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Lameness is one of the most pressing health and welfare problems in cattle, especially on dairy farms. The most common cause of lameness is claw pathology, often due to lack of appropriate functional claw trimming. Functional claw trimming restores the physiological shape of the claws and distributes weight properly between the claws and over the claw weight-bearing surface. It also allows closer examination of the claws for early signs of pathology. The methods of functional claw trimming described in the previous century are still applicable today, considering some recent findings on the subject. It is essential not to over-trim the claws and to maintain strict hygiene of the trimming tools. Claw horn pathology in the early stages is usually treated effectively by therapeutic claw trimming alone. The stoic nature of cattle and their natural tendency to hide pain often result in delayed treatment of claw diseases, leading to more advanced stages of disease/pathology associated with higher-grade lameness. This situation often leads to the development of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia requiring multimodal treatment. Because claw horn diseases are multifactorial, veterinarians and others involved in animal management must be familiar with the preventive measures available to improve claw health in a cattle herd. Further research to improve claw horn quality and effectively control/prevent claw infections without polluting the environment or negatively affecting worker and animal health is still needed. This article reviews the latest knowledge on functional claw trimming and treatment of the most common claw horn diseases in cattle.

Sub-solidus phase relations in the ternary CaO–La2O3–TiO2 system at 1400 °C in air were determined. The multi-phase samples were prepared by a solid-state reaction method, whereas the single-phase samples for the structure analysis of selected solid solutions were prepared by a wet-precipitation method in order to provide good homogeneity of the starting mixtures. The phases in the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The oxides form seven ternary compounds in the equilibrium state, many solid solutions (which extend across a broad concentration region), and a large, single-phase area based on the CaTiO3 solid solution. The structures of several new phases – solid solutions on the tie lines CaTiO3–Ca3La4Ti3O15 and La2TiO5–Ca3La4Ti3O15 – were determined in detail.

It is known that electron donating groups have quite a different effect on the π-delocalization of a conjugate system when bonded at ortho and para as compared to meta positions in the phenyl ring. In the present work, the BF2 complex of 1-phenyl-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione (1), a molecule with two methoxy groups in one of the phenyl rings at meta positions, was prepared. Compound 1 exists as two polymorphs having different mutual orientations of the two methoxy groups: in polymorph A away from each other (termed anti), while in polymorph B one methoxy group is oriented toward the other (syn–anti). In both crystals, the molecules which are antiparallel (the subPh rings as well as dioxaborine are on opposite sides) form stacks through face-to-face π–π interactions, while in polymorph A the crystal packing is further stabilized by intermolecular C(phenyl)–H···F and C(methoxy)–H···F hydrogen bonds. Solid A possesses numerous chromic effects, including mechano-, thermo-, and chronochromism, thou...

It is known that electron donating groups have quite a different effect on the π-delocalization of a conjugate system when bonded at ortho and para as compared to meta positions in the phenyl ring. In the present work, the BF2 complex of 1-phenyl-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione (1), a molecule with two methoxy groups in one of the phenyl rings at meta positions, was prepared. Compound 1 exists as two polymorphs having different mutual orientations of the two methoxy groups: in polymorph A away from each other (termed anti), while in polymorph B one methoxy group is oriented toward the other (syn-anti). In both crystals, the molecules which are antiparallel (the subPh rings as well as dioxaborine are on opposite sides) form stacks through face-to-face π-π interactions, while in polymorph A the crystal packing is further stabilized by intermolecular C(phenyl)-H···F and C(methoxy)-H···F hydrogen bonds. Solid A possesses numerous chromic effects, including mechano-, thermo-, and chronochromism, though the latter to a lesser extent, as well as the effect of rearrangement of the amorphous phase into a more stable crystalline phase A, associated with crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE). The solid-state emission can be repeatedly switched regarding its color and efficiency with excellent reversibility by external stimuli. On the other hand, crystalline solid B undergoes thermal interconversion of syn-anti to the anti conformer. Compound 1 shows a solvatochromic effect (SE), is aggregation-induced emission (AIE) active, and through the sublimation process displays self-assembling crystalline platelike microstructures or microfibers that reveal an obvious optical waveguide effect.

The central CuIIatom of the molecular title complex, [CuCl2(C2H3N3)4], is situated on a site with symmetry 2.22. It is six-coordinated in an elongated octahedral geometry, with the equatorial plane defined by four N atoms of four 1,2,4-triazole ligands and the axial positions occupied by two Cl atoms situated on a twofold axis. The molecules are connectedviaN—H...Cl hydrogen bonds and the crystal consists of two interpenetrating three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded frameworks.

Lo studio storicoletterario e critico sulla poesia slovena contemporanea intitolato Proemio costituisce la prefazione dell’antologia italiana Decametron. Dieci poeti sloveni contemporanei (nati tra il 1960 e il 1980) che è stata interamente curata da Miran Košuta ed edita nel 2009 a Ljubljana, quale numero monografico speciale, dalla rivista Litterae slovenicae dell’Associazione degli scrittori slovena. Il curatore ha proceduto sia alla selezione dei dieci poeti tradotti in lingua italiana, sia alla loro presentazione biobibliografica, sia alla loro collocazione critica e storicoletteraria nel più ampio contesto della poesia contemporanea slovena ed europea. In quest’ultimo ambito, il Proemio analizza nel dettaglio l’attuale panorama autoriale, l’orizzonte spirituale, ontologico, tematico, motivico, il profilo stilistico e la complessiva levatura artistica dell’odierno verso sloveno, concentrando la propria attenzione particolarmente sulle sue più giovani leve, cioè sugli autori nati tra il 1960 e il 1980. Di questa generazione, affacciatasi alla pubblicazione libraria perlopiù negli anni successivi all’indipendenza statale slovena del 1991, lo studio prefattivo evidenzia tanto le difformità individuali quanto le isobare contenutistiche, tematiche e stilistiche che, sostanziabili in un comune neointimismo lirico, collegano tra loro anche le scritture poetiche dei dieci autori selezionati, criticamente approfonditi e proposti in fruizione traduttiva al lettore italiano: Cvetka Bevc, Ivan Dobnik, Maja Vidmar, Cvetka Lipuš, Miha Obit, Primož Čučnik, Lucija Stupica, Jurij Hudolin, Miklavž Komelj e Andrej Hočevar.

Usta; Ozadje; Žabica; Prazni V; Na počitnicah; V pesmi; Spet pred šotorom