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Background The Tons River, one of the significant potential tributaries of the Yamuna, flows through the Uttarakhand region of Garhwal. Fish that prefer cold water habitats often predominate in this river. The natural distribution of Schistura scaturigina McClelland, 1839 (Family: Nemacheilidae) was described (n = 15) from river Tons during the study period of 2019–2021 along with other fish species. For the first time, this species' geographic distribution has now been extended, spreading from hill streams in the Northeast and other regions to new habitats in the Garhwal Himalaya. According to morphometric studies and molecular examination of the mtDNA COI and 16S rRNA, this is the first instance of S. scaturigina being discovered in the Tons River.Methods The Specie (S. scaturigina) was confirmed through a morphological and molecular platform.Results Morphometric measurements and molecular analysis of mtDNA COI and 16S rRNA revealed this to be the first occurrence of S. scaturigina in the Tons River.Conclusion According to the aforementioned study, this is the first extended distribution report for the species S. scaturigina from a new location in the Tons River of Naitwar-Mori, Uttarakhand.

The first stage of operations of a company when the company starts operating and functioning is termed a Start-up. Start-ups are founded by those entrepreneurs who want to develop a new product or service for which they are likely to believe that there is demand. These are companies or Joint ventures that are focused on a single product or service that the founders want to bring to market. India is a developing country and needs more than 100 million jobs a year and the jobs which are generated are mostly not from big enterprises but from start-ups. Start-up entrepreneurship is very crucial because it brings new innovations, new jobs, and competitive dynamics into the business environment and enterprises thereby contributing significantly to the economic development of the country. Realizing the turnover achieved through the start-ups and the vast numbers of jobs that can be created by facilitating start-ups, the market controller Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), has eased the use of start-up regulation thereby leading to facilitating the flow of funds from the market to start-up. With the increase in the number of Start-up’s in the economy, the legal issues involved with the initiation and functioning of start-ups have become very significant. This research paper will make an analysis of the impact of start-ups, growth of start-ups, analysis the ecosystem of start-ups and its impact on the Indian economy, and the growth of the economy.

Automatic question-answer pair generation is gaining importance because of the time being saved when compared to manual creation of questions. It not only saves time but also reduces the effort involved in the manual question generation process. It is useful in many fields such as school assignments, law practicing, self-assessments and many more. Our main objective is to create wh-type questions from a paragraph and find its accurate answer as well. This research work introduces a Question Answer Generation (QAG) system by using a deep learning approach for combining Answer Extraction (AE), Question Generation (QG) and Question Answering (QA) models. This research work aims to use a pre-trained language model - Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT) and fine-tune it as per the proposed research objective.

In this paper, an automatic system is proposed to generate different kinds of questions and answers from the input text. Question answer generation systems have been an interesting field of research for over decades. From generating questions for educational purposes to preparing answers to questions that could be asked in a legal proceeding, the purpose of question answer generation(QAG) systems is to reduce the tedious task of going through large texts. In our system, question-answer pairs from a given input text are generated using linguistic and statistical knowledge of text. Initially, those sentences are identified from the input text on which questions can be framed and in further steps, identified sentences are ranked in an order of importance. Built specifically for assessment purpose, the system generates multiple choices, fill-ups, true-false, binary and wh type questions based on high ranked sentences in the last step. In performance evaluation of the proposed system, it is found that the system is performing well and it is close to state of art research in the standard linguistic approach.

Total nine tree species of common tropical trees were assessed for their air pollution tolerance, dust capturing capacity and possibility to act as metal bio-monitors in commercial, industrial and control sites. Two seasons sampling was done respectively in monsoon and post-monsoon, to study their seasonal variations. According to Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) values Mangifera indica, Azadirachta indica and Ficus religiosa were the most tolerant species while Ficus bengalensis and Alstonia scholaris were intermediately tolerant towards air pollution. Single factor ANOVA of biochemical parameters between the sampling sites, revealed that APTI of plants did not vary significantly in both the seasons. Site-wise variation was significant both at commercial and industrial sites. The same trend of result was also found in Anticipated Performance Index (API) which also includes other social benefits. So, these species can be recommended for the green belt development in urban commercial and industrial areas. Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa and Mangifera indica were also having the best dust capturing capacity as Scanning Electron Microscope image revealed that they have rough and large surface area of leaf with short petiole and large canopy structure. According to the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Enrichment Factor (EF) of soil in the sampling sites were found to be contaminated with copper and cadmium. Psidium guajava, Mangifera indica, Alstonia scholaris and Ficus religiosa were found to be good phytoextractors of copper. They did not accumulate cadmium. So, these plants can be recommended as copper bioindicators. However, the metals accumulation efficiencies were high for Mangifera indica and Ficus religiosa.

Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail : dr_krishna_s@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 28 April 2008, revised 21 September 2010, accepted 5 October 2010 The electrochemical behaviour of [Cu(tmen)X2] (where tmen = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylcnediamine and X = Cl or Br) has been studied in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution containing 0.1 M tctrabutylammoniumpercblorate (TBAP) as supporting electrolyte at a platinum working electrode. The diffusion-controlled reduction of both the complexes occurred in two stages; the first one at E0' = 342 to 352 and second at E0' = 16 to 24 mV vs Ag/AgCI. The anodic to cathodic peak current ratio is greater than unity for the first redox couple while it is less than 1.0 for the second couple, suggesting that the electrogenerated cuI-complex species is weakly adsorbed in the former case while the second step involves electron transfer followed by a chemical reaction (EC mechanism). The two redox processes observed may be because of chemical equilibrium between the two complex species in DMSO medium.

Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail: dr_krishna_s@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 7 December 2006, revised 6 February 2007, accepted 8 February 2007 The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of tris(diimine)cobalt(II) complexes, [CoL3]2+, (L = diimine = bipyridyl (bipy), phcnanthroline (phen) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathophen)) has been investigated in DMF solution containing 0.1 M NaCIO4 as a supporting electrolyte at a glassy carbon working clectrodl' (GCE). All these complexes undergo a diffusion-controlled quasi-reversible one- electron oxidation couple (Co2+/3+) at Eo'= +320 to +430 mV vs SCE and a single-electron reduction couple (Co2+/+) at Eo'= -680 to -690 mV vs SCE. The peak current ratio for both oxidation and reduction couples is less than unity, suggesting that redox proces~es involve EC mechanism. CV results also revealed that the ease of reduction increases in the order : hipy→phen →bathophen, clearly demonstrating that the chemical nature, size and positions oft he substituents on the parent phenanthroline rings, i.e., the electronic and steric characteristics of the ligands influence the redox potentials of the complexes. &nbsp

Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211 002, India E-mail : dr_jagdish_p@yahoo.co.in; dr_krishna s@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received 10 August 2004, revised 5 January 2005, accepted 21 March 2005 The redox behaviour of [Cu(dmp)2](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu(dmp)2]SO4 (2), [Cu(dmp)2Cl]Cl.H2O (3) and [Cu(dmp)2Br]Br.H2O (4) has been investigated in 50% aqueous-ethanol/0.2 M NaClO4 and absolute ethanol/TBAP at GCE by means of cyclic voltammetry. All these complexes show a quasi-reversible couple Cu2+/+ with formal potential, Eo' = + 430 to + 650 mV vs SCE in the potential range + 1.0 to -0.2 V vs SCE. Analysis of CV data shows that the electrode process for complex 3 involves ECE mechanism in absolute ethanol/0.1 M TBAP medium. An unusual and complicated electrochemical behaviour has been observed for this complex in 50% aqueous-ethanol/0.2 M NaC104 medium due to the presence of more than one complex species in solution. The reduction potentials, Epc1 (Cu2+/+) for complexes 2 and 4 in 50% aqueousethanol medium are almost similar at a given scan rate. However, the ease of reduction decreases (i.e. Epc1 becomes less positive) in the order : 1 > 4 > 3 in absolute alcohol/0.1 M TBAP medium. Powdered and frozen solution EPR spectra (77 K) of these complexes have also been studied and the results are interpreted.