778 results on '"Malus × domestica"'
Search Results
2. Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years
- Author
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Ali, Mohammed Tauseef, Mehraj, Sheikh, Mir, Mohammad Saleem, Shah, Immad Ahmad, Shah, Zahoor Ahmad, El-Serehy, Hamed A., Dar, Eajaz Ahmad, Bhat, Arif Hussain, Wani, Sartaj Ahmad, Fayaz, Uzma, Al-Misned, Fahad A., and Shafik, Hesham M.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Evaluation of genomic and phenomic prediction for application in apple breeding.
- Author
-
Jung, Michaela, Hodel, Marius, Knauf, Andrea, Kupper, Daniela, Neuditschko, Markus, Bühlmann-Schütz, Simone, Studer, Bruno, Patocchi, Andrea, and Broggini, Giovanni AL
- Subjects
- *
NEAR infrared spectroscopy , *LIFE sciences , *PREDICTION models , *GERMPLASM , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *MULTIPLE imputation (Statistics) - Abstract
Background: Apple breeding schemes can be improved by using genomic prediction models to forecast the performance of breeding material. The predictive ability of these models depends on factors like trait genetic architecture, training set size, relatedness of the selected material to the training set, and the validation method used. Alternative genotyping methods such as RADseq and complementary data from near-infrared spectroscopy could help improve the cost-effectiveness of genomic prediction. However, the impact of these factors and alternative approaches on predictive ability beyond experimental populations still need to be investigated. In this study, we evaluated 137 prediction scenarios varying the described factors and alternative approaches, offering recommendations for implementing genomic selection in apple breeding. Results: Our results show that extending the training set with germplasm related to the predicted breeding material can improve average predictive ability across eleven studied traits by up to 0.08. The study emphasizes the usefulness of leave-one-family-out cross-validation, reflecting the application of genomic prediction to a new family, although it reduced average predictive ability across traits by up to 0.24 compared to 10-fold cross-validation. Similar average predictive abilities across traits indicate that imputed RADseq data could be a suitable genotyping alternative to SNP array datasets. The best-performing scenario using near-infrared spectroscopy data for phenomic prediction showed a 0.35 decrease in average predictive ability across traits compared to conventional genomic prediction, suggesting that the tested phenomic prediction approach is impractical. Conclusions: Extending the training set using germplasm related with the target breeding material is crucial to improve the predictive ability of genomic prediction in apple. RADseq is a viable alternative to SNP array genotyping, while phenomic prediction is impractical. These findings offer valuable guidance for applying genomic selection in apple breeding, ultimately leading to the development of breeding material with improved quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2025
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Daily and seasonal changes of sap flow in Gamhong apple cultivar and estimate the tree-level transpiration using Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration.
- Author
-
Bhusal, Narayan, Santiago, Louis S., Lee, Joncheon, Jeong, Sanghak, Park, In Hee, Choi, Byeong-Ho, Kweon, Hun-Joong, Han, Su-Gon, and Yoon, Tae-Myung
- Subjects
- *
PLANT transpiration , *VAPOR pressure , *WEATHER , *LEAF area , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
• VPD and R g predominantly drive variations in tree-level transpiration. • Soil moisture availability did not limit tree-level transpiration. • Xylem sap flow exhibited a strong correlation with VPD, R g , and RH. • Significant correlation (P < 0.001) was observed between actual and potential transpiration. • Apple tree water usage was higher in the early season compared to mid- and late seasons. Understanding the environmental drivers and hydraulic dynamics of plants is pivotal for elucidating future water use strategies and refining precise irrigation techniques. In our investigation, we focused on the daily and seasonal fluctuations in sap flow (SF) using compensation heat-pulse techniques on 7-year-old 'Gamhong' apple trees. Predictions of stand transpiration were integrated using the Penman-Monteith grass reference evapotranspiration. Additionally, we measured leaf-level diurnal and seasonal stomatal conductance (g s), leaf water potential (Ψ Leaf), and transpiration rate (E) to explore the relationship between plant-level transpiration and orchard microclimate. Diurnal SF exhibited a pattern similar to global radiation (R g) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), increasing in the morning with a peak in the afternoon and decreasing towards evening. Seasonal water use varied, with rates of 10.62 ± 0.282 L day-1 in early (May–June), 8.40 ± 0.222 L day-1 in mid- (July–August), and 5.96 ± 0.154 L day-1 in late season (September–October). Plant water consumption was influenced by weather conditions and evaporative demand driven by atmospheric VPD and R g. Clear and sunny days resulted in higher water use (10.23 ± 0.291 L day-1) compared to partially sunny but windy days (9.85 ± 0.32 L day-1) and cloudy/rainy days (5.37 ± 0.176 L day-1). Plant transpiration strongly correlated with VPD (R² = 0.565), R g (R² = 0.616), relative humidity (R ² = 0.623), and wind velocity (u, R ² = 0.684), while no significant correlation was observed with air temperature (T a , R ² = 0.19) or soil moisture status (Ψ soil , R² = 0.19). VPD and R g emerged as the primary drivers, with Ψ soil playing a minor role and not limiting tree-level transpiration. Leaf-level g s , Ψ Leaf , and E displayed similar diurnal trends. In our study, the integrated daily sap flow provided valuable insights into plant-water relations differently across growing seasons and its relationship with reference evapotranspiration (E o). The Penman–Monteith equation, using grass reference evapotranspiration indicated a positive correlation (R ² = 0.764, P < 0.001) between actual and estimated transpiration. However, the slope of the relationship differed significantly from 1.0, suggesting that E o per unit leaf area of grass corresponds to E 288 = E o /2.88 (L m-2 of leaf area d-1), which underestimated evapotranspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Pomological and Molecular Characterization of Apple Cultivars in the German Fruit Genebank.
- Author
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Broschewitz, Lea, Reim, Stefanie, Flachowsky, Henryk, and Höfer, Monika
- Subjects
GENETIC variation ,GENETIC profile ,HETEROZYGOSITY ,OVERTIME ,SYNONYMS - Abstract
Traditional varieties are a valuable tool in modern apple breeding. However, the use of synonyms and missing source documentation hinder an effective identification and conservation of relevant cultivars. During several projects, the authenticity and diversity of the apple cultivar collection of the German Fruit Genebank (GFG) was evaluated extensively. The trueness-to-type of 7890 apple trees was assessed on a pomological and molecular level. Pomological evaluations were performed by at least two experienced experts to identify the original cultivar names. On the molecular level, a set of 17 SSR markers was used to determine a unique genetic profile for each apple cultivar. The pomological and molecular characterization was expressed in terms of a comprehensive trueness-to-type criterion and the results were previously published as a well-curated dataset. In this study, the published dataset was analyzed to evaluate the quality and diversity of the apple collection of the GFG and highlight new findings based on phylogenetic and parentage analysis. The dataset contains 1404 unique genetic profiles corresponding to unambiguous cultivar names. Of these 1404 cultivars, 74% were assessed as true-to-type. The collection of diploid apple cultivars showed a high degree of expected heterozygosity (H
exp = 0.84). Genetic diversity in terms of year and location of origin was investigated with a STRUCTURE analysis. It was hypothesized that genetic diversity might decline overtime due to restrictive breeding programs. The results showed a shift dynamic between older and newer cultivars in one specific cluster, but no significant decrease in genetic diversity was observed in this study. Lastly, a parentage analysis was performed to check parental relationships based on historical research. Out of 128 parent–child trios, 110 trios resulted in significant relationships and reconfirmed the information from the literature. In some cases, the information from the literature was disproven. This analysis also allowed for readjusting the trueness-to-type criteria for previously undetermined cultivars. Overall, the importance of authenticity evaluations for gene bank cultivars was highlighted. Furthermore, the direct use of the dataset was shown by relevant investigations on the genetic diversity and structure of the apple cultivar collections of the GFG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Apple Pomace as a Potential Source of Oxidative Stress-Protecting Dihydrochalcones.
- Author
-
Rabeeah, Ibrahim, Gruber-Schmidt, Viktoria, Murray, Helen, Afsharzadeh, Negin, Paltram, Renate, Marinovic, Silvija, Zia, Hassan, Hutabarat, Olly Sanny, Hofsommer, Mikko, Slatnar, Ana, Schlosser, Christopher, Stich, Karl, Halbwirth, Heidi, Gössinger, Manfred, and Haselmair-Gosch, Christian
- Subjects
PHENOLS ,PHLORETIN ,DIHYDROCHALCONES ,PRODUCE trade ,FOOD industry ,APPLE juice - Abstract
Among fruits, the apple is unique for producing large amounts of the dihydrochalcone phloridzin, which, together with phloretin, its aglycone, is valuable to the pharmaceutical and food industries for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as its use as a sweetener. We analysed the phloridzin concentration, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in the peel, flesh, seeds, juice, and pomace of 13 international and local apple varieties. In the unprocessed fruit, the seeds had the highest phloridzin content, while the highest total phenolic contents were mostly found in the peel. In processed samples, phloridzin and the total phenolic compounds especially were higher mostly in juice than in pomace. Moreover, the total phenolic content was much higher than the phloridzin content. Juice showed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by the peel and flesh. Across all samples, antioxidant activity did not directly correlate with phloridzin concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant activity ascribed to phloridzin may need re-evaluation. In the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, phloridzin only showed antioxidant activity at high concentrations when compared to its aglycone, phloretin. Considering the large amounts of apple juice produced by the juice industry, residual pomace is a promising source of phloridzin. For technical use, processing this phloridzin to phloretin would be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of Fruit Drop in Apple Tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.).
- Author
-
Starkus, Aurelijus, Morkūnaitė-Haimi, Šarūnė, Gurskas, Tautvydas, Misiukevičius, Edvinas, Stanys, Vidmantas, and Frercks, Birutė
- Subjects
APPLE growers ,FRUIT yield ,CYTOKININS ,GIBBERELLINS ,AUXIN ,PLANT hormones - Abstract
The apple tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) belongs to the Rosaceae. Due to its adaptability and tolerance to different soil and climatic conditions, it is cultivated worldwide for fresh consumption. The priorities of apple growers are high-quality fruits and stable yield for high production. About 90 to 95 percent of fruits should fall or be eliminated from apple trees to avoid overcropping and poor-quality fruits. Apple trees engage in a complex biological process known as yield self-regulation, which is influenced by several internal and external factors. Apple buds develop in different stages along the branches, and they can potentially give rise to new shoots, leaves, flowers, or fruit clusters. The apple genotype determines how many buds will develop into fruit-bearing structures and the capacity for yield self-regulation. Plant hormones such as ethylene, cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins play a crucial role in regulating the fruit set, growth, and development, and the balance of these hormones influences the flowering intensity, fruit size, and fruit number on the apple tree. Apple growers often interfere in the self-regulation process by manually thinning fruit clusters. Different thinning methods, such as by hand, mechanical thinning, or applying chemical substances, are used for flower and fruit thinning. The most profitable in commercial orchards is the use of chemicals for elimination, but more environmentally sustainable solutions are required due to the European Green Deal. This review focuses on the biological factors and genetic mechanisms in apple yield self-regulation for a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of fruitlet abscission for future breeding programs targeted at self-regulating yield apple varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Efficacy of Postharvest Application of Aureobasidium pullulans to Control White Haze on Apples and Effect on the Fruit Mycobiome.
