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The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and statistical methods has revolutionized civil engineering by enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and reliability in various processes. This review systematically examines how advanced optimization techniques, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), Design of Experiments (DOE), and fuzzy logic (FL), are transforming civil engineering practices. It emphasizes the significant roles these methods play in addressing modern challenges such as structural health monitoring, damage detection, seismic design optimization, and concrete condition assessment. The review delves into case studies and real-world applications, showcasing the potential of these methods to create more resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective infrastructures. It critically examines the limitations and scalability of these techniques, identifying gaps in current research and practical challenges in real-world applications. The investigation also highlights the need for substantial computational resources, data privacy, security, and software interoperability. By addressing these issues, the review not only shows advancements in optimization techniques but also outlines future research directions, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical developments and practical applications in civil engineering. This review serves as an essential resource for researchers, professionals, and policymakers interested in leveraging optimization techniques to advance civil engineering practices

In the past five years, the implementation of machine learning (ML) techniques has surged in civil engineering applications, particularly for optimizing and predicting solutions to various challenges. More robust prediction models may be produced by combining test data collected in the laboratory or field with ML. These models may be used to estimate the compressive strength of masonry or repair mortars, probable damage scenarios in buildings, concrete models, beams, and columns for determining the mechanical characteristics of materials, damage detection in civil structures, and so on. This comprehensive review aims to clarify the array of ML-based methods employed in civil engineering, specifically focusing on their efficacy in strengthening energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In combination with ML, the review explores corresponding soft computing methodologies such as fuzzy logic (FL) and design of experiments (DOE). A variety of case examples that highlight the versatility of these approaches, particularly in applications linked to structural reinforcement, enhance the story. The review navigates difficulties associated with the integration of soft computing in civil engineering and expands its scope to include emerging research directions. This synthesis of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) serves as a guide, providing new researchers with knowledge about a developing field. These methods could revolutionize the current situation by providing creative answers to complex problems that arise in civil structural applications.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and statistical methods has revolutionized civil engineering by enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and reliability in various processes. This review systematically examines how advanced optimization techniques, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), Design of Experiments (DOE), and fuzzy logic (FL), are transforming civil engineering practices. It emphasizes the significant roles these methods play in addressing modern challenges such as structural health monitoring, damage detection, seismic design optimization, and concrete condition assessment. The review delves into case studies and real-world applications, showcasing the potential of these methods to create more resilient, sustainable, and cost-effective infrastructures. It critically examines the limitations and scalability of these techniques, identifying gaps in current research and practical challenges in real-world applications. The investigation also highlights the need for substantial computational resources, data privacy, security, and software interoperability. By addressing these issues, the review not only shows advancements in optimization techniques but also outlines future research directions, aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical developments and practical applications in civil engineering. This review serves as an essential resource for researchers, professionals, and policymakers interested in leveraging optimization techniques to advance civil engineering practices.

2-phenylchromen-4-one, commonly known as flavone, plays multifaceted roles in biological response that can be abundantly present in natural sources. The methoxy group in naturally occurring flavones promotes cytotoxic activity in various cancer cell lines by targeting protein markers, in facilitating ligand–protein binding mechanisms and activating cascading downstream signaling pathways leading to cell death. However, the lipophilic nature of these analogs is a key concern as it impacts drug membrane transfer. While lipophilicity is crucial for drug efficacy, the excessive lipophilic effects in flavonoids can reduce water solubility and hinder drug transport to target sites. Recent in vitro studies suggest that the incorporation of polar hydroxyl groups which can form hydrogen bonds and stabilize free radicals may help overcome the challenges associated with methoxy groups while maintaining their essential lipophilic properties. Naturally coexisting with methoxyflavones, this review explores the synergistic role of hydroxy and methoxy moieties through hydrogen bonding capacity in maximizing cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. The physicochemical analysis revealed the potential intramolecular interaction and favorable electron delocalization region between both moieties to improve cytotoxicity levels. Together, the analysis provides a useful strategy for the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of flavonoid analogs in distinct protein markers, suggesting optimal functional group positioning to achieve balanced lipophilicity, effective hydrogen bonding, and simultaneously minimized steric hindrance in targeting specific cancer cell types.

