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The development of reading comprehension is an important skill that helps students with a variety of academic assignments. It facilitates their ability to comprehend textual information and to analyze, clarify, and articulate their own opinions about them. Consequently, students are required to strengthen their comprehension of textual content through the academic assignments that their teachers provide. One of reading comprehension's main goals is to help students become better readers by helping them understand texts properly. This research aim was to analyze the role of rainbow card strategy in efl learning context by emphasizing reading ability. The method of this study was mixed method with a classroom action research design adopted from Kemmis & M. Taggard. The participant of this research was student’s eighth grade students consist of 30 students. The data collection was in form of observation, written test, and interview for both students and a teacher. The findings of this study indicated that appropriate reading strategies such as rainbow card technique play an important role in enhancing the reading comprehension abilities of EFL students.. A further result was also described in cycle two and three in which significantly improved students’ comprehension. Nonetheless, in the first of cycle, the statistical data indicated low improvement due to the limited time and new approach. At the same time, a new innovation and approach in pedagogy was needed in order to improve the learning and teaching outcomes. Finally, the research emphasized the significance of adopting innovative pedagogical practices to cultivate a more engaging and impactful learning due to the limitation of the students’ interest and comprehension in reading.

To evaluate the prevalence and correlates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cells in urethral secretions, samples were collected from 106 HIV-seropositive men with and without urethritis. HIV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 27% of 184 urethral specimens and was associated with CD4 cell depletion (P for trend, .03) and with urethritis (odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-4.6) or gonorrhea (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.8). Two multivariate models were constructed that included age, CD4 cell count < 200/mm3, and either urethritis or gonococcal infection. Detection of HIV-infected cells in urethral secretions was independently associated with < 200 CD4 cells/mm3 (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 0.9-5.2; P = .05) and urethritis (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3; P = .003) in the first model and with gonococcal infection (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.6-6.4; P < .001) in the second model. Successful treatment of gonococcal urethritis was associated with a 2-fold reduction in urethral HIV DNA (44% vs. 21%; P = .02). Thus, treatment of gonococcal urethritis may be an effective strategy for reducing HIV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the impact of a short-lived policy of charging fees to patients attending public-sector outpatient health facilities in Kenya by collecting data on attendance at Nairobi's Special Treatment Clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) before (23 months), during (9 months), and after (15 months) the user-charge period. During the user-charge period, the seasonally adjusted total mean monthly attendance of men decreased significantly to 40% (95% CI 36-45) of that before fees were levied. Attendance rose in the post-user-charge period, but reached only 64% (59-68) of the pre-user-charge level. For women, the adjusted total mean monthly attendance during the user-charge period was reduced significantly to 65% (55-77) of the pre-user-charge level. Mean monthly attendance by women rose in the post-user-charge period to 22% (9-37) above the pre-user-charge level. There was no evidence of an increase in attendance over the course of the user-charge period among either men or women. The introduction of user fees probably increased the number of untreated STDs in the population, with potentially serious long-term health implications. The user-fee experience in Kenya should be carefully evaluated before similar measures are introduced elsewhere.