- Author
-
Remolif, Giulia, Schiavon, Giada, Garello, Marco, and Spadaro, Davide
- Subjects
BIOLOGICAL pest control agents ,AUREOBASIDIUM pullulans ,BIOFUNGICIDES ,FUNGAL growth ,FRUIT quality - Abstract
White haze, an emerging disorder caused by extensive fungal growth on the apple surface, results in a compromised fruit quality and decreased marketability. The use of biological control agents could be an interesting tool to reduce its development. This work aimed to test the efficacy of two Aureobasidium pullulans strains (AP2 and PL5) in controlling white haze on stored apples. An in vivo trial was conducted by inoculating fruits with white haze causal agents (Entyloma belangeri, Golubevia pallescens, Tilletiopsis washingtonensis) and treating them with the antagonistic yeasts. Three commercial biofungicides were also included in the trial. Both A. pullulans strains, along with the Metschnikowia fructicola-based product, reduced white haze incidence after 110 days of storage at 1 ± 1 °C and after 7 days of shelf life. Furthermore, the effect of A. pullulans application on the fruit fungal microbiome was assessed. A significant impact of apple matrix and treatment on the mycobiome composition was observed. Analyses showed a good colonization of A. pullulans on the treated apples, both epiphytically and endophytically. A decrease in white haze-related fungi abundance was observed in the treated fruits. Additionally, a reduction of Ramularia spp. and modifications in the abundance of other fungal genera were detected after storage and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Identification of an SCF Ubiquitin Ligase Complex that Contributes to Resistance Against Valsa Canker in Apple
- Author
-
Pengliang Han, Ruotong Zhang, Rui Li, Fudong Li, and Lili Huang
- Subjects
E3 ubiquitin ligases ,genetic transformation ,Malus × domestica ,protein interactions ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases play a critical role in plant disease resistance. Among them, the Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex is the largest family and regulates the ubiquitination of a wide range of proteins. Apple Valsa canker (AVC) is a fungal disease of apple trees caused by the fungus Valsa mali, which can lead to significant economic losses. However, the function of the SCF complex in apple resistance to this disease is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex that can enhance resistance to Valsa canker in apple. Disease evaluation experiments demonstrated that MdSkp1 increased apple resistance to AVC. Furthermore, MdSkp1 interacted with an F-box protein, MdSKIP14, and interacted with a cullin-1 protein, MdCUL1, to form an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. Additionally, we revealed both MdSKIP14 and MdCUL1 as positive regulators of AVC resistance. In conclusion, our results identified an SCF complex capable of contributing to apple resistance against AVC, providing a theoretical basis for apple disease resistance and the sustainable development of the industry. [Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Functional evidence on the involvement of the MADS-box gene MdDAM4 in bud dormancy regulation in apple.
- Author
-
Lempe, Janne, Moser, Mirko, Asquini, Elisa, Si-Ammour, Azeddine, and Flachowsky, Henryk
- Subjects
SOUTHERN blot ,TRANSCRIPTION factors ,PLANT genetic transformation ,DEFOLIATION ,GENE silencing ,FRUIT trees - Abstract
Over the course of the year, temperate trees experience extremes in temperature and day length. In order to protect themselves from frost damage in winter, they enter a dormant state with no visible growth where all leaves are shed and buds are dormant. Also the young floral tissues need to withstand harsh winter conditions, as temperature fruit trees like apple develop their flower buds in the previous year of fruit development. So far, the genetic control of induction and release of dormancy is not fully understood. However, the transcription factor family of DORMANCY-Associated MADS-box (DAM) genes plays a major role in the control of winter dormancy. One of these genes is MdDAM4. This gene is expressed in the early phase of bud dormancy, but little is known about its function. Six transgenic apple lines were produced to study the function of MdDAM4 in apple. For plant transformation, the binary plasmid vector p9oN-35s-MdDAM4 was used that contains the coding sequence of MdDAM4 driven by the 35S promoter. Transgenicity of the lines was proven by PCR and southern hybridization. Based on siRNA sequencing and phenotypic observations, it was concluded that line M2024 overexpresses MdDAM4 whereas the gene is silenced in all other lines. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines provided evidence that the overexpression of MdDAM4 leads to an earlier induction and a later release of dormancy. Silencing this gene had exactly the opposite effects and thereby led to an increased duration of the vegetation period. Expression experiments revealed genes that were either potentially repressed or activated by MdDAM4. Among the potentially suppressed genes were several homologs of the cytokinin oxidase 5 (CKX5), five LOX homologs, and several expansins, which may indicate a link between MdDAM4 and the control of leaf senescence. Among the potentially activated genes is MdDAM1, which is in line with observed expression patterns during winter dormancy. MdDAM2, which shows little expression during endodormancy also appears to be activated by MdDAM4. Overall, this study provides experimental evidence with transgenic apple trees for MdDAM4 being an important regulator of the onset of bud dormancy in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Deep learning with a small dataset predicts chromatin remodelling contribution to winter dormancy of apple axillary buds.
- Author
-
Saito, Takanori, Wang, Shanshan, Ohkawa, Katsuya, Ohara, Hitoshi, and Kondo, Satoru
- Subjects
- *
BUDS , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *STRUCTURAL dynamics , *PLANT genomes , *CHROMATIN - Abstract
Epigenetic changes serve as a cellular memory for cumulative cold recognition in both herbaceous and tree species, including bud dormancy. However, most studies have discussed predicted chromatin structure with respect to histone marks. In the present study, we investigated the structural dynamics of bona fide chromatin to determine how plants recognize prolonged chilling during the initial stage of bud dormancy. The vegetative axillary buds of the 'Fuji' apple, which shows typical low temperature-dependent, but not photoperiod, dormancy induction, were used for the chromatin structure and transcriptional change analyses. The results were integrated using a deep-learning model and interpreted using statistical models, including Bayesian estimation. Although our model was constructed using a small dataset of two time points, chromatin remodelling due to random changes was excluded. The involvement of most nucleosome structural changes in transcriptional changes and the pivotal contribution of cold-driven circadian rhythm-dependent pathways regulated by the mobility of cis -regulatory elements were predicted. These findings may help to develop potential genetic targets for breeding species with less bud dormancy to overcome the effects of short winters during global warming. Our artificial intelligence concept can improve epigenetic analysis using a small dataset, especially in non-model plants with immature genome databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Effects of Promalin on Fruit Growth and Cuticle Properties of 'Pinova' Apple.
- Author
-
Khanal, Bishnu P., Dahal, Prabin, Yiru Si, Knoche, Moritz, and Schl€uter, Oliver K.
- Subjects
- *
FRUIT skins , *CUTICLE , *APPLE growing , *FRUIT , *FRUIT development , *APPLES - Abstract
Promalin (Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, IL, USA) is a proprietary mixture of gibberellin A4+7 and 6-benzyladenine that is widely used in apple production to improve the fruit shape, size, and skin quality. Promalin typically increases fruit size and length. However, the increased growth likely increases the strain in the fruit skin, which may exacerbate microcracking of the cuticle and, consequently, russeting. This study aimed to monitor the growth-stimulating effect of Promalin in three different regions of fruits and investigate whether Promalin affects cuticular microcracking via effects on the deposition of cuticular components or via the accumulation of strain in the cuticle. Four Promalin sprays (20 mg.L-1) were applied to runoff; the first was applied at full bloom, and the remaining sprays were applied at approximately weekly intervals thereafter. Fruit surface areas and fruit surface area growth rates of the Promalin-treated fruits were higher than those of the untreated control fruits. Promalin increased the fruit length, but it had no effect on the fruit equatorial diameter. In Promalin-treated fruits, the base of each sepal extended, thickened, and became fleshy as early as 15 days after full bloom (DAFB). Allometric growth analyses revealed higher constant differential growth ratios of the pedicel and calyx length (before 36 DAFB) in Promalin-treated fruits than in control fruits. After 36 DAFB, the difference in constant differential growth ratios between Promalin-treated fruits and control fruits decreased. Cuticle mass per unit area increased with time in all regions of the fruit surface and was slightly (+3.3%) but significantly higher in fruits treated with Promalin than in control fruits. Additionally, the biaxial strain release was slightly and significantly lower in Promalin-treated fruits than in control fruits. When the isolated, cuticle was ablated from the inner surface and dewaxed, strain relaxation in the control fruits was higher than that in the Promalin-treated fruits. It was concluded that Promalin treatment increases the length of the fruit by increasing the lengths of the pedicel and calyx regions early during fruit development. Promalin only slightly increased cuticle deposition and fixation of cuticular strain. Promalin had no effects on microcracking or russeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Productive manifestations and sensitivity to codling moth (Cydia (Laspeyresia) pomonella (L.) of apple cultivars and hybrids.
- Author
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Petrova, V., Dimitrova, S., and Sotirov, D.
- Subjects
- *
CYDIA , *APPLE varieties , *FRUIT quality , *FRUIT weights & measures , *ROOTSTOCKS - Abstract
The present study was conducted during the period 2019 - 2021 at the Institute of Agriculture, Kyustendil. The productivity, fruit quality, and sensitivity to codling moth of 10 apple cultivars and 9 hybrids were evaluated. Standard technology was implemented to grow the fruit-bearing trees, which were grafted on MM 106 rootstock and planted at a distance 4.5×2.5 m. The highest average yields were obtained from the cultivar Rosana (30.4 kg/tree) and hybrid 9 (28.3 kg/tree). Fruit weight ranged from 83 g (hybrid 2/4) to 248 g (Charden). Goldrush had the highest fruit flesh firmness - 10.0 kg/cm2 and hybrid 1/7 the lowest - 6.7 kg/cm2. No differences in the sensitivity to codling moth were observed among cultivars and hybrids. The percentage of damage ranged from 3.7% (hybrid 1/3) to 5% (Rosana) in 2020 and from 43.6% (hybrid 2/4) to 55.7% (Golden Resistan) in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Aerial dispersal of Venturia inaequalis ascospores with under-canopy sprinkler irrigation for apple scab management
- Author
-
Prodorutti, Daniele, Vendrame, Nadia, Coller, Emanuela, Zardi, Dino, Stensvand, Arne, Philion, Vincent, and Pertot, Ilaria
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The genetic basis of apple shape and size unraveled by digital phenotyping.
