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Recent studies have emphasized on the idea that attention is a multi-faceted phenomenon that emerges from interactionbetween a number of different selection-based processes, and is influenced both by the expectations from the environmentas well as the constrains of the underlying cognitive system. Dynamical system approach enables us to look at temporalstructure of behavior and talk about the underlying system. With help of three experiments, the study looks at how thetemporal structure of reaction time is influenced by predictability of the environment as well as the task , manipulating bothspatial scope of attention as well as temporal scope of attention. Reaction time of participant is treated as a time-series andHurst component is estimated to measure nature of long-range temporal correlations. Results show an interaction betweentask-demands and predictability of the environment on LRTC, suggesting that task-related constraints and environmentalconstraints are handled by interdependent processes.

Hierarchical control theories of perception-action conceptualize action as control of input, occurring simultaneously atmultiple levels. These levels differ in terms spatio-temporal proximity of the perception controlled. However, it is not clearhow this interaction between different levels in a control hierarchy can be measured from the behavior of the organism.We propose that Long Range Temporal Correlations (LRTC) in RT data can be used as a measure of coupling betweendifferent control levels within such complex system. Participants perform the task of controlling a hierarchical stimuluseither at global level or at local level in a noisy presentation, while the level of control and noise are manipulated. Theresults suggest that LRTC in control task is higher for global level of control compared to local level of control in the nonoise condition. We discuss implications of the results for understanding of perception-action interactions as a complexdynamic system.

ABSTRACT: Aim: This study aimed to compare the retreatability of hydraulic calcium silicate-based (HCSB) and epoxy resin-based sealers in single-rooted mandibular premolars, with a specific focus on sealer remnants and retreatment duration. Methodology: Sixty mandibular premolars were biomechanically prepared and obturated with BioRoot RCS, MTA Fillapex, or AH Plus. After a one-month period, the gutta-percha was removed and the specimens were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. Result: BioRoot RCS showed the most remnants and longest retreatment time, while AH Plus was the most efficient. Conclusion: BioRoot RCS is less favorable for retreatment, with AH Plus being the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Direct composite restorations face abrupt temperature changes, varying pH, and surface deterioration in the oral environment. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides visual and numerical data on surface roughness. Aim: This study evaluates and compares the surface roughness of composite restorative materials after simulating oral conditions. Materials and Methods: Three composite groups (n = 16 each) were tested. Group A: Microhybrid, Group B: Nanofilled, and Group C: Nanohybrid. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 4 each): distilled water (control), black coffee, Coca-Cola, and Red Bull. After thermocycling and immersion, surface roughness was measured using AFM. Results: Nanocomposites with uniform monomodal fillers showed the least surface disintegration and superior properties. Conclusion: Resin chemistry, including filler size and matrix composition, is crucial for composite properties and performance under function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: This study was undertaken to analyze the immunohistochemical expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) in urothelial carcinoma and correlate its expression with the pathological stage, recurrence and other clinicopathological parameters. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken on paraffin blocks of 55consecutiveurothelial carcinoma specimens in 28 months received in Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, India. Blocks with the sections containing the tumor and adjacent normal epithelium were chosen for the immunohistochemical (IHC) study of FGFR3. Results: IHC expression of FGFR3 in high grade (HG) invasive urothelial carcinoma was positive in 18% cases, 66.7% of HG non-invasive urothelial and 82.6% of low grade (LG) non-invasive urothelial carcinomas. The FGFR3 expression was presented in 78.1% of non-invasive carcinoma. In case of invasive urothelial carcinoma, the FGFR3 positivity was observed in 18.2% of tumors (P