Globally, medicinal herb intervention has become popular in treating many illnesses. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica), a plant native to Southeast Asia, is utilized extensively due to its pharmacological and therapeutic benefits attributed by its triterpenoids and saponins. It has been widely researched for a variety of medicinal properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidant, wound healing, reproductive, sedative, anxiolytic, digestive, gastric ulcer, cognitive, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The sedative qualities are associated with regulating the HPA axis to mitigate stress and modulate GABAergic activity, while its capacity to promote collagen production, provide antioxidant protection, and lower inflammation aids in the healing of wounds. Owing to a wide range of literature on C. asiatica, the significant discoveries about various diseases are occasionally overlooked. Hence, more concise and succinct information is warranted. This review aimed to summarize the potential medicinal aspects of C. asiatica, highlighting the medicinal properties, physicochemical properties and health benefits along with future direction of the therapeutic potential. While many of the well-established properties and effects have been proven, the procurement of further clinical trials must be attended to involving the determination of standardized procedures and investigate the ultimate possible function of C. asiatica in treating diverse medical diseases, thus, to fully comprehend the therapeutic benefits of the herb. By possessing numerous pharmacological properties, C. asiatica could potentially offer greater assistance in the medical world for treating the patients while minimizing risks and mitigating degenerative effects.

The use of essential oils (EOs) in poultry production has gained attention due to their potential benefits as natural alternatives to feed additives. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews synthesizing the existing literature on the application of EOs in laying hen production. This review paper aims to discuss this research gap by providing a critical review of the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy, modes of action, and practical considerations of using EOs in layer diets. Through a narrative review of empirical studies, the paper evaluates the effects of various EOs on key performance parameters in laying hens, including egg production, egg quality, feed efficiency, and antioxidative activities. Additionally, the review examines the underlying mechanisms through which EOs exert their beneficial effects, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, the review identifies and discusses the challenges and limitations associated with the use of EOs in layer production, including issues related to dosage, administration methods, interactions with other feed components, and potential variations in EO composition and quality. By highlighting these challenges, the review offers insights into future research directions and practical recommendations for optimizing the use of EOs in layer production systems. Furthermore, this review paper distinguishes itself from existing literature by providing a comprehensive and critical review of the application of EOs in laying hen production, an area that has received limited attention previously. By synthesizing the current knowledge, this review aims to guide future investigations and facilitate the development of effective and sustainable strategies for incorporating EOs into layer production practices.

Nanotechnology is one of the promising scientific advancements that has captured widespread interest across various industries, notably in medicine. The utilization of plants for the synthesis of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly approach, offering cost-effective solutions for potential biomedical applications. The study aims to optimize the efficiency of biogenic AgNMs fabrication by employing Kaempferia parviflora aqueous extraction (KP-AE) as both a reducing and encapsulating agent, thus optimizing the yield of AgNMs. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify the phytochemical compounds present in KP-AE. Various parameters were optimized, including pH, temperature, and the ratio of KP extract to AgNO3, over different incubation periods. The synthesized AgNMs were analyzed spectroscopically and microscopically using UV-Vis and SEM techniques. At varying concentrations of KP and AgNO3, the KP-AE AgNMs were successfully biogenic fabricated, but the yields varied. As the concentrations of AgNO3 increased, a greater yield of KP-AE AgNMs was achieved. Phytochemical screening KP-AE demonstrated the presence of potential phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and oils that assisted in the biogenic fabrication of AgNMs. This study established an efficient, affordable, and ecologically sustainable approach for fabricating stable AgNMs using KP-AE AgNMs. Synergistically, reducing and capping potential has been achieved by combining the plant extract in plant-mediated biogenic fabrication, producing stabilized NMs compared to those produced individually. The AgNMs derived from KP-AE exhibit robust antioxidant properties, showcasing promise for further exploration in pharmaceutical applications. Additional research is needed to investigate the biological potential and pharmacological properties of the biogenic fabricated KP-AE AgNMs.

