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Evacuation is a critical life-saving action, especially in devastating natural hazards such as near-field tsunamis. However, the development of effective evacuation measures remains challenging to the extent that a successful example has been referred to as a 'miracle'. Here we show that urban structures have the potential to reinforce attitudes towards evacuation and significantly influence the success of tsunami evacuation. Agent-based evacuation simulations revealed that a distinctive root-like urban structure formed in ria coasts reinforces positive evacuation attitudes by effectively gathering evacuation flows and leads to higher evacuation rates compared to typical grid-like urban structures, which can explain the regional differences in the number of casualties in the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Although a grid-like structure reinforces negative attitudes under low evacuation tendencies, with leading evacuees, its dense feature helps to propagate positive attitudes and drastically improve evacuation tendencies. These findings pave the way for making successful evacuation inevitable through harmonised urban and evacuation plannings., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Unlike conventional crowd simulations for what-if analysis, agent-based crowd simulations for real-time applications are an emerging research topic and an important tool for better crowd managements in smart cities. Recent studies have attempted to incorporate the real-time crowd observations into crowd simulations for real-time crowd forecasting and management; however, crowd flow forecasting considering individual-level microscopic interactions, especially for large crowds, is still challenging. Here, we present a method that incorporates crowd observation data to forecast a large crowd flow, including thousands of individuals, using a microscopic agent-based model. By sequentially estimating both the crowd state and the latent parameter behind the crowd flows from the aggregate crowd density observation with the particle filter algorithm, the present method estimates and forecasts the large crowd flow using agent-based simulations that incorporate observation data. Numerical experiments, including a realistic evacuation scenario with 5000 individuals, demonstrated that the present method could successfully provide reasonable crowd flow forecasting for different crowd scenarios, even with limited information on crowd movements. These results support the feasibility of real-time crowd flow forecasting and subsequent crowd management, even for large but microscopic crowd problems., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Rapid and accurate hazard forecasting is important for prompt evacuations and reducing casualties during natural disasters. In the decade since the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, various tsunami forecasting methods using real-time data have been proposed. However, rapid and accurate tsunami inundation forecasting in coastal areas remains challenging. Here, we propose a tsunami forecasting approach using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for early warning. Numerical tsunami forecasting experiments for Tohoku demonstrated excellent performance with average maximum tsunami amplitude and tsunami arrival time forecasting errors of ~0.4 m and ~48 s, respectively, for 1,000 unknown synthetic tsunami scenarios. Our forecasting approach required only 0.004 s on average using a single CPU node. Moreover, the CNN trained on only synthetic tsunami scenarios provided reasonable inundation forecasts using actual observation data from the 2011 event, even with noisy inputs. These results verify the feasibility of AI-enabled tsunami forecasting for providing rapid and accurate early warnings.