Luxation injuries represent significant traumatic events for permanent teeth. This article presents the management of intrusive and extrusive luxation injuries, following the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines, through two case reports. The first case involves a 30-year-old female with an intruded maxillary left central incisor, managed through surgical extrusion, stabilization, and endodontic treatment. The second case features a 15-year-old female with an extruded maxillary left central incisor, repositioned and splinted. Follow-up examinations revealed the resolution of symptoms in both cases. These cases highlight the efficacy of IADT guidelines in diagnosing and treating luxation injuries, resulting in favorable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmented dermatofibromasarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare variant of DFSP which is an intermediate-grade tumour due to its tendency for local reccurence. Morphology of this variant impose a differential diagnosis that is must know for a pathologist. We describe two cases that presented with pigmented papulo-nodular form involving back and lower limb in middle aged to an elderly female. Histopathology coupled with immunohistochemistry yielded daignosis of Bedner tumour. A surgical histopathologist needs to have knowledge of all differential of pigmented neoplasm of skin just to ensure not to skip this rare entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by fungi or bacteria, known as eumycetoma and actinomycetoma, respectively. Mycetoma commonly affects young males belonging to low socioeconomic strata, usually barefooted agricultural workers. It mainly affects lower and upper limbs presenting as a painless swelling with discharging sinus. Rarely, is it encountered in the intracranial location. The diagnosis relies on the clinical presentation and identification of the etiological agents within the tissue, by histology and special stains. It is important to specify the fungal or bacterial etiology, because the treatment of each is completely different. The management of such infections is challenging and should involve early diagnosis, the use of antibacterials or antifungals, and surgical removal of the lesion. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of intracranial mycetoma have been reported. The present case highlights the rarity of this lesion, thereby contributing to the existing literature and presenting its diagnostic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology remains the preliminary test for diagnosing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Numerous features are established to arrive at the diagnosis. However, few cases pose a challenge to correctly diagnose PTC. Our study aims to elicit the combination of features to aid in the diagnosis of such cases. Materials and Methods: Cytology smears of histologically proven cases of PTC and benign diagnoses were included as case (n = 36) and control group (n = 38), respectively. Features including papillae with cores, 3-D caps, nuclear grooves (NG), intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions (INCI), giant cells, macrophages, cellular swirls, psammoma bodies, pale chromatin, nuclear overlapping, nuclear enlargement, and metaplastic cells were assessed. Statistic tests including Independent t test/Mann–Whitney Test and Chi-Square test/Fisher's Exact test were used. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the cut-off point of many cytological features to predict PTC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of cytological features was calculated to predict PTC. Results: Presence of five or more cytological features (papillae with cores, cellular swirls, NG, INCI, and psammoma bodies) together could diagnose PTC (PPV) in 78.95% of the cases, with a NPV of 83.33%. Diagnostic accuracy of these five features combined was 81.08%. Papillae with cores and nuclear grooving were the most sensitive cytological features, whereas INCI followed by cellular swirls and NG were the most specific features. Conclusion: Relying on a combination of the most sensitive and specific features rather than any one cytological feature can help reduce the misdiagnoses in PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal intra alveolar root fractures are rare in comparison to other types of injuries and the reported prevalence in the literature is between 0.5% and 7%. Fracture occurs often in the middle-third of the root and rarely at the apical-third. The present paper reports a clinical case of a oblique radicular fracture located between the middle- and apical-third of a upper left-central incisors which was managed by surgical removal of separated fragment followed by sealing with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a benign lesion of the lymph nodes predominantly seen in younger women and is a condition associated with a good prognosis due to its indolent nature. Since KFD is chiefly a diagnosis of exclusion, it is liable to a higher degree of misdiagnosis. Aim In our study, we attempt to document and analyse the demographic, clinical, and pathological spectrum of cases diagnosed as KFD in a South Indian tertiary care centre over a period of 10 years. Methodology This study was conducted in a retrospective observational manner. Descriptive statistics, including simple frequency and percentage, were used to analyse and summarise the collected data. Results Among the 44 cases obtained, 36 patients were female and eight were males, with an age range of eight to 70 years. The mean age of the affected population was 26 years. Fever was a presenting complaint in 63.6% of cases, and 100% of the cases had lymphadenopathy, chiefly affecting the posterior cervical group of nodes (32/44 cases). Multiple lymph node groups were involved in 22 cases. Most of the nodes were larger than 1 cm in their greatest dimension. On analysis of peripheral smears, 43.2% of patients showed leukopenia. Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) analysis showed a positive status among two patients, simultaneously establishing the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A history of treated tuberculosis was present in four patients, and one patient had a history of non-compliance with TB treatment. Two patients had recently been diagnosed with TB and were on treatment. The involved nodes were subjected to fine-needle aspiration studies in 13 patients; 12/13 cases showed reactive lymphadenitis, while one case had atypical lymphoid cells. The involved nodes of all the patients were excised and sent for histopathological analysis. The diagnosis of KFD was confirmed on the biopsy. Conclusion In this study, we note the clinical presentations of all the patients diagnosed with KFD and elaborate on the investigations that were employed to verify the diagnosis via exclusion that enabled differentiation of KFD from its close mimickers, which have specific treatment. Keeping this entity in mind is essential in order to prevent overdiagnosis, as most often this condition resolves spontaneously, and in occasional cases, symptomatic treatment is sufficient for its management., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee (for medical postgraduate students), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) (Deemed to be University (DU)) issued approval (CSP-MED/22/FEB/74/25). The approval was granted in a letter dated February 28, 2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kottarathil et al.)

Collision tumors have been reported in various organs like the gastrointestinal tract, lung, skin, adrenals, central nervous system, lymph nodes, uterus, but are rarely seen in the ovary. Collision tumors are two histologically distinct neoplasms in the same organ without any intermixture between them. Here we present a case of a collision tumor of the ovary represented by a mucinous cystadenoma and teratoma. It is imperative for a surgical pathologist to correctly diagnose the collision tumor components and differentiate them from mixed tumors as it will dictate the appropriate treatment based on the individual biological aggressiveness of each component., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright: © 2021 The Authors.)