- Author
-
Keller, Beat, Jung, Michaela, Bühlmann-Schütz, Simone, Hodel, Marius, Studer, Bruno, Broggini, Giovanni A L, and Patocchi, Andrea
- Subjects
- *
PEARSON correlation (Statistics) , *FRUIT skins , *SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms , *GENOME-wide association studies , *HUMAN skin color , *APPLES - Abstract
Great diversity of shape, size, and skin color is observed among the fruits of different apple genotypes. These traits are critical for consumers and therefore interesting targets for breeding new apple varieties. However, they are difficult to phenotype and their genetic basis, especially for fruit shape and ground color, is largely unknown. We used the FruitPhenoBox to digitally phenotype 525 genotypes of the apple reference population (apple REFPOP) genotyped for 303,148 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. From the apple images, 573 highly heritable features describing fruit shape and size as well as 17 highly heritable features for fruit skin color were extracted to explore genotype–phenotype relationships. Out of these features, seven principal components (PCs) and 16 features with the Pearson's correlation r < 0.75 (selected features) were chosen to carry out genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for fruit shape and size. Four PCs and eight selected features were used in GWAS for fruit skin color. In total, 69 SNPs scattered over all 17 apple chromosomes were significantly associated with round, conical, cylindrical, or symmetric fruit shapes and fruit size. Novel associations with major effect on round or conical fruit shapes and fruit size were identified on chromosomes 1 and 2. Additionally, 16 SNPs associated with PCs and selected features related to red overcolor as well as green and yellow ground color were found on eight chromosomes. The identified associations can be used to advance marker-assisted selection in apple fruit breeding to systematically select for desired fruit appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Functional evidence on the involvement of the MADS-box gene MdDAM4 in bud dormancy regulation in apple
- Author
-
Janne Lempe, Mirko Moser, Elisa Asquini, Azeddine Si-Ammour, and Henryk Flachowsky
- Subjects
winter dormancy ,DAM gene ,Malus × domestica ,growth cessation ,climate change ,transgenic apple ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Over the course of the year, temperate trees experience extremes in temperature and day length. In order to protect themselves from frost damage in winter, they enter a dormant state with no visible growth where all leaves are shed and buds are dormant. Also the young floral tissues need to withstand harsh winter conditions, as temperature fruit trees like apple develop their flower buds in the previous year of fruit development. So far, the genetic control of induction and release of dormancy is not fully understood. However, the transcription factor family of DORMANCY-Associated MADS-box (DAM) genes plays a major role in the control of winter dormancy. One of these genes is MdDAM4. This gene is expressed in the early phase of bud dormancy, but little is known about its function. Six transgenic apple lines were produced to study the function of MdDAM4 in apple. For plant transformation, the binary plasmid vector p9oN-35s-MdDAM4 was used that contains the coding sequence of MdDAM4 driven by the 35S promoter. Transgenicity of the lines was proven by PCR and southern hybridization. Based on siRNA sequencing and phenotypic observations, it was concluded that line M2024 overexpresses MdDAM4 whereas the gene is silenced in all other lines. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines provided evidence that the overexpression of MdDAM4 leads to an earlier induction and a later release of dormancy. Silencing this gene had exactly the opposite effects and thereby led to an increased duration of the vegetation period. Expression experiments revealed genes that were either potentially repressed or activated by MdDAM4. Among the potentially suppressed genes were several homologs of the cytokinin oxidase 5 (CKX5), five LOX homologs, and several expansins, which may indicate a link between MdDAM4 and the control of leaf senescence. Among the potentially activated genes is MdDAM1, which is in line with observed expression patterns during winter dormancy. MdDAM2, which shows little expression during endodormancy also appears to be activated by MdDAM4. Overall, this study provides experimental evidence with transgenic apple trees for MdDAM4 being an important regulator of the onset of bud dormancy in apple.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of Fruit Drop in Apple Tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.)
- Author
-
Aurelijus Starkus, Šarūnė Morkūnaitė-Haimi, Tautvydas Gurskas, Edvinas Misiukevičius, Vidmantas Stanys, and Birutė Frercks
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,abscission ,fruit drop ,yield self-regulation ,phytohormones ,genetic mechanisms ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
The apple tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) belongs to the Rosaceae. Due to its adaptability and tolerance to different soil and climatic conditions, it is cultivated worldwide for fresh consumption. The priorities of apple growers are high-quality fruits and stable yield for high production. About 90 to 95 percent of fruits should fall or be eliminated from apple trees to avoid overcropping and poor-quality fruits. Apple trees engage in a complex biological process known as yield self-regulation, which is influenced by several internal and external factors. Apple buds develop in different stages along the branches, and they can potentially give rise to new shoots, leaves, flowers, or fruit clusters. The apple genotype determines how many buds will develop into fruit-bearing structures and the capacity for yield self-regulation. Plant hormones such as ethylene, cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins play a crucial role in regulating the fruit set, growth, and development, and the balance of these hormones influences the flowering intensity, fruit size, and fruit number on the apple tree. Apple growers often interfere in the self-regulation process by manually thinning fruit clusters. Different thinning methods, such as by hand, mechanical thinning, or applying chemical substances, are used for flower and fruit thinning. The most profitable in commercial orchards is the use of chemicals for elimination, but more environmentally sustainable solutions are required due to the European Green Deal. This review focuses on the biological factors and genetic mechanisms in apple yield self-regulation for a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of fruitlet abscission for future breeding programs targeted at self-regulating yield apple varieties.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Pomological and Molecular Characterization of Apple Cultivars in the German Fruit Genebank
- Author
-
Lea Broschewitz, Stefanie Reim, Henryk Flachowsky, and Monika Höfer
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,trueness-to-type ,genetic diversity ,genetic structure ,parentage analysis ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Traditional varieties are a valuable tool in modern apple breeding. However, the use of synonyms and missing source documentation hinder an effective identification and conservation of relevant cultivars. During several projects, the authenticity and diversity of the apple cultivar collection of the German Fruit Genebank (GFG) was evaluated extensively. The trueness-to-type of 7890 apple trees was assessed on a pomological and molecular level. Pomological evaluations were performed by at least two experienced experts to identify the original cultivar names. On the molecular level, a set of 17 SSR markers was used to determine a unique genetic profile for each apple cultivar. The pomological and molecular characterization was expressed in terms of a comprehensive trueness-to-type criterion and the results were previously published as a well-curated dataset. In this study, the published dataset was analyzed to evaluate the quality and diversity of the apple collection of the GFG and highlight new findings based on phylogenetic and parentage analysis. The dataset contains 1404 unique genetic profiles corresponding to unambiguous cultivar names. Of these 1404 cultivars, 74% were assessed as true-to-type. The collection of diploid apple cultivars showed a high degree of expected heterozygosity (Hexp = 0.84). Genetic diversity in terms of year and location of origin was investigated with a STRUCTURE analysis. It was hypothesized that genetic diversity might decline overtime due to restrictive breeding programs. The results showed a shift dynamic between older and newer cultivars in one specific cluster, but no significant decrease in genetic diversity was observed in this study. Lastly, a parentage analysis was performed to check parental relationships based on historical research. Out of 128 parent–child trios, 110 trios resulted in significant relationships and reconfirmed the information from the literature. In some cases, the information from the literature was disproven. This analysis also allowed for readjusting the trueness-to-type criteria for previously undetermined cultivars. Overall, the importance of authenticity evaluations for gene bank cultivars was highlighted. Furthermore, the direct use of the dataset was shown by relevant investigations on the genetic diversity and structure of the apple cultivar collections of the GFG.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Apple Pomace as a Potential Source of Oxidative Stress-Protecting Dihydrochalcones
- Author
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Ibrahim Rabeeah, Viktoria Gruber-Schmidt, Helen Murray, Negin Afsharzadeh, Renate Paltram, Silvija Marinovic, Hassan Zia, Olly Sanny Hutabarat, Mikko Hofsommer, Ana Slatnar, Christopher Schlosser, Karl Stich, Heidi Halbwirth, Manfred Gössinger, and Christian Haselmair-Gosch
- Subjects
apple ,Malus × domestica ,pomace ,juice processing ,phloridzin ,dihydrochalcones ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Among fruits, the apple is unique for producing large amounts of the dihydrochalcone phloridzin, which, together with phloretin, its aglycone, is valuable to the pharmaceutical and food industries for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as its use as a sweetener. We analysed the phloridzin concentration, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in the peel, flesh, seeds, juice, and pomace of 13 international and local apple varieties. In the unprocessed fruit, the seeds had the highest phloridzin content, while the highest total phenolic contents were mostly found in the peel. In processed samples, phloridzin and the total phenolic compounds especially were higher mostly in juice than in pomace. Moreover, the total phenolic content was much higher than the phloridzin content. Juice showed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by the peel and flesh. Across all samples, antioxidant activity did not directly correlate with phloridzin concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant activity ascribed to phloridzin may need re-evaluation. In the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, phloridzin only showed antioxidant activity at high concentrations when compared to its aglycone, phloretin. Considering the large amounts of apple juice produced by the juice industry, residual pomace is a promising source of phloridzin. For technical use, processing this phloridzin to phloretin would be advantageous.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Overexpression of MdFRK2 enhances apple drought resistance by promoting carbohydrate metabolism and root growth under drought stress
- Author
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Jingjing Yang, Ruiling Zhan, Lan Wang, Junqiao Li, Baiquan Ma, Fengwang Ma, and Mingjun Li
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,MdFRK2 ,Drought stress ,Sugar ,Auxin ,Signal transduction ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Soluble sugars function not only as the energy and structural blocks supporting plants, but also as osmoregulators and signal molecules during plant adaptation to water deficit. Here, we investigated drought resistance in transgenic apple (Malus × domestica) overexpressing MdFRK2, a key gene regulating fructose content and sugar metabolism. There is no obvious phenotypic difference between MdFRK2-overexpressing transgenic plants and WT plants under the well-watered condition. However, the transgenic plants and the grafted plants using MdFRK2-overexpressing rootstock exhibited improved tolerance to drought stress. Overexpression of MdFRK2 significantly promoted the growth of root system under drought stress. RNA sequencing showed that under drought stress, genes involved in sugar metabolism, transcription regulation, signal transduction or hormone metabolism were differentially expressed in MdFRK2 transgenic plants. Consistent with the gene expression profile, the activities of enzyme (SDH, FRK and NI) involved in sugar metabolism in the roots of MdFRK2 transgenic plants were significantly higher than those of untransformed control plants after drought stress. Under drought stress, overexpression of MdFRK2 promoted the accumulation of IAA, and decreased the contents of ABA and CK in apple root system. In conclusion, these results suggest that MdFRK2 can promote the growth of apple roots under drought stress by regulating sugar metabolism and accumulation, hormone metabolism and signal transduction, and then resist drought stress.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. MdVQ12 confers resistance to Valsa mali by regulating MdHDA19 expression in apple.