This paper introduces a new compact Chair-shaped MIMO antenna with two radiating elements and a single layer of frequency-selective surface (FSS) for 5G Sub-6GHz communication systems. They use two techniques, Parasitic element, and (FSS), for isolation and gain enhancement, respectively. The $1\times2$ MIMO antenna using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed. Moreover, an FSS array structure consisting of (a 68-unit) Square-shaped structure with Circular Slot (SCS) shaped cells is employed using a new technique (Surround Technique) to enhance the gain and isolation between the elements of the MIMO antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna system is printed on a Rogers 4350B substrate with a thickness of 0.508 mm. The antenna’s performance is evaluated using S-parameters, radiation properties, and MIMO characteristics. The MIMO antenna system works in the Sub 6-GHz 5G band, which ranges from 3 to 6 GHz. Adding the FSS layer enhances the MIMO’s antenna gain to a peak measured gain of 7.96 dBi and it also improves the MIMO antenna’s isolation. The performance metrics of the proposed MIMO antenna were also investigated, including measures values of ECC = 0.004, DG = 9.99 dB, CCL = 0.2 bit/s/Hz, MEG = -3.13 dBi, and TARC = > 0dB exhibits advantageous antenna characteristics. The observed radiation characteristics of the suggested MIMO antenna system indicate its suitability for the upcoming 5G communication systems.

Abstract Violence against healthcare workers recently became a growing public health concern and has been intensively investigated, particularly in the tertiary setting. Nevertheless, little is known of workplace violence against healthcare workers in the primary setting. Given the nature of primary healthcare, which delivers essential healthcare services to the community, many primary healthcare workers are vulnerable to violent events. Since the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978, the number of epidemiological studies on workplace violence against primary healthcare workers has increased globally. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review summarising the significant results from previous studies has not been published. Thus, this systematic review was conducted to collect and analyse recent evidence from previous workplace violence studies in primary healthcare settings. Eligible articles published in 2013–2023 were searched from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed literature databases. Of 23 included studies, 16 were quantitative, four were qualitative, and three were mixed method. The extracted information was analysed and grouped into four main themes: prevalence and typology, predisposing factors, implications, and coping mechanisms or preventive measures. The prevalence of violence ranged from 45.6% to 90%. The most commonly reported form of violence was verbal abuse (46.9–90.3%), while the least commonly reported was sexual assault (2–17%). Most primary healthcare workers were at higher risk of patient- and family-perpetrated violence (Type II). Three sub-themes of predisposing factors were identified: individual factors (victims’ and perpetrators’ characteristics), community or geographical factors, and workplace factors. There were considerable negative consequences of violence on both the victims and organisations. Under-reporting remained the key issue, which was mainly due to the negative perception of the effectiveness of existing workplace policies for managing violence. Workplace violence is a complex issue that indicates a need for more serious consideration of a resolution on par with that in other healthcare settings. Several research gaps and limitations require additional rigorous analytical and interventional research. Information pertaining to violent events must be comprehensively collected to delineate the complete scope of the issue and formulate prevention strategies based on potentially modifiable risk factors to minimise the negative implications caused by workplace violence.

This study aims to see how efforts to optimize renewable energy resources are seen in the energy transition in Indonesia. High fossil energy consumption is the primary driver of a country’s need for an energy transition. Renewable energy is important because it is a natural energy source that can be renewed freely and without limits. This research is qualitative and descriptive, with data sources from government reports, related articles, and various regulations on renewable energy. The results showed that the optimization of this energy is opposite from the massive potential of renewable energy in Indonesia. Indonesia’s primary energy sources are still dominated by fossil energy and impact various problems, especially the environment. The findings showed that energy must be converted into renewable energy. Policies that need to be aligned and fully aligned with energy transition efforts in Indonesia are obstacles to efforts to transition to renewable energy. The renewable energy policies developed thus far have been limited to concepts. However, action is still required in the energy transition, as evidenced by the policy content, particularly regarding funding and investment, which is less than 5 percent. Therefore, government involvement is required to accelerate the transition to renewable energy, particularly regarding policies and collaboration among actors.

