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The Angiosperms represent the best known and most diverse group in Senegal. Even though a lot of work has been done to gain a good knowledge of this group, more work remains to be done. The main objective of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of the class of monocotyledons in Senegal. More specifically, this work seeks to propose a determination key for the families of this class in order to facilitate their identification. Based on bibliographical research, a rough table and a summary table listing the different characters of the vegetative and reproductive systems of the Monocotyledonous family of Senegal were drawn up. These tables made it possible to propose dichotomous keys. This study showed that in the flora of Senegal, the Monocotyledons are distributed in 230 genera and 37 families. This work made it possible to propose determination keys essentially based on the stable characters of the vegetative and reproductive systems of these families.

We aimed to develop a coating process for maize and sorghum in order to simplify the application of microbial fertilizers and increase seed resistance against insects. The coating is a thin layer of Rhizophagus fasciculatus and Rhizophagus aggregatus spores and Leifsonia sp. applied on the surface of seeds using three Arabic gum solutions as glue materials. The germinating capacities of seeds and coated inoculants were followed up to 4 months of storage between 6 °C and 25 °C conditions. The remaining seed batches were mixed with 5 days aged insects (Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica). Insect emergences were daily monitored and their damages on seeds were followed. Coating with a 10% gum solution had no negative effect for maize and sorghum seed germination. Moreover, seeds can be stored for up to 4 months at 6 °C without losing their germinability. Nevertheless, coating with 15 and 20% gum decreased the germinating characteristics of sorghum small seeds. Furthermore, incorporating fungal spores through seed coating did not alter mycorrhizal spores in generating root colonization. Lastly, the coatings decreased significantly the insect emergences with less seed attacks and seed weight losses although no gum dose is able to completely stop the emergence of S. zeamais and R. dominica.

In Senegal, fungi constitute a large and diverse systematic group. However, despite their numerous food and pharmacological potential, few studies have been devoted to this group, particularly carpophore fungi. This work is a contribution to the knowledge of macromycetes in Senegal. It specifically proposes to determine the structure of the fungi on the prospected sites and to propose identification tools. Inventories were made at four (4) sites: two sites in Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar (Botanical Garden, Faculty of Science and Technology and that of Faculty of Medicine), the Forest Park of Hann and the classified forest of Mbao. The identification and description of the samples were carried out based on macroscopic and ecological characteristics. This methodology allowed us to identify (15) morphotypes distributed in 2 subclasses of the Basidiomycetes class. They belong to 5 orders (Agaricales, Pluteales, Trichlomatales, Phallales, Gasterales), 7 families (Agaricaceae, Lepiotaceae, Pluteaceae, Marasmiaceae, Termitomycetaceae, Phallaceae, Sclerodermataceae) and 8 genera. Among these morphotypes, four (4) are identified down to the species level (Phallus roseus, Podaxis pistillaris,Micropsalliota cf elataandScleroderma auriculatum) and 11 down to the genus. In this fungi group, the genusTermitomycesdominates with five (5) species, followed by the genusVolvariawith three (3) species. This work made it possible to bring out the common and differential characters between the species. It then appeared that the mode of insertion of the foot is the only characteristic common to all species. In addition, the identification of discriminating characteristics made it possible to develop a key for determining all the species inventoried.

Riccia constitutes a group of species suffering from a liverworts complaint in thalles very diversified and with which a big part of these species are still described in the especially African tropical zones more particulary in Ethiopia and in Madagascar. The identification of certain species of bryophytes according to their morphological characteristics remains even today problematic notably because of a strong phenotypic plasticity or of phenomena of anvergence. The objective is to characterize and to study the genetic diversity of several species of bryophytes of these genera Riccia, on all sides the sides the channel of Mozambique, by an approach of integrative taxonomy. In a first phase, we developed with the morphological data of the primary hypotheses of delimitation of species and the second part, we tested theses hypotheses by molecular analyses based on the adapted genes. The results obtained show, on a set 13 morphological hypotheses, 10 groups were confirmed by the analysis of ABGD. We shall discuss the congruence of these results of molecular delimitation with our morphological hypotheses.

Home gardens are reservoirs of biological diversity. This study assessed plant diversity conservation in home gardens of Thies region (Senegal) with the aim of documenting species composition and diversity in the home gardens. A sample of 30 home gardens was selected from the three main departments of the region and was used to collect plant species data. Data were collected from home gardens which were selected based on recommendations from the village leaders. Techniques used were plant inventory, participatory observations and individual interviews. Species classification and nomenclature were based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV botanical classification system, Senegal analytical flora and the world plant list. Microsoft Office excel was used for some calculations, tabulation and drawing graphs. Comparison of effect between different variables was analysed in analytical software R using simple linear regression, and plant diversity was calculated using the Shannon diversity index. A total of 96 plant species belonging to 86 genera, and 43 families were identified. Out of these, 34 were trees, 33 were shrubs, and 29 were herbs. 95 were angiosperms with 79 dicotyledonous and 16 monocotyledonous, and only one (1) was a gymnosperm. Species from Fabaceae family were the highest in number (9 species) whereas Citrus limon was the most frequent (80%) species in the home gardens. The results of the Shannon index indicate that there is high species diversity in the home gardens of Thies region (H1 = 3.9365) with moderate equitability (E = 0.5968). The gardeners were 73% men and 27% women. At department level, 66 species (38 families) were recorded in Mbour, 54 species (33 families) in Tivaoune and 50 species (26 families) in Thies department. The study indicates that home gardens are agriculture systems ecologically important for plant diversity conservation, they have a higher potential for ex-situ conservation of plants in the agro ecosystem.

