural (e.g. dust and lightning) as well as plant emissions. Trends in anthropogenic emissions both by region and globally are discussed as well as biomass burning emissions. In terms of chemical processing the major air quality elements of ozone, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and aerosols are covered. A number of topics are presented as a way of integrating the process view into the atmospheric context; these include the atmospheric oxidation efficiency, halogen and HOx chemistry, nighttime chemistry, tropical chemistry, heat waves, megacities, biomass burning and the regional hot spot of the Mediterranean. New findings with respect to the transport of pollutants across the scales are discussed, in particular the move to quantify the impact of long-range transport on regional air quality. Gaps and research questions that remain intractable are identified. The review concludes with a focus of research and policy questions for the coming decade. In particular, the policy challenges for concerted air quality and climate change policy (co-benefit) are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2009

14. Growing Atmospheric Emissions of Sulfuryl Fluoride

Author

Gressent, A., primary, Rigby, M., additional, Ganesan, A. L., additional, Prinn, R. G., additional, Manning, A. J., additional, Mühle, J., additional, Salameh, P. K., additional, Krummel, P. B., additional, Fraser, P. J., additional, Steele, L. P., additional, Mitrevski, B., additional, Weiss, R. F., additional, Harth, C. M., additional, Wang, R. H., additional, O'Doherty, S., additional, Young, D., additional, Park, S., additional, Li, S., additional, Yao, B., additional, Reimann, S., additional, Vollmer, M. K., additional, Maione, M., additional, Arduini, J., additional, and Lunder, C. R., additional

Published
2021
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21. Atmospheric Composition Change: Climate-Chemistry Interactions

Author

Isaksen, I.S.A, Granier, C, Myhre, G, Bernsten, T. K, Dalsoren, S. B, Gauss, S, Klimont, Z, Benestad, R, Bousquet, P, Collins, W, Cox, T, Eyring, V, Fowler, D, Fuzzi, S, Jockel, P, Laj, P, Lohmann, U, Maione, M, Monks, T, Prevot, A. S. H, Raes, F, Richter, A, Rognerud, B, Schulz, M, Shindell, D, Stevenson, D. S, Storelvmo, T, Wang, W.-C, vanWeele, M, Wild, M, and Wuebbles, D

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

Chemically active climate compounds are either primary compounds such as methane (CH4), removed by oxidation in the atmosphere, or secondary compounds such as ozone (O3), sulfate and organic aerosols, formed and removed in the atmosphere. Man-induced climate-chemistry interaction is a two-way process: Emissions of pollutants change the atmospheric composition contributing to climate change through the aforementioned climate components, and climate change, through changes in temperature, dynamics, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric stability, and biosphere-atmosphere interactions, affects the atmospheric composition and oxidation processes in the troposphere. Here we present progress in our understanding of processes of importance for climate-chemistry interactions, and their contributions to changes in atmospheric composition and climate forcing. A key factor is the oxidation potential involving compounds such as O3 and the hydroxyl radical (OH). Reported studies represent both current and future changes. Reported results include new estimates of radiative forcing based on extensive model studies of chemically active climate compounds such as O3, and of particles inducing both direct and indirect effects. Through EU projects such as ACCENT, QUANTIFY, and the AEROCOM project, extensive studies on regional and sector-wise differences in the impact on atmospheric distribution are performed. Studies have shown that land-based emissions have a different effect on climate than ship and aircraft emissions, and different measures are needed to reduce the climate impact. Several areas where climate change can affect the tropospheric oxidation process and the chemical composition are identified. This can take place through enhanced stratospheric-tropospheric exchange of ozone, more frequent periods with stable conditions favouring pollution build up over industrial areas, enhanced temperature-induced biogenic emissions, methane releases from permafrost thawing, and enhanced concentration through reduced biospheric uptake. During the last 510 years, new observational data have been made available and used for model validation and the study of atmospheric processes. Although there are significant uncertainties in the modelling of composition changes, access to new observational data has improved modelling capability. Emission scenarios for the coming decades have a large uncertainty range, in particular with respect to regional trends, leading to a significant uncertainty range in estimated regional composition changes and climate impact.