The advancement in nanotechnology is the trigger for exploring the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and their use in biomedicine. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize selenium nanoparticles using M. oleifera as a reducing agent and evaluate their antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. Our result demonstrated a change in the color of the mixture from yellow to red, and UV-Vis spectrometry of the suspension solution confirmed the formation of MO-SeNPs with a single absorbance peak in the range of 240–560 nm wavelength. FTIR analysis revealed several bioactive compounds, such as phenols and amines, that could possibly be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the MO-SeNPs. FESEM + EDX analysis revealed that the amorphous MO-SeNPs are of high purity, have a spherical shape, and have a size of 20–250 nm in diameter, as determined by HRTEM. MO-SeNPs also exhibit the highest DPPH scavenging activity of 84% at 1000 μg/mL with an IC50 of 454.1 μg/mL and noteworthy reducing ability by reducing power assay. Furthermore, MO-SeNPs showed promising antidiabetic properties with dose-dependent inhibition of α-amylase (26.7% to 44.53%) and α-glucosidase enzyme (4.73% to 19.26%). Hence, these results demonstrated that M. oleifera plant extract possesses the potential to reduce selenium ions to SeNPs under optimized conditions with notable antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Objective: To obtain the standardized values of individuals of Malaysian Malay and Chinese for further relevant research, such as treatment planning and aesthetical considerations. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, 440 (305 were Malays and 135 were Chinese) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients selected through simple random sampling are profiled using Holdaway’s analysis. The independent t-test was used to assess the disparities in race and gender. The significant level was p

The Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs167 (BAR) domain superfamily, which includes FCH-BAR (F-BAR) domain proteins are membrane-sculpting proteins. Here the authors combine a range of techniques and show that the F-BAR domain of growth-arrest specific protein 7 (GAS7) forms two-dimensional sheets on flat membranes and that these oligomeric assemblies of GAS7 are required for the formation of phagocytic cups in macrophages.

This paper reports a systematic literature review that was conducted to explore the areas of research pertaining to English language workplace communication needs in order to design courses in English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) that can better meet the demands of the industry. Articles from Scopus, ScienceDirect and Emerald Insight were extracted following the five-step method of conducting a systematic literature review. In total, 133 articles were analysed. From the analysis, it was found that most studies focused on examining the needs of the learners, or the needs of the industry; very few studies triangulated the findings between different stakeholders to obtain a better picture of the needs, wants, and gaps between the target situation and the present situation. Additionally, most studies focused on language tasks required and did not pay due emphasis on the competencies required to perform the tasks well. Thus, the outcome of this review is a proposed theoretical model to develop professional communication competence among new graduates that is intended to be used in a future study to address the gaps found in this review. Practically, the review also sheds light on gaps that exist in current research that can be addressed in future research, especially for higher education institutions (HEIs) that are working to design and develop courses in EOP to improve English language communication skills for employability.

The oral route is the most common and practical means of drug administration, particularly from a patient’s perspective. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of oral drugs depends on the rate of drug absorption through the intestinal wall before entering the systemic circulation. However, the enteric epithelium represents one of the major limiting steps for drug absorption, due to the presence of efflux transporters on the intestinal membrane, mucous layer, enzymatic degradation, and the existence of tight junctions along the intestinal linings. These challenges are more noticeable for hydrophilic drugs, high molecular weight drugs, and drugs that are substrates of the efflux transporters. Another challenge faced by oral drug delivery is the presence of first-pass hepatic metabolism that can result in reduced drug bioavailability. Over the years, a wide range of compounds have been investigated for their permeation-enhancing effect in order to circumvent these challenges. There is also a growing interest in developing nanocarrier-based formulation strategies to enhance the drug absorption. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the challenges faced by oral drug delivery and selected strategies to enhance the oral drug absorption, including the application of absorption enhancers and nanocarrier-based formulations based on in vitro, in vivo, and in situ studies.