- Author
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Han, Pengliang, Zhang, Ruotong, Li, Rui, Li, Fudong, Nie, Jiajun, Xu, Ming, Wang, Chengli, and Huang, Lili
- Subjects
- *
GENE expression , *GENETIC transformation , *CANKER (Plant disease) , *GERMPLASM , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *HISTONE deacetylase - Abstract
Valine‐glutamine (VQ) motif‐containing proteins play a crucial role in plant biotic stress responses. Apple Valsa canker, caused by the ascomycete Valsa mali, stands as one of the most severe diseases affecting apple trees. Nonetheless, the underlying resistance mechanism of VQ proteins against this disease has remained largely unexplored. This study reports MdVQ12, a VQ motif‐containing protein, as a positive regulator of apple Valsa canker resistance. Genetic transformation experiments demonstrated that MdVQ12 overexpression increased resistance to V. mali, while gene silencing lines exhibited significantly reduced resistance. MdVQ12 interacted with the transcription factor MdWRKY23, which bound to the promoter of the histone deacetylase gene MdHDA19, activating its expression. MdHDA19 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by participating in the jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways. Additionally, MdVQ12 promoted the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY23 towards MdHDA19. Our findings reveal that MdVQ12 enhances apple resistance to V. mali by regulating MdHDA19 expression and thereby regulating the JA and ET signalling pathways, offering potential candidate gene resources for breeding apple Valsa canker‐resistant germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Skin spots on 'Cripps Pink' and 'Elstar' apples are identical.
- Author
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Khanal, Bishnu P. and Knoche, Moritz
- Subjects
FRUIT skins ,ACRIDINE orange ,MICROCRACKS ,FLUORESCENT dyes ,MICROSCOPY - Abstract
Brown spots have recently been reported on the surfaces of 'Cripps Pink' apples, grown in Marsillargues, France. Preliminary observations suggest the symptoms on 'Cripps Pink' apples resemble those reported earlier on 'Elstar' apples and then referred to as 'Elstar skin spots'. Elstar skin spots occur particularly in coastal production areas of northern Europe, and in rainy seasons. The objective of this study was to establish more definitively whether the skin spots observed on 'Cripps Pink' are identical to those reported on 'Elstar'. Hence, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of 'Cripps Pink' skin spots were assessed in more detail. The skin spots on 'Cripps Pink' develop on the non-blush side of the fruit. High resolution scanning light microscopy revealed a network of cuticular microcracks in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic regions of an affected fruit. When fruits with microcracks were dipped in a 1:1 chloroform:methanol mixture, the width and depth of the microcracks increased, indicating that the microcracks had previously been partially filled with wax. The microcracks on a symptomatic surface were wider and deeper than those on a non-symptomatic surface. After the cuticular wax had been extracted (as above), the microcracks on the symptomatic surface were found to be partially infiltrated with the fluorescent dye acridine orange; but not so the microcracks on a non-symptomatic surface. The fruit skin of symptomatic apples had a higher rate of water loss than that of non-symptomatic apples. Microscopy revealed that the epidermal and some of the hypodermal cells beneath the microcracks within a symptomatic area were brown and their cell walls lignified. We infer from these observations that the skin spots on 'Cripps Pink' are identical to the well-known skin spots on 'Elstar' apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Influence of Plasma-Activated Water on Foliar and Fruit Micronutrient Content and Plant Protection Efficiency.
- Author
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Kuzin, Andrei I., Kashirskaya, Natalia Ya., Solovchenko, Alexei E., Kochkina, Anna M., Stepantsowa, Ludmila V., Krasin, Vyacheslav N., Konchekov, Evgeny M., Lukanin, Vladimir I., Sergeichev, Konstantin F., Gudkova, Victoria V., Khort, Dmitry O., and Smirnov, Igor G.
- Subjects
MINERAL content of plants ,PLASMA torch ,PLATINUM nanoparticles ,REACTIVE nitrogen species ,FERTILIZER application - Abstract
Foliar fertilizing is very important to supply apple plants with calcium and micronutrients. The most cost-effective approach to this is the application of the fertilizers in tank mixtures with plant protection chemicals. Plasma-activated water (PAW) has great potential for the use in the agriculture. We used two type of PAWs, PAW1 (made using underwater electrical discharge in an aqueous KNO
3 solution and includes reactive nitrogen species and platinum nanoparticles) and PAW2 (made using a plasma torch with nitrogen gas makeup and contains reactive nitrogen species but not metals). We studied the impact of two PAW types on the contents of Ca, B, Mn, Fe, and Co in leaves and Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Mo in fruits sprayed with tank mixtures containing the fertilizers. We also tested the efficiency of PAW in the control of apple scab when applied as tank mixtures with plant protection chemicals. The application of the PAWs significantly increased foliar Ca when the PAW was mixed with Ca-containing formulations (spraying PAW1 containing Ca increased leaf Ca by up to 21%, and PAW2 up by to 9% compared to Ca spraying without PAW). The largest fruit Ca increase was in the variant treated with PAW1 with a micronutrient spraying program (up to 143%). The PAW treatments enhanced the baseline mineral contents of the plants even when they were not sprayed with the nutrients. PAW1 mainly increased the nutrient contents of the apple fruits. PAWs have proven to be efficient for the control of apple scab, thereby reducing the demand for fungicides. The scab damage to the leaves and fruits was similar in plants treated with PAWs without fungicides (1.7–1.9% on the leaves and 1.6–1.8% on the fruits) compared to the conventional chemical scab control (0.9% leaves and 0.6% fruits) and was significantly lower than in the untreated control (9.3% on leaves and 11.9 on fruits). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Efficacy of Postharvest Application of Aureobasidium pullulans to Control White Haze on Apples and Effect on the Fruit Mycobiome
- Author
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Giulia Remolif, Giada Schiavon, Marco Garello, and Davide Spadaro
- Subjects
biocontrol agents ,biological control ,Malus × domestica ,metabarcoding ,cold storage ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
White haze, an emerging disorder caused by extensive fungal growth on the apple surface, results in a compromised fruit quality and decreased marketability. The use of biological control agents could be an interesting tool to reduce its development. This work aimed to test the efficacy of two Aureobasidium pullulans strains (AP2 and PL5) in controlling white haze on stored apples. An in vivo trial was conducted by inoculating fruits with white haze causal agents (Entyloma belangeri, Golubevia pallescens, Tilletiopsis washingtonensis) and treating them with the antagonistic yeasts. Three commercial biofungicides were also included in the trial. Both A. pullulans strains, along with the Metschnikowia fructicola-based product, reduced white haze incidence after 110 days of storage at 1 ± 1 °C and after 7 days of shelf life. Furthermore, the effect of A. pullulans application on the fruit fungal microbiome was assessed. A significant impact of apple matrix and treatment on the mycobiome composition was observed. Analyses showed a good colonization of A. pullulans on the treated apples, both epiphytically and endophytically. A decrease in white haze-related fungi abundance was observed in the treated fruits. Additionally, a reduction of Ramularia spp. and modifications in the abundance of other fungal genera were detected after storage and shelf life.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Сортова чувствителност на ябълката към ябълков плодов червей, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.).
- Author
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Димитрова, Станислава and Петрова, Вилина
- Subjects
CODLING moth ,FRUIT quality - Abstract
The study was conducted during the period 2018-2021 at the Institute of Agriculture, Kyustendil. The aim was the evaluation of 11 apple cultivars for their productivity and sensitivity to codling moth. The trees are grafted on MM 106 rootstock and are planted at a distance of 4.5 × 2.5 m. The trees were in a period of full bearing and were grown using standard technology. In the cultivars studied, the average yield per tree ranged from 18.1 kg (Siyana) to 33.4 kg (Rosana), fruit weight ranged from 111 g (Rosana) to 185 g (Ginger Gold), fruit flesh firmness – from 7.4 kg/cm² (Oregon Spur) to 10.4 kg/cm² (Teser T 219). No preference of the codling moth for one or another cultivar was established. The percentage of damages ranged from 3.2% (Rosana in 2018) to 18.6% (Braeburn in 2020). In years with a low yield, these damages were significant – from 18.5% (Gold Milenium in 2021) to 64.4% (Teser T219 in 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
26. The biochemical and physiological basis for hard cider apple fruit quality
- Author
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Adam Duerr Karl, David Lior Zakalik, Brittany Sarah Cook, Shanthanu Krishna Kumar, and Gregory Michael Peck
- Subjects
fermentation ,Malus × domestica ,pectin ,polyphenol ,tannin ,volatile aroma compound ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Societal Impact Statement Fermented “hard” cider is currently experiencing a resurgence in popularity. While there is a long history of cultivating apple trees with fruit quality characteristics intended specifically for cider production, there is a dearth of cider‐specific apple production in many emerging cider producing regions, such as North America. To help bolster the emerging cider industry and identify topics that warrant further research, this review article describes the biochemistry and physiology of apple fruit quality from a cider producing perspective. Summary The United States and Western Europe have a long history of alcoholic “hard” cider production made from the fermented juice of apples (Malus spp.), especially in regions where cultivation of European grapevines (Vitis vinifera) for wine was climatically limited. While all apples contain fermentable sugars, in many regions, cultivars were selected, named, and propagated specifically for fermentation. This review highlights fruit quality attributes that are important for cider production and that are distinct from fresh‐market apple fruit and wine grapes. Polyphenol profiles, yeast assimilable nitrogen composition, carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, and volatile aroma compounds are discussed as they relate to cider quality.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Exploring the Xenia Effect: Differential Responses of Six Pollen Parents with Five Maternal Apple Cultivars
- Author
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Sharma, Shivali, Sundouri, A. S., Attri, Deoshish, Bhat, K. M., Kumar, Amit, Sharma, M. K., and Sharma, Sunny
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Genome-wide identification and stress response analysis of cyclophilin gene family in apple (Malus × domestica)
- Author
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Zhi-Wen Qiao, Da-Ru Wang, Xun Wang, Chun-Xiang You, and Xiao-Fei Wang
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,Cyclophilin ,CYP ,Abiotic stress ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Genetics ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Cyclophilin (CYP) belongs to the immunophilin family and has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, which catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization process of proline residues. CYPs widely exist in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and contain a conserved cyclophilin-like domain (CLD). Plant cyclophilins are widely involved in a range of biological processes including stress response, metabolic regulation, and growth and development. Result In this study, 30 cyclophilin genes on 15 chromosomes were identified from the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (M. domestica) genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cyclophilin family genes can be divided into three clades in Malus. Collinear analysis showed that ten gene pairs were the result of segmental duplication. Analysis of gene and protein structure further supported the phylogenetic tree and collinearity analysis. The expression of MdCYPs in different organs was higher in leaves, flowers, and fruits. Ten and eight CYPs responded to drought and salt stress, respectively. MdCYP16, a nuclear-localized MD CYP, was screened from the intersection of the two expression profiling datasets and was highly sensitive to drought and salt stress. GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis indicated that MdCYP16 may be involved in the regulation of abiotic stress. Conclusion This study systematically analyzed members of the apple cyclophilin family and confirmed the involvement of MdCYP16 as a nuclear-localized MD cyclophilin that acts in response to salt and drought stress in apple. Our work identifies members of the apple cyclophilin gene family, and provides an important theoretical basis for in-depth study of cyclophilin function. Additionally, the analysis provides candidate genes that may be involved in stress response in apple.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A fungal microRNA‐like RNA regulated effector promotes pathogen infection by targeting a host defense‐related transcription factor.