The Angiosperms are the best known and most diversified group in Senegal. However, even if a lot of work has been done on this group, more needs to be done. The main objective of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of the biodiversity of dicotyledons in Senegal. More specifically, this work seeks to propose a determination key for the families of dicotyledons in order to facilitate their identification. Based on bibliographical research, a rough table and a summary table listing the different characters of the vegetative and reproductive systems of the families of the Dicotyledons of Senegal have been drawn up. These tables were used to propose dichotomous keys. This work made it possible to propose determination keys essentially based on the stable characters of the vegetative and reproductive systems of these families.

Macroptilium lathyroides(L.) Urban was recorded for the first time in Senegal in the Dakar region. A detailed description of the species has been well established accompanied by illustrations.

Home gardens are the first source of immediate contact between people and plants since the gardens are within homesteads. Most home garden studies in Senegal concentrate on food security and economic benefits; no research has been carried out on the social and ecological contexts of home gardening in Senegal. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the way people interact with the home garden plants and how such an interface influences plant diversity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge associated to home garden plants and its effect on plant diversity conservation in home gardens. A sample of 30 home gardens was selected from the three main departments of the region and was used to collect plant species data. Data were collected from informants who were selected basing on recommendations from village leaders. Techniques used were plant inventory, participatory observations and individual interviews. Species nomenclature was based on Senegal analytical flora and the world plant list; comparison of effect between different variables was analyzed in analytical software R using simple linear regression analysis. A total of 96 plant species were identified; all species were found to be useful plants divided into eight functional groups. Fifty-four percent (54%) were food species, 40% medicinal, 32% ornamental, 14% commercial, 7% fodder, 4% sacred, 4% ceremonial and 3% cosmetic. Citrus limon was the most frequent (80%) and preferred species in the home gardens. Food plant species are the most diversified, abundant and rich use category. There is a relationship between uses of species and species diversity (P value

Les poils épidermiques et les types stomatiques chez les morphotypes de karité (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. paradoxa) ont été étudiés au Tchad en 2010, de Juillet à Septembre. L’objectif est la recherche des caractères micro morphologiques discriminants susceptibles d’améliorer l’identification des morphotypes de cette espèce. En fait, des morphotypes de karité ont été décrits et nommés par les ruraux dans la province du Mandoul au Tchad. Les amandes de karité sont transformées en beurre, ce qui lui confère une importance sur le plan socio-économique. Des fragments de bourgeon apical prélevés sur des jeunes plantes issues de la germination des graines des cinq (5) morphotypes ont permis d’observer les types de poils épidermiques. Aussi, des échantillons de feuilles prélevés distinctement de chaque morphotype ont été préparés selon la méthode de Barfod (1988). Cette méthode a été privilégiée car l’épiderme de la feuille de karité n’est pas facilement détachable. Elle consiste à bouillir les échantillons de feuilles dans de l’eau distillée pendant 10 minutes puis ils sont trempés dans l’acide nitrique à 40% pendant 16 à 20 heures. Cette opération a permis de ramollir le mésophyle et facilite la desquamation de la cuticule. La surface du fragment de la feuille ramollie placée sur une lame de microscope dans une goutte d'eau est grattée délicatement et progressivement à l’aide du bord de ciseaux jusqu'à ce qu'un fragment d'épiderme transparent apparaisse. Les épidermes foliaires ainsi obtenus sont placés dans du Lugol pendant 10 minutes puis montés après rinçage entre lame et lamelle dans la gélatine glycérinée et observés au microscope optique de type MOTIC. Au total 30 dénombrements ont été effectués sur les deux faces soit en moyenne 6 observations par morphotype. Ces dénombrements ont permis de calculer la densité stomatique et l’indice stomatique de chaque morphotype. La densité stomatique est la moyenne des 6 dénombrements par unité de surface (mm²). Les résultats ont montré 4 groupes de morphotypes : 1- des poils épidermiques simples longs observés chez le morphotype A, appelé localement « Bogrombaye » ; 2- des poils simples courts observés Djekota et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.45 (1): 7758-7770 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v45-1.1 7759 chez les morphotypes C, E et F « Komane, Mbabète, Ngoïtokoro » ; 3- des poils glanduleux longs observés chez le morphotype D « Meingré » et ; 4- des poils glanduleux courts observés chez le morphotype B « Kiankos ». De plus, des stomates de type anomocytique périgène à subsidiaire dicyclique sont observés chez tous les morphotypes étudiés. La densité stomatique évaluée est 362±5 st/mm² et l’indice stomatique varie de 45,1±0,7% chez les morphotypes de karité étudiés. Ces connaissances pourraient améliorer la systématique des morphotypes et fournir une base pour la sélection du matériel végétal approprié pour les programmes locaux de reboisement et/ou pour la production agronomique, car le beurre de cette espèce est de plus en plus sollicité. Epidermal hair, stomatal types and taxonomy in shea morphotypes (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. Paradoxa) ABSTRACT Epidermal hair and stomatal types in shea morphotypes (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. paradoxa) were studied in Chad in 2010, from July to September. The objective is the search for discriminating micro morphological characters likely to improve the identification of the morphotypes of this species. In fact, shea morphotypes have been described and named by rural people in the province of Mandoul in Chad. Shea kernels are transformed into butter, which gives it socio-economic importance. Fragments of the apical bud taken from young plants from the germination of the seeds of the five (5) morphotypes made it possible to observe the types of epidermal hair. Also, leaf samples taken separately from each morphotype were prepared according to the method of Barfod (1988). This method was preferred because the epidermis of the shea leaf is not easily detachable. It involves boiling the leaf samples in distilled water for 10 minutes and then soaking them in 40% nitric acid for 16-20 hours. This operation allowed to soften the mesophyle and facilitates the scaling of the cuticle. The surface of the fragment of the softened leaf placed on a microscope slide in a drop of water is gently and gradually scraped off using the edge of the scissors until a transparent epidermis fragment appears. The leaf epidermis thus obtained are placed in Lugol for 10 minutes and then mounted after rinsing between slide and coverslip in glycerol gelatin and observed under an optical microscope of the MOTIC type. A total of 30 counts were made on both sides, an average of 6 observations per morphotype. These counts made it possible to calculate the stomatal density and the stomatic index of each morphotype. The stomatal density is the average of the 6 counts per unit area (mm²). The results showed 4 groups of morphotypes: 1- long single epidermal hairs observed in morphotype A, locally called "Bogrombaye"; 2- short simple hairs observed in morphotypes C, E and F "Komane, Mbabète, Ngoïtokoro"; 3- long glandular hairs observed in the morphotype D "Meingré" and; 4- short glandular hairs observed in morphotype B "Kiankos". In addition, stomata of the perigenic anomocytic type with dicyclic subsidiary are observed in all the morphotypes studied. The stomatal density evaluated is 362 ± 5 st / mm² and the stomatic index varies from 45.1 ± 0.7% in the shea morphotypes studied. This knowledge could improve the system of morphotypes and provide a basis for the selection of appropriate plant material for local reforestation programs and / or for agronomic production, as butter from this species is in increasing demand.