Prestasi organisasi bergantung sepenuhnya kepada prestasi kerja yang ditonjolkan oleh pekerja. Kegagalan organisasi untuk mengekalkan prestasi kerja yang baik membawa kepada masalah isu kadar pusing ganti pekerja yang tinggi yang seterusnya menjejaskan produktiviti syarikat dan ekonomi negara. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi prestasi kerja dalam kalangan penjawat awam dan swasta di kawasan sekitar Lembah Klang. Data primer diperoleh melalui soal selidik dengan sejumlah 139 responden yang terlibat dalam kajian ini. Analisis faktor digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang sekadar diperoleh. Hasil kajian mendapati pekerja berpendapat bahawa ketiga-tiga faktor, iaitu motivasi, persekitaran tempat kerja serta latihan dan pembangunan mempengaruhi prestasi kerja. Pihak organisasi perlu mengutamakan keperluan motivasi intrinsik kepada pekerja dan menetapkan matlamat latihan yang dijalankan dengan jelas untuk meningkatkan prestasi kerja.

Summary: Background: Access to rapid diagnosis is key to the control and management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Laboratory RT-PCR testing is the current standard of care but usually requires a centralised laboratory and significant infrastructure. We describe our diagnostic accuracy assessment of a novel, rapid point-of-care real time RT-PCR CovidNudge test, which requires no laboratory handling or sample pre-processing. Methods: Between April and May, 2020, we obtained two nasopharyngeal swab samples from individuals in three hospitals in London and Oxford (UK). Samples were collected from three groups: self-referred health-care workers with suspected COVID-19; patients attending emergency departments with suspected COVID-19; and hospital inpatient admissions with or without suspected COVID-19. For the CovidNudge test, nasopharyngeal swabs were inserted directly into a cartridge which contains all reagents and components required for RT-PCR reactions, including multiple technical replicates of seven SARS-CoV-2 gene targets (rdrp1, rdrp2, e-gene, n-gene, n1, n2 and n3) and human ribonuclease P (RNaseP) as sample adequacy control. Swab samples were tested in parallel using the CovidNudge platform, and with standard laboratory RT-PCR using swabs in viral transport medium for processing in a central laboratory. The primary analysis was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the point-of-care CovidNudge test with laboratory-based testing. Findings: We obtained 386 paired samples: 280 (73%) from self-referred health-care workers, 15 (4%) from patients in the emergency department, and 91 (23%) hospital inpatient admissions. Of the 386 paired samples, 67 tested positive on the CovidNudge point-of-care platform and 71 with standard laboratory RT-PCR. The overall sensitivity of the point-of-care test compared with laboratory-based testing was 94% (95% CI 86–98) with an overall specificity of 100% (99–100). The sensitivity of the test varied by group (self-referred healthcare workers 94% [95% CI 85–98]; patients in the emergency department 100% [48–100]; and hospital inpatient admissions 100% [29–100]). Specificity was consistent between groups (self-referred health-care workers 100% [95% CI 98–100]; patients in the emergency department 100% [69–100]; and hospital inpatient admissions 100% [96–100]). Point of care testing performance was similar during a period of high background prevalence of laboratory positive tests (25% [95% 20–31] in April, 2020) and low prevalence (3% [95% 1–9] in inpatient screening). Amplification of viral nucleocapsid (n1, n2, and n3) and envelope protein gene (e-gene) were most sensitive for detection of spiked SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Interpretation: The CovidNudge platform was a sensitive, specific, and rapid point of care test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 without laboratory handling or sample pre-processing. The device, which has been implemented in UK hospitals since May, 2020, could enable rapid decisions for clinical care and testing programmes. Funding: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Oxford University in partnership with Public Health England, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, and DnaNudge.