- Author
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Xu, Ming, Gao, Chen, Ji, Lin, Zhu, Lihua, Gao, Yuqi, Feng, Hao, and Huang, Lili
- Subjects
- *
MOLECULAR biology , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *GENE expression , *PHYTOPATHOGENIC fungi , *APPLES , *ORCHARDS - Abstract
SUMMARY: Effectors play important roles in facilitating the infection of plant pathogenic fungi. However, the gene expression regulatory mechanism of effector genes, in particular at the post‐transcriptional level, is largely unknown. In this study, we uncovered the post‐transcriptional regulation of an effector gene VmSP1 by a miRNA‐like RNA (Vm‐milR16) facilitating the infection of the apple tree Valsa canker pathogen Valsa mali. Genetic and molecular biological assays indicated that the expression of VmSP1 could be suppressed by Vm‐milR16‐mediated mRNA cleavage in a sequence‐specific manner. During V. mali infection, Vm‐milR16 was downregulated, whereas VmSP1 was upregulated, which further indicated the regulation relationship. VmSP1 was further demonstrated to be a secreted protein and could suppress plant immunity. Deletion of VmSP1 did not affect the vegetative growth but significantly reduced the virulence of V. mali. Further study indicated that VmSP1 could interact with the transcription factor MdbHLH189 of apple. Transiently overexpression of MdbHLH189 enhanced host resistance to V. mali by enhancing the expression of apple defense‐related genes, together with the increased callose deposition. Silencing of MdbHLH189 compromised host resistance to V. mali. Our findings uncovered the novel epigenetic regulation mechanism of a virulence‐associated effector gene mediated by a fungal milRNA at the post‐transcriptional level, and the results enriched the understanding of the function and action mechanism of effectors in tree pathogenic fungi. Significance Statement: Fungal effectors are proposed as major contributors to plant disease development. However, the regulation mechanism of the effector gene is largely unknown. Combining bioinformatics, molecular biology, genetic, and biochemistry methods, we report a new strategy that post‐transcriptional regulation of the virulence‐related effector gene VmSP1 by the milRNA‐mediated sequence‐specific cleavage, and the action mechanism of VmSP1 by targeting an apple resistance‐related transcription factor, which enhances the survival and host adaption of plant pathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Crop load management in high density apple plantation
- Author
-
Shivani SHARMA, Pramod VERMA, and Naveen C. SHARMA
- Subjects
Return bloom ,Yield ,Malus × domestica ,thinning ,Agriculture - Abstract
Aim of study: To optimize the best thinning method and elucidate its effect on fruit size, quality, yield and return bloom in apple under high density plantation in sub-temperate zone of India. Area of study: Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. Material and methods: The experiment consisted of 30 combinations of 10 thinning (chemical and manual) treatments (T1: 10 mg L-1 NAA; T2: 20 mg L-1 NAA; T3: 100 mg L-1 BA; T4: 200 mg L-1 BA; T5: 100 mg L-1 Metamitron; T6: 200 mg L-1 Metamitron; T7: crop load of 4 fruits cm-2 TCSA; T8: crop load of 6 fruits cm-2 TCSA; T9: crop load of 8 fruits cm-2 TCSA and T10: control - no thinning) and 3 cultivars treatments (‘Jeromine’, ‘Redlum Gala’ and ‘Super Chief’), replicated five times over three growing seasons (2020 to 2022). Main results: The highest return bloom, fruit size, red skin color (RSC), sugars content, and anthocyanin content were produced due to manual thinning while maintaining a crop load of 4-6 fruits cm-2 TCSA (trunk cross sectional area). ‘Jeromine’ cultivar produced fruits with better yields, productivity, and RSC. ‘Redlum Gala’ had fruits with a better extent of thinning, return bloom, and sugar content. The extent of thinning showed a significant positive correlation with return bloom, fruit quality and physicochemical parameters, and growth in apples under high-density plantations. Research highlights: A possible threshold for optimal fruit quality and consistent return bloom is around 4-6 fruits cm-2 TCSA in apple under high density plantation in India.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Lenticel hydration alters the susceptibility of apple fruit to infection by Phlyctema vagabunda
- Author
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Kerry R. Everett, Luna Hasna, Irene P. S. Pushparajah, Michelle J. Vergara, Peter N. Wood, Brent M. Fisher, Paul S. Sutherland, Kate K. Richards, and Sean W. Husheer
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,Neofabraea ,leaf wetness ,wind run ,postharvest ,temperature ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Bull’s eye rot, caused by Phlyctema vagabunda, is an important postharvest rot of apples. A combination of laboratory and field trials were conducted to examine the relationship between infection and status of apple lenticels. Fruit were hydrated and then inoculated, and climatic factors were compared with inoculations and natural infections in the field. In laboratory trials it was shown that increased lenticel density and size led to more infections. Hydration distended lenticel diameter, and dehydration contracted lenticels. A strong relationship with wind run, leaf wetness and temperature were shown to be important for laboratory inoculations of monthly harvested fruit, natural infections in trap fruit experiments, and monthly field inoculations. It was hypothesised that high wind run (> c. 240 km/day) reduced fruit susceptibility by promoting lenticel closure, and when lenticels were open, temperature limited the formation of an infection stroma. If the stroma did not form, postharvest expression of disease was negligible. Leaf wetness over 28 days was also an important factor for infection, probably because of the effect on micro-crack formation and resealing of lenticels during maturation by components of the cuticle. From these results, pre-harvest application of compounds that close lenticels could provide some control of bull’s eye rot without the need for fungicides.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Storability of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple as affected by harvest maturity, 1-methylcyclopropene treatment, and storage atmosphere
- Author
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Luiz Carlos Argenta, Fabio Rodrigo Thewes, Rogerio de Oliveira Anese, Sérgio Tonetto de Freitas, Jean Michel Moura-Bueno, Claudio Ogoshi, and Priscila Baseggio
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,decay ,flesh firmness ,physiological disorders ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the storability of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple fruit in response to harvest maturity, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, and storage atmospheres. Fruit quality was evaluated after two, four, six, and eight months plus one day or seven days in shelf life at 22°C. The controlled atmosphere (CA) and 1-MCP (1.0 μL L-1) treatments reduce fruit ethylene production and respiration, prevent rapid softening, and inhibit the incidence of scald-like symptoms, flesh browning, cracking, and fungal decay, in comparison with air storage . The combination of 1-MCP and CA provides additive benefits in firmness retention and in the reduction of the incidence of physiological disorders. CA and/or 1-MCP increase the risk of fruit developing wrinkly skin disorder. The loss of flesh firmness and acidity and the development of all physiological disorders and decay are higher in late-harvested fruit. The storage life of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple is about two months in cold air and from six to eight months in cold CA, considering the time necessary to reach a flesh firmness of 53 N. The limiting factor for the long-term storage of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple fruit under CA without 1-MCP is the development of physiological disorders and fungal decay.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Trunk Water Potential Measured with Microtensiometers for Managing Water Stress in "Gala" Apple Trees.
- Author
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Gonzalez Nieto, Luis, Huber, Annika, Gao, Rui, Biasuz, Erica Casagrande, Cheng, Lailiang, Stroock, Abraham D., Lakso, Alan N., and Robinson, Terence L.
- Subjects
APPLES ,ORCHARDS ,MICROIRRIGATION ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL productivity ,SUPPORT vector machines ,TREES - Abstract
The weather variations around the world are already having a profound impact on agricultural production. This impacts apple production and the quality of the product. Through agricultural precision, growers attempt to optimize both yield and fruit size and quality. Two experiments were conducted using field-grown "Gala" apple trees in Geneva, NY, USA, in 2021 and 2022. Mature apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Ultima "Gala") grafted onto G.11 rootstock planted in 2015 were used for the experiment. Our goal was to establish a relationship between stem water potential (Ψ
trunk ), which was continuously measured using microtensiometers, and the growth rate of apple fruits, measured continuously using dendrometers throughout the growing season. The second objective was to develop thresholds for Ψtrunk to determine when to irrigate apple trees. The economic impacts of different irrigation regimes were evaluated. Three different water regimes were compared (full irrigation, rainfed and rain exclusion to induce water stress). Trees subjected the rain-exclusion treatment were not irrigated during the whole season, except in the spring (April and May; 126 mm in 2021 and 100 mm in 2022); that is, these trees did not receive water during June, July, August and half of September. Trees subjected to the rainfed treatment received only rainwater (515 mm in 2021 and 382 mm in 2022). The fully irrigated trees received rain but were also irrigated by drip irrigation (515 mm in 2021 and 565 mm in 2022). Moreover, all trees received the same amount of water out of season in autumn and winter (245 mm in 2021 and 283 mm in 2022). The microtensiometer sensors detected differences in Ψtrunk among our treatments over the entire growing season. In both years, experimental trees with the same trunk cross-section area (TCSA) were selected (23–25 cm−2 TCSA), and crop load was adjusted to 7 fruits·cm−2 TCSA in 2021 and 8.5 fruits·cm−2 TCSA in 2022. However, the irrigated trees showed the highest fruit growth rates and final fruit weight (157 g and 70 mm), followed by the rainfed only treatment (132 g and 66 mm), while the rain-exclusion treatment had the lowest fruit growth rate and final fruit size (107 g and 61 mm). The hourly fruit shrinking and swelling rate (mm·h−1 ) measured with dendrometers and the hourly Ψtrunk (bar) measured with microtensiometers were correlated. We developed a logistic model to correlate Ψtrunk and fruit growth rate (g·h−1 ), which suggested a critical value of −9.7 bars for Ψtrunk , above which there were no negative effects on fruit growth rate due to water stress in the relatively humid conditions of New York State. A support vector machine model and a multiple regression model were developed to predict daytime hourly Ψtrunk with radiation and VPD as input variables. Yield and fruit size were converted to crop value, which showed that managing water stress with irrigation during dry periods improved crop value in the humid climate of New York State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Promoter Variation of the Key Apple Fruit Texture Related Gene MdPG1 and the Upstream Regulation Analysis.