Published
2011

23. INTRODUCTION

Author

Muscedere, John, Bebenek, Sarah Grace, Stockley, Denise, Kinderman, Laura, Barrie, Carol, Salim, S., Warkentin, L., Gallivan, A., Churchill, T., Baracos, V., Khadaroo, R., McCullough, J., Keller, H., Vesnaver, E., Marcus, H., Lister, T., Nasser, R., Belley, L., Laur, C., Gainer, R., Moorhouse, P., Mallery, L., Hirsch, G., Hamilton, G., Wheeler, K., Di Michelle, J., Lalu, M.M, McIsaac, D. I, Mallery, K., Theou, O., Goldstein, J., Armstrong, J., Webb, J., Greene, J., Doyle, E., Douglas, B., Lee, J., Rockwood, K., Whitty, R., Koo, E., Porter, S., Battu, K., Kalocsai, C., Reid, J., Kho, M., Molloy, A., Herridge, M. S, Karachi, T., Fox-Robichaud, A., Koo, K. KY, Lo, V., Mathur, S., McCaughan, M., Pellizzari, J., Rudkowski, J., Figueiredo, S., Morais, J., Mayo, N., Meffen, K., Penner, C., Meyyappan, R., Sandoval, R., Broderick, J., Hoffer, A., Chambers, S., Ball, I., Martin, C., Awan, S., Rajji, T., Uranis, C., Kim, D., Burhan, A., Ting, R., Ito, H., Graff, A., Gerretsen, P., Woo, V., Mulsant, B., Davies, S., Paul, L. Read, Spice, R., Sinnarajah, A., Ho, G., Webb, M., Uniacke, J., Linsey, J., Kettle, J., Salmon, C., Mohammed, R., Whitby, C., Cowie, B., Wang, S., Sawatzky, R., Chan, E., Wolfs, D., Harding, W., Laforest, E., Schick-Makaroff, K., King, G., Cohen, S. R., Neufeld, C., Lett, J., Voth, J., Durepos, P., Wickson-Griffiths, A., Hazzan, A. Abiola, Kaasalainen, S., Vastis, V., Battistella, L., Papaioannou, A., Asselin, G., Klein, D., Tan, A., Kendell, C., Burge, F., Kotecha, J., Marshall, E., Cash, C., Tschupruk, C., Urquhart, R., Cottrell, L., Erbacker, L., Pesut, B., Duggleby, W., Bui, M., Te, A., Brazil, E., Sussman, T., Team, SPA-LTC, Delicaet, K., MacDonald, J., Hartwick, M., des Ordons, A. Roze, Myers, J., Pereira, J., Simon, J., Abdul-Razzak, A., Sharma, A., Ogilvie, L., Downar, J., Choukou, M.A., Holroyd-Leduc, J. M., Kazanjian, A., Durand, P. J, Straus, S. E, Légaré, F., Turgeon, A. F., Tourigny, A., Dumont, S., Mc Giguere, A., Lounsbury, K., Friesen, D., Bitschy, A., Donald, E. E, Stajduhar, K., Knapp, A., Klinger, C., Wentlandt, K., Urowitz, S., Walton, T., Chahal, M., Zwicker, V., Cohen, T., Morales, M. López, Miller, K., Duggan, K., Barnett-Cowan, M., Kortes-Miller, K., Kelley, M. Lou, Nayfeh, A., Marcoux, I., Jutai, J., Virag, O., Khakoo, A., Incardona, N., Workentin, K., Maxwell, C., Stock, K., Hogan, D. B., Tyas, S. L., Bronskill, S. E., Morris, A. M., Bell, C. M., Jeffs, L., Gandhi, S., Blain, J., Toubasi, S., Andrew, M., Ashe, M., Atkinson, E., Ayala, A. P., Bergman, H., Ploeg, J., McGilton, K., Patten, S. B., Maxwell, C. J., Delleman