In South-East Asia, the Malay architecture is among the popular subject of research because of its historical importance within the region, apart from many others. To some researchers, the Malay architecture is unique because of its intangible meaning and historically rich design characters. It is difficult to be reproduced, and only limited numbers of people are acknowledged as experts. With the introduction of technology such as BIM, it is hypothesized that the gap can be minimized. The idea of this paper is to outline the process of recreating cultural architectural design using a modern process such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) platform in specific, from data collection using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and digitalization process in Revit software. This paper employs observation approach using data from laser scanner collected from case study and content analysis technique.While normally most of the cultural architecture is undocumented, the findings of this activity are aimedto provide guideline to develop geometrical information for heritage-enthusiast in practicing their undertakings.It is hoped that more historical and cultural architecture can be recreated and appreciated for the use and inspiration ofcurrent construction industry

Historical buildings are always at risk to great danger strike by fire, flood and other potential disasters affecting the building conditions. Thus positive and continuous actions need to be taken to preserve the heritage buildings or else a country might lose its cultural heritage value. In managing historic buildings, managers are often faced with complex decision-making process due to limited or unavailability of reliable information. The absence of such information influenced the way decision making and problem-solving made by the managers. This paper aims to highlight the potentials of Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a decision support system for cultural heritage management. An embedded case study was conducted on Istana Balai Besar Kota Bharu, focusing on the changes of the historical building's layout to demonstrate the ontology. A measured drawing dated back in 1976 was used together with the terrestrial laser scanning activity performed presently on the physical building in creating a model in BIM environment. The result gives an overview about tracking information on changes within a historical building as part of cultural heritage management. This paper finds that by modelling the data captured by the 3D laser scanner and utilizing the existing data, BIM is capable of helping managers to retrieve, analyze and store important information in a more efficient and productive process. This exploration is substantial as a precursor to a much broader study on BIM for cultural heritage in the Malaysian context. As BIM is set to drive the construction industry, the finding made would be a catalyst for creating awareness to support the development of BIM for cultural heritage management in Malaysia.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the key dimensions of customer value (functional value, emotional value, social value, and perceived sacrifice) and self-image congruity on customer-behavior based CRM performance. The study also attempts to investigate on the effect of key dimensions of customer value and self-image congruity on customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The research model for this study was adopts an integrated framework from a previous study, and adds new element into it. This study has chosen to examine the framework in the retail industry, specifically hypermarket in Malaysia, where the adoption of CRM tools is increasing incrementally. The study target on the Generation Y who believed will be the future driver of retail industry. The findings show that perceived sacrifice appears to be a critical customer perceived value in influencing the customer behavior-based CRM performance and customer satisfaction. This study show that brand loyalty would directly influence the customer behavior-based CRM performance. Perceived sacrifice and brand loyalty should be focused when trying to improve the performance of CRM.

The role of stressors is recognized as a crucial human resource development and management issue where it can have an overpowering consequence on organizational and employee performance. This study was conducted to discover the relationship between role stressor and family conflict using self-report questionnaires gathered from academic staff of a public comprehensive university in Sarawak, Malaysia. The outcomes of SmartPLS path model revealed three findings: first, role ambiguity significantly correlated with family conflict. Second, role conflict significantly correlated with family conflict. Third, role overload significantly correlated with family conflict. This finding demonstrates that role stressor is recognized in employees’ family conflict. The paper provides discussions, implications and conclusion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and identify the impact of internet addictions of young adults in Malaysia. There are six impacts identified, of which five are negative impacts and one is positive impact.Design/methodology/approach: This study comprised sample of 200 young adults in Malaysia. A cross-sectional research design was used to examine the impact of Internet addiction. Data were gathered based on personal administered questionnaire.Findings and Originality/value: This study results show that five negative impacts of excessive internet usages such as interpersonal problem, behavioural problem, physical problem, psychological problem, and work problem of young adults.The young adults believed that the internet usage can help them to improve their skills for doing their work better. This study also reveals that males have a great impact on working problems, psychological problems, behavioural problems and interpersonal problems than female adults. On the other hand, females are leading with their physical problems by getting Internet addiction.Research limitations/implications: The data for this study are collected by self-administered questionnaire, a method with well-known shortcomings. Secondly, this study done only on young adults from only two universities in Malaysia.Practical implications: An important implication of this research is that the interesting findings give some insight to the Internet users to focus on improving Internet usage habits. Originality/value: The findings are original and unique and are based on the literature from different western researches. The results are based on a sample of young adults in Malaysia. The research findings are useful to academics and heavy Internet users those are hooked with Internet to their everyday life.