- Author
-
Wu, Mengmeng, Luo, Zhengrong, and Cao, Shangyin
- Subjects
FRUIT texture ,APPLES ,GENETIC regulation ,LINCRNA ,GENE expression ,PROMOTERS (Genetics) - Abstract
MdPG1 encoding polygalacturonase in apple (Malus × domestica) is a key gene associated with fruit firmness and texture variations among apple cultivars. However, the causative variants of MdPG1 are still not known. In this study, we identified a SNP
A/C variant within an ERF-binding element located in the promoter region of MdPG1. The promoter containing the ERF-binding element with SNPA , rather than the SNPC , could be strongly bound and activated by MdCBF2, a member of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family, as determined by yeast-one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays. We also demonstrated that the presence of a novel long non-coding RNA, lncRNAPG1 , in the promoter of MdPG1 was a causative variant. lncRNAPG1 was specifically expressed in fruit tissues postharvest. lncRNAPG1 could reduce promoter activity when it was fused to the promoter of MdPG1 and a tobacco gene encoding Mg-chelatase H subunit (NtCHLH) in transgenic tobacco cells but could not reduce promoter activity when it was supplied in a separate gene construct, indicating a cis-regulatory effect. Our results provide new insights into genetic regulation of MdPG1 allele expression and are also useful for the development of elite apple cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The biochemical and physiological basis for hard cider apple fruit quality.
- Author
-
Karl, Adam Duerr, Zakalik, David Lior, Cook, Brittany Sarah, Krishna Kumar, Shanthanu, and Peck, Gregory Michael
- Abstract
Societal Impact Statement: Fermented "hard" cider is currently experiencing a resurgence in popularity. While there is a long history of cultivating apple trees with fruit quality characteristics intended specifically for cider production, there is a dearth of cider‐specific apple production in many emerging cider producing regions, such as North America. To help bolster the emerging cider industry and identify topics that warrant further research, this review article describes the biochemistry and physiology of apple fruit quality from a cider producing perspective. Summary: The United States and Western Europe have a long history of alcoholic "hard" cider production made from the fermented juice of apples (Malus spp.), especially in regions where cultivation of European grapevines (Vitis vinifera) for wine was climatically limited. While all apples contain fermentable sugars, in many regions, cultivars were selected, named, and propagated specifically for fermentation. This review highlights fruit quality attributes that are important for cider production and that are distinct from fresh‐market apple fruit and wine grapes. Polyphenol profiles, yeast assimilable nitrogen composition, carbohydrates, organic acids, pectin, and volatile aroma compounds are discussed as they relate to cider quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Influence of Plasma-Activated Water on Foliar and Fruit Micronutrient Content and Plant Protection Efficiency
- Author
-
Andrei I. Kuzin, Natalia Ya. Kashirskaya, Alexei E. Solovchenko, Anna M. Kochkina, Ludmila V. Stepantsowa, Vyacheslav N. Krasin, Evgeny M. Konchekov, Vladimir I. Lukanin, Konstantin F. Sergeichev, Victoria V. Gudkova, Dmitry O. Khort, and Igor G. Smirnov
- Subjects
plasma-activated water ,Malus × domestica ,Venturia inaequalis ,calcium ,micronutrients ,mineral contents in leaves and fruits ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Foliar fertilizing is very important to supply apple plants with calcium and micronutrients. The most cost-effective approach to this is the application of the fertilizers in tank mixtures with plant protection chemicals. Plasma-activated water (PAW) has great potential for the use in the agriculture. We used two type of PAWs, PAW1 (made using underwater electrical discharge in an aqueous KNO3 solution and includes reactive nitrogen species and platinum nanoparticles) and PAW2 (made using a plasma torch with nitrogen gas makeup and contains reactive nitrogen species but not metals). We studied the impact of two PAW types on the contents of Ca, B, Mn, Fe, and Co in leaves and Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Mo in fruits sprayed with tank mixtures containing the fertilizers. We also tested the efficiency of PAW in the control of apple scab when applied as tank mixtures with plant protection chemicals. The application of the PAWs significantly increased foliar Ca when the PAW was mixed with Ca-containing formulations (spraying PAW1 containing Ca increased leaf Ca by up to 21%, and PAW2 up by to 9% compared to Ca spraying without PAW). The largest fruit Ca increase was in the variant treated with PAW1 with a micronutrient spraying program (up to 143%). The PAW treatments enhanced the baseline mineral contents of the plants even when they were not sprayed with the nutrients. PAW1 mainly increased the nutrient contents of the apple fruits. PAWs have proven to be efficient for the control of apple scab, thereby reducing the demand for fungicides. The scab damage to the leaves and fruits was similar in plants treated with PAWs without fungicides (1.7–1.9% on the leaves and 1.6–1.8% on the fruits) compared to the conventional chemical scab control (0.9% leaves and 0.6% fruits) and was significantly lower than in the untreated control (9.3% on leaves and 11.9 on fruits).
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- 2024
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37. CRISPR/Cas9 genome‐editing applied to MdPGT1 in apple results in reduced foliar phloridzin without impacting plant growth.
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Miranda, Simón, Piazza, Stefano, Nuzzo, Floriana, Li, Mingai, Lagrèze, Jorge, Mithöfer, Axel, Cestaro, Alessandro, Tarkowska, Danuše, Espley, Richard, Dare, Andrew, Malnoy, Mickael, and Martens, Stefan
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PLANT growth , *CRISPRS , *LEAF morphology , *RNA analysis , *GENOME editing , *GENE silencing , *APPLES - Abstract
SUMMARY: Phloridzin is the most abundant polyphenolic compound in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), which results from the action of a key phloretin‐specific UDP‐2′‐O‐glucosyltransferase (MdPGT1). Here, we simultaneously assessed the effects of targeting MdPGT1 by conventional transgenesis and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9)‐mediated genome editing. To this end, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of MdPGT1 RNA interference knockdown and genome‐edited lines. Knockdown lines exhibited characteristic impairment of plant growth and leaf morphology, whereas genome‐edited lines exhibited normal growth despite reduced foliar phloridzin. RNA‐sequencing analysis identified a common core of regulated genes, involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. However, we identified genes and processes differentially modulated in stunted and genome‐edited lines, including key transcription factors and genes involved in phytohormone signalling. Therefore, we conducted a phytohormone profiling to obtain insight into their role in the phenotypes observed. We found that salicylic and jasmonic acid were increased in dwarf lines, whereas auxin and ABA showed no correlation with the growth phenotype. Furthermore, bioactive brassinosteroids were commonly up‐regulated, whereas gibberellin GA4 was distinctively altered, showing a sharp decrease in RNA interference knockdown lines. Expression analysis by reverse transcriptase‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression analysis further confirmed transcriptional regulation of key factors involved in brassinosteroid and gibberellin interaction. These findings suggest that a differential modulation of phytohormones may be involved in the contrasting effects on growth following phloridzin reduction. The present study also illustrates how CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing can be applied to dissect the contribution of genes involved in phloridzin biosynthesis in apple. Significance Statement: We applied RNA interference silencing and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing to target the key gene MdPGT1 involved in the synthesis of phloridzin, an abundant secondary metabolite naturally occurring in apple. Both approaches caused a reduction in phloridzin but led to contrasting growth phenotypes, along with differential phytohormone profiles following MdPGT1 alteration. The present study provides insight into the key role of brassinosteroids and gibberellins on the effects mediated by MdPGT1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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38. Sık Dikim Elma Bahçelerinde Ürün Yükünün Ağaç Beslenmesine Etkisi Üzerine Ön Çalışma.
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YUSUF, Saido Mohamed and ATAY, Ersin
- Abstract
Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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39. Extraction of Quantitative Information from Hyperspectral Reflectance Images for Noninvasive Plant Phenotyping.
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Solovchenko, A. E., Shurygin, B. M., Kuzin, A. I., Solovchenko, O. V., and Krylov, A. S.
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REFLECTANCE , *DATA mining , *BOTANY , *PLANT breeding , *BOTANISTS , *FRUIT ripening , *LETTUCE , *APPLES - Abstract
Assessment of plant traits (phenotyping) is central to modern advanced techniques of plant sciences and accelerated breeding of crop plants, including fruit crops, for improving productivity and stress resilience. Hyperspectral reflectance imaging is an emerging method allowing to capture a vast amount of the structural, biochemical, and phenological information about plants. The advent of low-cost hyperspectrometers made this method affordable for a broad community of plant scientists. However, extraction of sensible information from reflectance images is hindered by the complexity of plant optical properties, especially when they are measured in the field. We propose using reflectance indices (Plant Senescence Reflectance Index, PSRI; Anthocyanin Reflectance Index, ARI; and spectral deconvolution) previously developed for remote sensing of vegetation and point-based reflectometers to infer the spatially resolved information on plant development and biochemical composition using lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves and ripening apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) fruit as the model. Specifically, the proposed approach enables capturing data on distribution of chlorophylls and primary carotenoids as well as secondary carotenoids (both linked with fruit ripening and leaf senescence during plant development) as well as the information on spatial distribution of anthocyanins (known as stress pigments) over the plant surface. We argue that the proposed approach would enrich the phenotype assessments made on the base of reflectance image analysis with valuable information on plant physiological condition, stress acclimation state, and the progression of the plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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40. Genome-wide identification and stress response analysis of cyclophilin gene family in apple (Malus × domestica).