, B., Chan, D., Siu, H., Howard, M., Mangin, D., Akioyamen, L., Hoben, M., Estabrooks, C., McArthur, C., Gibbs, J. C., Patel, R., Neves, P., Killingbeck, J., Hirdes, J., Milligan, J., Berg, K., Giangreogrio, L., Adekpedjou, R., Stacey, D., Brière, N., Freitas, A., Marjolein, M., Garvelink, Turcotte, S., Heyer, M., Boscart, V., Heckman, G., Zahradnik, M., Jeffs, L. P., Mainville, C., Maione, M., Morris, A., Bell, C., Bronskill, S., Tscheng, D., Sever, L., Hyland, S., Emond, J., Garvelink, M., Menear, M., MacLeod, T., LeBlanc, C., Allen, M., McLean-Veysey, P., Rodney-Cail, N., Steeves, B., Bezanson, E., Van Ooteghem, K., Trinh, A., Cowan, D., Kwok, L., Fels, D., Meza, M., Fels-Leung, S., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., McKenzie, K., Martin, L., Bark, D., Hanafi, S., Gibson, W., Wagg, A., Tanel, M., Laing, A., Weaver, T., Lupo, J., Giangregorio, L., Payne, A., Sheets, D., Beach, C., Elliott, J., Stolee, P., Stinchcombe, A., Bédard, M., Enright, J., Wilson, K., Ozen, L., Silman, J., Gibbons, C., McKinnon, T., Timble, J., Willison, K., Boland, L., Perez, M. Margarita Becerra, McIsaac, D., Edmond, J., Brown, K., Leigh, J. Parsons, Buchner, D., Stelfox, H. T., Aziz, J., Crake, D., Ren, Z., Grant, T., Goubran, R., Knoefel, F., Sveistrup, H., Bilodeau, M., Oliver, J., Chidwick, P., Booi, L., Magyar, T., Martin, M., Ko, J. Hyun, Shannon, J., Wilson-Pease, E., Kephart, G., Babin, N., Malik, H., Maximos, M., Seng, S., Vandenberg, G., Dal Bello-Haas, V., Lagrotteria, A., Sullivan, K., Mihaylova, A., Lu, C., Koh, J., Hamielec, C., Steer, M., Jimenez, C., Woo, K., Julian, P., Martin, L. Schindel, McLelland, V., Ryan, D., Wilding, L., Chang, C. E., van Schooten, K. S, Wong, F., Robinovitch, S. N, Balasubramanaiam, B., Chenkin, J., Snider, T. G., Melady, D., Lee, J. S., Petrella, A., Heath, M., Shellington, E., Laguë, A., Voyer, P., Ouellet, M., Boucher, V., Pelletier, M., Gouin, É., Daoust, R., Berthelot, S., Giroux, M., Sirois, M., Émond, M., Bergstrom, V., Tate, K., Lee, S., Reid, C., Rowe, B., Cummings, G., Holroyd-Leduc, J., El-Bialy, R., Zhao, B., Baumbusch, J., Busson, C., Kohr, R., Donovan, J., Philpott, K., Kingston, J., Rickards, T., Weiler, C., Lanovaz, J., Arnold, C., Chiu, K., Cuperfain, A., Zhu, K., Zhao, X., Zhao, S., Iaboni, A., Perrella, A., Chau, V., Hu, C. Dong, Farooqi, M., Patel, S., Bauer, J., Lee, L., Schill, C., Patel, T., Mroz, L., Kryworuchko, J., Carter, R., Spencer, L., Barwich, D., Roy, N., Després, C., Leyenaar, M., McLeod, B., Poss, J., Costa, A., Blums, J., Costa, I. Geraldina, Tregunno, D., Kirkham, J., Seitz, D., Velkers, C., Krawczyk, M., Garland, E., Michaud, M., Pakzad, S., Bourque, P. E., Eamer, G., Gibson, J. A, Gillis, C., Hsu, A. T, MacDonald, E., Whitlock, R., Khadaroo, R. G, Brisebois, R., Clement, F., Hathaway, J., Bagheri, Z. S., Costa, I. G., Schinkel-Ivy, A., Rodney, P. (Paddy), Varcoe, C., Jiwani, B., Fenton, T., Gramlich, L., Tangri, N., Eng, F., Bohm, C., Komenda, P., Rigatto, C., Brar, R., McCloskey, R., Keeping-Burke, L., Donovan, C., Verma, A., Razak, F., Kwan, J., Lapointe-Shaw, L., Rawal, S., Tang, T., Weinerman, A., Guo, Y., Mamdani, M., McNicholl, T., Valaitis, R., Tarraf, R., Boakye, O., Suter, E., Boulanger, P., Birney, A., Sadowski, C. A, Gill, G., Mrklas, K., Plaisance, A., Noiseux, F., Francois, R., LeBlanc, A., McGinn, C. A., Tapp, D., Archambault, P. M., Begum, J., Wikjord, N., Roy, P., Reimer-Kirkham, S., Doane, G., Hilliard, N., Giesbrech, M., Dujela, C., Harerimana, B., Forchuk, C., Booth, R., Vasudev, A., Isaranuwatchai, W., Seth, P., Ramsey, D., Rudnick, A., Heisel, M., Reiss, J., Lee, E., Mate, K., Aubertin-Leheude, M., Fiore, J., Auais, M., Moriello, C., Scott, S., Wilson, M., McDonald, E., Lee, T., Arora, N., Hanvey, L., Elston, D., Heyland, R., Heyland, D., Langevin, J., Fang, Q., Price, D., Nowak, C., Fang, H., Richardson, J., Phillips, S., Gordon, C., Xie, F., Adachi, J., Tang, A., Swinton, M., Winhall, M., Clark, B., Sinuff, T., Abelson, J., You, J., Shears, M., Takaoka, A., Tina, M., Amanda, H., Surenthar, T., Li, G., Rochwerg, B., Woo, T., Bagshaw, S., Johnstone, J., Cook, D., Beaton, D., Drance, E., Leblanc, M.E., O’Connor, D., Ono, E., Phinney, A., Reid, R. C., Rodney, P. A., Tait, J., Ward-Griffin, C., Millen, T., Clarke, F., Thabane, L., Dogba, M. J., Rivest, L.l, Durand, P. J., Fraser, K., Bourassa, H., Embuldeniya, G., Farmanova, E., Auguste, D., Witteman, H. O, Kröger, E., Beaulieu, É., MC Giguere, A., Paragg, J., Swindle, J., Webber, T., Porterfield, P., Husband, A., Kryworucko, J., Trenaman, L., Bryan, S., Cuthbertson, L., Bansback, N., de Grood, C., Dodek, P., Fowler, R., Forster, A., Boyd, J., Stelfox, H., Kruger, S., Steinberg, M., Quinn, K., Yarnell, C., Fu, L., Manuel, D., Tanuseputro, P., Stukel, T., Pinto, R., Scales, D., Laupacis, A., Varughese, R., Huang, A., Famure, O., Chowdhury, N., Renner, E., Kim, J., MacIver, J., Singer, L., Gali, B., Brewster, P., Asche, C., Mitz, A., Hundza, S., MacDonald, S., Kaechele, N., Donald, E., Kaur, S., Fernandes, P., Pauloff, K., Gordon, A., Kallan, L., Grinman, M., Human, T., Ying, I., Pattullo, A., Wong, H., Feldman, S., Moffat, D., Zjadewicz, K., McIntosh, C. J., Alghamdi, M., McComb, A., Ferrone, A., Geng, W., Weeks-Levy, C., and Menon, C.