Background The search for efficient treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has highlighted the potential of plant-based therapeutic compounds and eco-friendly processes for producing selenium nanoparticles. This study investigates the antidiabetic potential of Moringa oleifera-mediated biogenic selenium nanoparticles (MO-SeNPs) in diabetic rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with diabetes via a high-fat diet for 2 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 45 mg/kg body weight (BW). The rats were divided into five groups: normal, diabetic control, metformin at 100 mg/kg/BW, and two groups treated with oral administration of MO-SeNPs at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Food and water intake as well as fasting blood glucose and body weight were measured weekly. After the treatment period, rats were sacrificed, and blood and liver samples were harvested for further analysis. Results MO-SeNPs treatment significantly reduced blood glucose levels ( p < 0.05) and restored insulin resistance, with lower dose demonstrating better glycaemic control than larger dose. MO-SeNPs also increased hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity, including GSH-Px, CAT, and T-SOD, which neutralise oxidative stress. MO-SeNPs also improves cardiovascular health by raising HDL and lowering LDL. MO-SeNPs showed hepatoprotective benefits by lowering inflammatory markers such TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and AGEs, and reduced lipid peroxidation. Diabetes raises inflammatory indicators, causing liver damage and other problems. The reduction in these indicators shows MO-SeNPs reduce liver inflammation and protect the liver. The normalisation of liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST, ALP) showed improved liver function. Conclusions The findings suggest that the green synthesis of SeNPs using Moringa oleifera offers a viable alternative for diabetes treatment, highlighting its potential to enhance glycemic control and improve overall metabolic health.

Purpose: Students' incompetence to deal with the intricacies of technology during the teaching and learning process may have negatively affected their online learning process particularly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. It is critical to research technostress influence on online learning behaviours among undergraduates. Thus, this research intends to examine the predicting factors that contribute to technostress and the correlation between undergraduates' technostress and the behavioural intention to use online learning. Methodology: This study employed an online survey and cross-sectional data towards 212 respondents, all of whom were Diploma students from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang. This study added three new variables to the existing Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) namely teaching-related aspects, price value, and technostress. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed to analyse the measurement model and evaluate the developed hypotheses. Findings: The findings established a significant correlation between technostress and behavioural intention to use online learning. Facilitating conditions also demonstrate a significant relationship to technostress. Significance: The study's findings are likely to increase researchers' understanding of the present condition of technostress in higher education as a consequence of the implementation of online learning regulations, as well as the scale of the impacts on higher education.

This research aims to developing the educational game tool (word tree) to improve reading ability of early childhood. This is research used Borg & Gall model and has been modified with six steps, they are potential and problem, data collection, product design, design validation, resign revision, and usage trial. The subject is 5-6 years old children in RA Babul Ilmi Rantauparapat. The instrument used is validation questionnaire sheet. Data analysis technique is formulation of mean score percentage and gain score. The research result showed that: (1) the development of educational game too (word tree) is very worthy to be used to improve reading children of 5-6 years old children; and (2) educational game tool (word tree) developed has high level of effectiveness in improving reading ability of 5-6 years old children. This research suggest to the readers, teachers and other researchers to be creative and innovative in designing learning activity, which one of them is developing the product giving real contribution for their students' ability. This research developed educational game tool in form of word tree that did not only improve children's reading ability but also create happiness to learn.