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Qiao, Zhi-Wen, Wang, Da-Ru, Wang, Xun, You, Chun-Xiang, and Wang, Xiao-Fei
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APPLES ,CYCLOPHILINS ,GENE families ,METABOLIC regulation ,PROTEIN structure ,ABIOTIC stress - Abstract
Background: Cyclophilin (CYP) belongs to the immunophilin family and has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, which catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization process of proline residues. CYPs widely exist in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and contain a conserved cyclophilin-like domain (CLD). Plant cyclophilins are widely involved in a range of biological processes including stress response, metabolic regulation, and growth and development. Result: In this study, 30 cyclophilin genes on 15 chromosomes were identified from the 'Golden Delicious' apple (M. domestica) genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cyclophilin family genes can be divided into three clades in Malus. Collinear analysis showed that ten gene pairs were the result of segmental duplication. Analysis of gene and protein structure further supported the phylogenetic tree and collinearity analysis. The expression of MdCYPs in different organs was higher in leaves, flowers, and fruits. Ten and eight CYPs responded to drought and salt stress, respectively. MdCYP16, a nuclear-localized MD CYP, was screened from the intersection of the two expression profiling datasets and was highly sensitive to drought and salt stress. GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis indicated that MdCYP16 may be involved in the regulation of abiotic stress. Conclusion: This study systematically analyzed members of the apple cyclophilin family and confirmed the involvement of MdCYP16 as a nuclear-localized MD cyclophilin that acts in response to salt and drought stress in apple. Our work identifies members of the apple cyclophilin gene family, and provides an important theoretical basis for in-depth study of cyclophilin function. Additionally, the analysis provides candidate genes that may be involved in stress response in apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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41. MdbHLH51 plays a positive role in anthocyanin accumulation in 'Red Delicious' apples.
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Ning, Gai-Xing, Li, Wen-Fang, Chu, Ming-Yu, Ma, Zong-Huan, Wang, Ping, Mao, Juan, and Chen, Bai-Hong
- Abstract
Key message: MdbHLH51 played a positive regulatory role in the coloration and the accumulation of anthocyanins. Red coloring of fruit skin is an important trait of apple, mainly attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins, which is a class of plant flavonoid metabolites widely found in plants. Our previous study carried out transcriptome sequencing in fruit skin of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. 'Red Delicious' and corroborated that bHLH members bHLH51 showed a notable positive correlation with anthocyanin content at color break stage. To our knowledge, the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by MdbHLH51 in apple fruits has not been reported so far. Therefore, it is of great significance to isolate this gene and perform further functional verification. The function of MdbHLH51 was investigated based on the Agrobacterium-mediated method. In this study, MdbHLH51 was cloned from 'Red Delicious' fruit skin. MdbHLH51 protein was localized to the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Transient expression of the bHLH51-GFP in fruit skin and 'Gala' apple callus indicated that MdbHLH51 promoted anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, the overexpression of MdbHLH51 in Arabidopsis thaliana also could enhance the anthocyanins content and up-regulate the expression levels of the structural genes related to anthocyanins biosynthesis. Overall, these results suggested that MdbHLH51 played a positive regulatory role in the coloration and the accumulation of anthocyanins. Our results provide a useful information for understanding the function of MdbHLH51. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Improving bitter pit prediction by the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF): A new approach by multivariate classification.
- Author
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Moggia, Claudia, Bravo, Manuel A., Baettig, Ricardo, Valdés, Marcelo, Romero-Bravo, Sebastián, Zúñiga, Mauricio, Cornejo, Jorge, Gosetti, Fabio, Ballabio, Davide, Cabeza, Ricardo A., Beaudry, Randolph, and Lobos, Gustavo A.
- Subjects
X-ray fluorescence ,ORCHARDS ,UNIVARIATE analysis ,PREDICTION models ,CLASSIFICATION ,MOMORDICA charantia ,FORECASTING - Abstract
Bitter pit (BP) is one of the most relevant post-harvest disorders for apple industry worldwide, which is often related to calcium (Ca) deficiency at the calyx end of the fruit. Its occurrence takes place along with an imbalance with other minerals, such as potassium (K). Although the K/Ca ratio is considered a valuable indicator of BP, a high variability in the levels of these elements occurs within the fruit, between fruits of the same plant, and between plants and orchards. Prediction systems based on the content of elements in fruit have a high variability because they are determined in samples composed of various fruits. With X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, it is possible to characterize non-destructively the signal intensity for several mineral elements at a given position in individual fruit and thus, the complete signal of the mineral composition can be used to perform a predictive model to determine the incidence of bitter pit. Therefore, it was hypothesized that using a multivariate modeling approach, other elements beyond the K and Ca could be found that could improve the current clutter prediction capability. Two studies were carried out: on the first one an experiment was conducted to determine the K/Ca and the whole spectrum using XRF of a balanced sample of affected and non-affected 'Granny Smith' apples. On the second study apples of three cultivars ('Granny Smith', 'Brookfield' and 'Fuji'), were harvested from two commercial orchards to evaluate the use of XRF to predict BP. With data from the first study a multivariate classification system was trained (balanced database of healthy and BP fruit, consisting in 176 from each group) and then the model was applied on the second study to fruit from two orchards with a history of BP. Results show that when dimensionality reduction was performed on the XRF spectra (1.5 - 8 KeV) of 'Granny Smith' apples, comparing fruit with and without BP, along with K and Ca, four other elements (i.e., Cl, Si, P, and S) were found to be deterministic. However, the PCA revealed that the classification between samples (BP vs. non-BP fruit) was not possible by univariate analysis (individual elements or the K/Ca ratio). Therefore, a multivariate classification approach was applied, and the classification measures (sensitivity, specificity, and balanced precision) of the PLS-DA models for all cultivars evaluated ('Granny Smith', 'Fuji' and 'Brookfield') on the full training samples and with both validation procedures (Venetian and Monte Carlo), ranged from 0.76 to 0.92. The results of this work indicate that using this technology at the individual fruit level is essential to understand the factors that determine this disorder and can improve BP prediction of intact fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and development of apple plants.
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Shan Jing, Yuchao Li, Lingcheng Zhu, Jing Su, Tianyi Yang, Bowen Liu, Baiquan Ma, Fengwang Ma, Mingjun Li, and Manrang Zhang
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VESICULAR-arbuscular mycorrhizas ,PLANT development ,FUNGAL growth ,METABOLOMICS ,ROOT development ,PLANT shoots ,APPLES - Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants form a symbiotic relationship that promotes plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanisms through which AMF promote plant growth and development are largely unexplored. In this study, the apple rootstock M26 was assessed physiologically, transcriptionally and metabolically when grown with and without AMF inoculation. AMF significantly promoted the number of lateral root (LR) increase and shoot elongation. Root transcriptomic and metabolic data showed that AMF promoted lateral root development mainly by affecting glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and hormone metabolism. Shoot transcriptomic and metabolic data showed that AMF promoted shoot elongation mainly by affecting hormone metabolism and the expression of genes associated with cell morphogenesis. To investigate whether shoot elongation is caused by root development, we analyzed the root/shoot dry weight ratio. There was a correlation between shoot growth and root development, but analysis of root and shoot metabolites showed that the regulation of AMF on plant shoot metabolites is independent of root growth. Our study bridged the gap in the field of growth and development related to AMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Chasing Consistency: An Update of the TCP Gene Family of Malus × Domestica.
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Tabarelli, Mattia, Malnoy, Mickael, and Janik, Katrin
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- *
GENE families , *LOCUS (Genetics) , *APPLES , *ARABIDOPSIS thaliana - Abstract
The 52 members of the Teosinte-Branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating Cell Factors (TCP) Transcription Factor gene family in Malus × domestica (M. × domestica) were identified in 2014 on the first genome assembly, which was released in 2010. In 2017, a higher quality genome assembly for apple was released and is now considered to be the reference genome. Moreover, as in several other species, the identified TCP genes were named based on the relative position of the genes on the chromosomes. The present work consists of an update of the TCP gene family based on the latest genome assembly of M. × domestica. Compared to the previous classification, the number of TCP genes decreased from 52 to 40 as a result of the addition of three sequences and the deduction of 15. An analysis of the intragenic identity led to the identification of 15 pairs of orthologs, shedding light on the forces that shaped the evolution of this gene family. Furthermore, a revised nomenclature system is proposed that is based both on the intragenic identity and the homology with Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) TCPs in an effort to set a common standard for the TCP classification that will facilitate any future interspecific analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Relationships between trunk radial growth and fruit yield in apple and pear trees on size-controlling rootstocks.