Subjects
Abstracts, Canadian Frailty Network Abstracts from the Meeting in Toronto, September 27–29, 2015, Canadian Frailty Network Abstracts from the Meeting Held in Toronto, April 23–24, 2017
Published
2017

24. Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF6 emissions over Europe

Author

Brunner, D., Arnold, T., Henne, S., Manning, A., Thompson, R. L., Maione, M., O'Doherty, S., and Reimann, S.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are used in a range of industrial applications and have largely replaced previously used gases (CFCs and HCFCs). HFCs are not ozone-depleting but have large global warming potentials and are, therefore, reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here, we use four independent inverse models to estimate European emissions of the two HFCs contributing the most to global warming (HFC-134a and HFC-125) and of SF6 for the year 2011. Using an ensemble of inverse models offers the possibility to better understand systematic uncertainties in inversions. All systems relied on the same measurement time series from Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Mace Head (Ireland), and Monte Cimone (Italy) and the same a priori estimates of the emissions, but differed in terms of the Lagrangian transport model (FLEXPART, NAME), inversion method (Bayesian, extended Kalman filter), treatment of baseline mole fractions, spatial gridding, and a priori uncertainties. The model systems were compared with respect to the ability to reproduce the measurement time series, the spatial distribution of the posterior emissions, uncertainty reductions, and total emissions estimated for selected countries. All systems were able to reproduce the measurement time series very well, with prior correlations between 0.5 and 0.9 and posterior correlations being higher by 0.05 to 0.1. For HFC-125, all models estimated higher emissions from Spain + Portugal than reported to UNFCCC (median higher by 390 %) though with a large scatter between individual estimates. Estimates for Germany (+140 %) and Ireland (+850 %) were also considerably higher than UNFCCC, whereas the estimates for France and the UK were consistent with the national reports. In contrast to HFC-125, HFC-134a emissions from Spain + Portugal were broadly consistent with UNFCCC, and emissions from Germany were only 30 % higher. The data suggest that the UK over-reports its HFC-134a emissions to UNFCCC, as the model median emission was significantly lower, by 50 %. An overestimation of both HFC-125 and HFC-134a emissions by about a factor of 2 was also found for a group of eastern European countries (Czech Republic + Poland + Slovakia), though with less confidence since the measurement network has a low sensitivity to these countries. Consistent with UNFCCC, the models identified Germany as the highest national emitter of SF6 in Europe, and the model median emission was only 1 % lower than the UNFCCC numbers. In contrast, the model median emissions were 2–3 times higher than UNFCCC numbers for Italy, France, and Spain + Portugal. The country-aggregated emissions from the different models often did not overlap within the range of the analytical uncertainties formally given by the inversion systems, suggesting that parametric and structural uncertainties are often dominant in the overall a posteriori uncertainty. The current European network of three routine monitoring sites for synthetic greenhouse gases has the potential to identify significant shortcomings in nationally reported emissions, but a denser network would be needed for more reliable monitoring of country-wide emissions of these important greenhouse gases across Europe.

Published
2017

28. Atmospheric monitoring and inverse modelling for verification of greenhouse gas inventories

Author

Bergamaschi, P., Danila, A., Weiss, R. F., Ciais, P., Thompson, R. L., Brunner, D., Levin, I., Meijer, Y., Chevallier, F., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Bovensmann, H., Crisp, D., Basu, S., Dlugokencky, E., Engelen, R., Gerbig, C., Günther, D., Hammer, S., Henne, S., Houweling, S., Karstens, U., Kort, E., Maione, M., Manning, A. J., Miller, J., Montzka, S., Pandey, S., Peters, W., Peylin, P., Pinty, B., Ramonet, M., Reimann, S., Röckmann, T., Schmidt, M., Strogies, M., Sussams, J., Tarasova, O., van Aardenne, J., Vermeulen, A. T., and Vogel, F.

Published
2018

32. Atmospheric monitoring and inverse modelling for verification of greenhouse gas inventories

Author

BERGAMASCHI PETER, DANILA ANA MARIA, WEISS RAY, CIAIS P., THOMPSON R. L., BRUNNER DOMINIK, LEVIN INGEBORG, MEIJER Y, CHEVALLIER FREDERIC, JANSSENS-MAENHOUT GREET, BOVENSMANN H., CRISP D, BASU SOURISH, DLUGOKENCKY E., ENGELEN R., GERBIG CHRISTOPH, GÜNTHER DIRK, HAMMER SAMUEL, HENNE S, HOUWELING S., KARSTENS U., KORT ERIC, MAIONE M., MANNING A., MILLER J., MONTZKA STEPHEN, PANDEY S., PETERS WOUTER, PEYLIN P, PINTY BERNARD, RAMONET MICHEL, REIMANN STEFAN, RÖCKMANN THOMAS, SCHMIDT MARTINA, STROGIES MICHAEL, SUSSAMS JULIA, TARASOVA O., VAN AARDENNE JOHN, VERMEULEN ALEX, and VOGEL FELIX

Abstract

The Paris Agreement requires accurate accounting of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by all countries. Complementary to bottom-up emission inventories, global, regional and national GHG emissions can be estimated using atmospheric measurements and atmospheric models (the "top-down" approach). This report provides an overview of current capabilities, potential, and further perspectives to use the "top-down" approach to evaluate and improve estimates of greenhouse gas emissions in support of the Paris Agreement., JRC.C.5-Air and Climate

Published
2018

50. Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations

Author

Simmonds, P. G., Rigby, M., Manning, A. J., Lunt, M. F., O'doherty, S., Mcculloch, A., Fraser, P. J., Henne, S., Vollmer, M. K., Mühle, J., Weiss, R. F., Salameh, P. K., Young, D., Reimann, S., Wenger, A., Arnold, T., Harth, C. M., Krummel, P. B., Steele, L. P., Dunse, B. L., Miller, B. R., Lunder, C. R., Hermansen, O., Schmidbauer, N., Saito, T., Yokouchi, Y., Park, S., Li, S., Yao, B., Zhou, L. X., Arduini, J., Maione, M., Wang, R. H. J., Ivy, D., and Prinn, R. G.

Subjects
long term observations, INVERSION METHOD, EUROPEAN EMISSIONS, Hydrofluorocarbons, Kyoto Protocol, TRENDS, PERFLUOROCARBONS, lcsh:QC1-999, Hydrofluorocarbons, Kyoto Protocol, top down emission estimates, long term observations, lcsh:Chemistry, CH3CF3, lcsh:QD1-999, HALOCARBON EMISSIONS, top down emission estimates, MACE HEAD, ATMOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS, HALOGENATED GREENHOUSE GASES, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

High frequency, in situ observations from 11 globally distributed sites for the period 1994–2014 and archived air measurements dating from 1978 onward have been used to determine the global growth rate of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2). These observations have been combined with a range of atmospheric transport models to derive global emission estimates in a top-down approach. HFC-152a is a greenhouse gas with a short atmospheric lifetime of about 1.5 years. Since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The concentration of HFC-152a has grown substantially since the first direct measurements in 1994, reaching a maximum annual global growth rate of 0.84 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annual rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an annual average rate of growth in 2013–2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The annual average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mole fraction in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to an annual average mole fraction of 10.1 ppt in 2014. Average annual mole fractions in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1998 and 2014 were 0.84 and 4.5 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO2 eq yr−1. Analysis of mole fraction enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia, and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called “bottom up” emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate ( > 20 Gg) of “bottom-up” reported emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions.

Published
2016

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