- Author
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Plavcová, Lenka, Mészáros, Martin, Šilhán, Karel, and Jupa, Radek
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- *
PEARS , *FRUIT yield , *ROOTSTOCKS , *FOREST ecology , *FRUIT trees , *TREE growth , *GRAFTING (Horticulture) , *ORCHARDS - Abstract
Background and Aims Understanding the mutual co-ordination of vegetative and reproductive growth is important in both agricultural and ecological settings. A competitive relationship between vegetative growth and fruiting is often highlighted, resulting in an apparent trade-off between structural growth and fruit production. However, our understanding of factors driving this relationship is limited. Methods We used four scions grafted onto a series of size-controlling rootstocks to evaluate the relationships between the annual fruit yield and radial growth of trunks, branches and roots. To assess tree radial growth, we measured ring widths on extracted tree cores, which is an approach not frequently used in a horticultural setting. Key Results We found that the yield and radial growth were negatively related when plotted in absolute terms or as detrended and normalized indices. The relationship was stronger in low vigour trees, but only after the age-related trend was removed. In contrast, when trunk radial growth was expressed as basal area increment, the negative relationship disappeared, suggesting that the relationship between trunk radial growth and fruit yield might not be a true trade-off related to the competition between the two sinks. The effect of low yield was associated with increased secondary growth not only in trunks but also in branches and roots. In trunks, we observed that overcropping was associated with reduced secondary growth in a subsequent year, possibly due to the depletion of reserves. Conclusions Our results show that variation in annual fruit yield due to tree ageing, weather cueing and inherent alternate bearing behaviour is reflected in the magnitude of secondary growth of fruit trees. We found little support for the competition/architecture theory of rootstock-induced growth vigour control. More broadly, our study aimed at bridging the gap between forest ecology and horticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Improving bitter pit prediction by the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF): A new approach by multivariate classification
- Author
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Claudia Moggia, Manuel A. Bravo, Ricardo Baettig, Marcelo Valdés, Sebastián Romero-Bravo, Mauricio Zúñiga, Jorge Cornejo, Fabio Gosetti, Davide Ballabio, Ricardo A. Cabeza, Randolph Beaudry, and Gustavo A. Lobos
- Subjects
Malus × domestica ,calyx ,K/Ca ,refrigerated storage ,modelling ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Bitter pit (BP) is one of the most relevant post-harvest disorders for apple industry worldwide, which is often related to calcium (Ca) deficiency at the calyx end of the fruit. Its occurrence takes place along with an imbalance with other minerals, such as potassium (K). Although the K/Ca ratio is considered a valuable indicator of BP, a high variability in the levels of these elements occurs within the fruit, between fruits of the same plant, and between plants and orchards. Prediction systems based on the content of elements in fruit have a high variability because they are determined in samples composed of various fruits. With X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, it is possible to characterize non-destructively the signal intensity for several mineral elements at a given position in individual fruit and thus, the complete signal of the mineral composition can be used to perform a predictive model to determine the incidence of bitter pit. Therefore, it was hypothesized that using a multivariate modeling approach, other elements beyond the K and Ca could be found that could improve the current clutter prediction capability. Two studies were carried out: on the first one an experiment was conducted to determine the K/Ca and the whole spectrum using XRF of a balanced sample of affected and non-affected ‘Granny Smith’ apples. On the second study apples of three cultivars (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Brookfield’ and ‘Fuji’), were harvested from two commercial orchards to evaluate the use of XRF to predict BP. With data from the first study a multivariate classification system was trained (balanced database of healthy and BP fruit, consisting in 176 from each group) and then the model was applied on the second study to fruit from two orchards with a history of BP. Results show that when dimensionality reduction was performed on the XRF spectra (1.5 - 8 KeV) of ‘Granny Smith’ apples, comparing fruit with and without BP, along with K and Ca, four other elements (i.e., Cl, Si, P, and S) were found to be deterministic. However, the PCA revealed that the classification between samples (BP vs. non-BP fruit) was not possible by univariate analysis (individual elements or the K/Ca ratio).Therefore, a multivariate classification approach was applied, and the classification measures (sensitivity, specificity, and balanced precision) of the PLS-DA models for all cultivars evaluated (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Brookfield’) on the full training samples and with both validation procedures (Venetian and Monte Carlo), ranged from 0.76 to 0.92. The results of this work indicate that using this technology at the individual fruit level is essential to understand the factors that determine this disorder and can improve BP prediction of intact fruit.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Total phenolics, quercetin glycosides and antioxidant activity in organic and conventional orchards in three apple cultivars during fruit growth
- Author
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Francisco Maldonado, José A. Yuri, Amalia Neira, and Iván Razmilic
- Subjects
bioactive compounds ,consumer ,fresh apple ,quercetin glycosides ,Malus × domestica ,Agriculture - Abstract
Aim of study: To evaluate whether organic and conventional management practices, cultivar and fruit growth stage affect total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and quercetin glycosides in apples of three cultivars. Area of study: The trials were conducted in commercial orchards located in Chimbarongo, O’Higgins Region, Chile. Material and methods: Two types of orchard management (organic and conventional) were studied in three apple cultivars: Gala 'Brookfield', Granny Smith and Fuji 'Raku Raku'. Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and quercetin glycosides were evaluated according to management practices, fruit growth stage, cultivar, fruit weight and skin surface. Data were analyzed statistically using a truncated multiple regression model. Main results: No differences were found between organic and conventional management regarding polyphenol concentration and antioxidant activity, except for specific quercetin glycosides. However, significant differences were observed between cultivars in both variables, as well as in fruit development throughout the season, which showed a significant dilution of polyphenols and antioxidant activity as the fruit grew. Research highlights: Cultivar and fruit growth stage were decisive in total phenolic content, glycosidic quercetins and apples antioxidant activity. Conventional and organic management practices were significant for quercetin glycoside concentration, which is the main polyphenol in apples.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Evaluation of Apple Chlorotic Leaf Spot Virus Impact on Fruit Yield and Vegetative Growth in Apple Cultivars 'Antonovka' and 'Gita'.
- Author
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Zuļģe, Neda, Rubauskis, Edgars, Missa, Imants, Reveliòa, Daina, and Borisova, Indra
- Subjects
- *
LEAF spots , *FRUIT yield , *PHYTOPATHOGENIC microorganisms , *TREE growth , *MOSAIC viruses , *ORCHARDS , *CULTIVARS , *ROOTSTOCKS - Abstract
The negative influence of pathogens on plant development is well known. However, the negative impact depends on various factors: cultivar and rootstock resistance, nutrition, the environment, the virulence, and concentration of pathogens in the plant tissue. The evaluation of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) influence on apple tree growth and production was performed at Institute of Horticulture (LatHort) from 2012 to 2020. Virus-free and ACLSV-infected trees from the traditional cultivar 'Antonovka' and new scab resistant cultivar 'Gita' were evaluated on dwarfing rootstock B.396. The presence of four common apple viruses (apple mosaic virus (ApMV), ACLSV, apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV)) was assayed in the planting year and repeated at the end of the study period. The vigour of planting material, growth, yield, and yield efficiency were compared between virus negative and ACLSV-infected trees. During eight growing seasons (2013–2020), no statistically significant negative impact of ACLSV infection on tree growth or yield was observed for the cultivars. A larger canopy volume was observed for ACLSV-infected trees (p = 0.01), but the cumulative yield per canopy volume was equivalent between virus-negative trees and ACLSV-infected trees (p = 0.07). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Genetic data inform Yosemite National Park's apple orchard management guidelines
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Gayle M. Volk, Jonathan Magby, Adam Henk, Steven Miller, and Rachel Mazur
- Subjects
apple ,bear ,genotype ,Malus × domestica ,public lands ,Ursus americanus ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Botany ,QK1-989 - Abstract
Societal Impact Statement Yosemite National Park, California, USA has hundreds of apple trees in orchards that were planted in the 1800s by local settlers. These orchards played a cultural role in the early history of the land that was to become a national park. Most of Yosemite’s orchards are well over one hundred years old and have reached the end of their lifespan. Genetic data has facilitated the assignment of cultivar names to historic apple trees within Yosemite and this information will be used to develop an Orchard Management Plan. Yosemite will use this Plan to balance orchard conservation with other necessities such as reducing human‐wildlife conflict from bears that enter developed areas to consume fruit from the trees. Summary Yosemite National Park, California, USA has hundreds of historic apple trees that were planted within orchards in the 1800s, prior to the establishment of the park. These apple trees have been a concern within Yosemite for decades because their fruit attracts bears and other wildlife into visitor recreation areas, causing undesirable wildlife–human interactions. Herein, 361 of Yosemite's apple trees were genotyped to determine cultivar identities. The cultivar names of 117 apple trees were identified by matching genotypic data with genetic data available for an apple cultivar reference dataset for the United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS) National Plant Germplasm System as well as collections maintained by other sources. An additional 92 trees were determined to be likely cultivars because they matched genotypes in a reference set of trees whose identities are not known. A total of 152 trees had unique genotypes that did not match reference datasets. Cultivar information, made possible by having digital genetic information available, will allow for the preparation of a more comprehensive Orchard Management Plan. As such, park managers will be able use the Plan to more effectively make decisions about balancing orchard conservation with other park necessities, including eliminating the human–wildlife conflict that results from bears entering developed areas to feed on the fruit trees.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The impaired barrier function of the cuticle triggers russeting
- Author
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Chen, Yun-Hao and Chen, Yun-Hao
- Abstract
Russeting is a physiological disorder that occurs in several economically important crops. Among these, apple is a prominent case. Previous studies on the etiology of russeting in apple indicate that (1) moisture and wounding are common inducers of russeting; (2) russeting is associated with cuticular microcracking; and (3) the early stage of fruit development is more susceptible to russeting than the later stages. However, the initial events of russeting remain unknown. To elucidate the etiology of russeting, the objectives of the present study were to investigate: (1) the effect of prolonged surface moisture on apple fruit; (2) the sequence of events during exposure to surface moisture and after its removal; (3) the similarity between the events caused by wounding and moisture and their resulting periderm; (4) the initial processes of russeting using a transcriptomic approach; (5) the potential role of atmospheric oxygen (O2) in russeting. Exposure of young apple fruit to surface moisture for 12 days (d) induced microcracking, increased water loss, and led to russeting. Using the same exposure technique, moisture- induced periderm was found to be biphasic: a periderm initiated only after moisture removal (Phase II) and required at least 6 d of exposure (Phase I) to change cuticle properties to form an impaired barrier and induce russeting. The moisture-induced and wound periderm shared similarities in their initiation at the histological level, the initial expression pattern of several lignin, suberin, cutin and wax-related genes and the chemical constituents at fruit maturity. Additional phase-specific expression profiles of the moisture-induced periderm are revealed by transcriptome. Further efforts were made to establish detached fruit systems in young apple and tomato fruit to study the role of O2 in russeting under anoxia. Unfortunately, the apple system failed due to various problems, but a promising tomato system, which behaved similarly to the att, Zusammenfassung Die Berostung ist eine physiologische Störung, die bei mehreren wirtschaftlich relevanten Kulturpflanzen auftritt. Unter diesen ist der Apfel ein bekanntes Beispiel. Frühere Studien zur Ätiologie der Berostung zeigen, dass (1) Feuchtigkeit und Verwundung häufig zu Berostung führen, (2) Berostung mit Mikrorissen in der Kutikula assoziiert ist und (3) das frühe Fruchtentwicklungsstadien anfälliger für Berostung sind als spätere Stadien. Die auslösenden Prozesse sind jedoch unbekannt. Um die Ätiologie der Berostung aufzuklären, waren die Ziele der Studie die Untersuchung folgender Prozesse: (1) die Auswirkungen anhaltender Oberflächenfeuchtigkeit auf Apfelfrüchte; (2) die Abfolge der Ereignisse während der Einwirkung von Oberflächenfeuchtigkeit und nach deren Entfernung; (3) die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den durch Verwundung und Feuchtigkeit erzeugten Periderm; (4) die anfänglichen Prozesse der Berostung unter Verwendung eines transkriptomischen Ansatzes; (5) die mögliche Rolle von Luftsauerstoff (O2) bei der Berostung. Die Exposition junger Apfelfrüchte gegenüber Oberflächenfeuchtigkeit für 12 Tage führte zu Mikrorissen, erhöhtem Wasserverlust und zur Berostung. Unter Verwendung derselben Expositionstechnik wurde festgestellt, dass die feuchtigkeitsinduzierte Berostung in zwei Phasen abläuft: Peridermbildung begann nach dem Entfernen der Feuchtigkeit (Phase II) und erforderte mindestens 6 Tage Exposition (Phase I), um die Barriereeigenschaften der Kutikula zu verändern und Berostung zu induzieren. Periderm induziert durch Oberflächenfeuchtigkeit sowie Verwundung ähnelten sich in ihrer Initiierung auf histologischer Ebene, dem Expressionsmuster von Lignin-, Suberin-, Cutin- und Wachs-assoziierten Genen und den chemischen Bestandteilen zur Fruchtreife. Transkriptomanalysen zeigten phasenspezifische Expressionsprofile während der Entwicklung der Berostung durch Oberflächenfeuchte auf. Abgetrennte Apfel- und Tomatenfrüchte wurden genutzt um die Rolle von O2 bei
- Published
- 2024
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