Aims: To evaluate the agronomic and nutritional performances of three varieties of sweet potato (Kandee, Caromex and Gandiol1) cultivated for the first time in the agro-ecological zone of the groundnut basin in Senegal. Study Design: The experiment was arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted during two growing seasons from April to August 2017 and from October 2018 to February 2019 in Sagna village (Kaffrine, Senegal). Methodology: The planting of the cuttings was done with a density of 0.3 x 1 m or 3333.3 cuttings ha-1. Drip irrigation was used and mineral fertilization with 15-15-15 was applied. In each elementary plot, 5 plants were checked monthly for growth and phytosanitary monitoring. The harvest took place at 145 days after planting. The yields and agro-morphological characteristics of the roots were determined as well as their nutritional value and the incidence of bio-aggressor attacks. Results: The success percentage of cuttings was 90.1, 90.5 and 88% for Kandee, Caromex and Gandiol1, respectively. The length development of sweet potato stems was variable between the 3 varieties. The Gandiol1 variety with stems longer than 1.6 m was very spread out contrary to Caromex whose average stem length did not exceed 0.5 m. The marketable tuber yields obtained were comparable between the varieties and were 21.5, 22.5 and 13.4 t ha-1 respectively for Kandee, Caromex and Gandiol1. The morphology of the tubers was different in shape (diameter and length) but also in flesh color. Kandee had orange flesh, rich in carotenoids (101.1 mg/kg; P

Au Sénégal, les adventices constituent une des contraintes majeures à l’augmentation de la production agricole. Une étude dans l’objectif de caractériser l’enherbement dans les parcelles cotonnières au Sénégal a été réalisée. Celle-ci a été réalisée grâce à la méthode appelée « tour de champs ». A partir de 139 relevés effectués, 204 espèces réparties en 118 genres appartenant à 35 familles botaniques ont été répertoriées. Les Familles des Fabaceae (22,1%), Poaceae (20,1%), Malvaceae (9,3%) et des Cyperaceae (7,8%) dominent cette flore et représentent près de 60% de l’effectif total. Les Dicotylédones sont dominantes avec 68,6%. Sur le plan agronomique, Hyptis suaveolens, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Digitaria horizontalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium et Kyllinga squamulata constituent les adventices majeures. L’analyse de l’indice partiel de nuisibilité révèle que 47 espèces sont potentiellement nuisibles dont dix constituent les plus nuisibles aux cotonniers dans le bassin cotonnier du Sénégal. Une gestion efficace contre ces espèces devrait être envisagée pour réduire les pertes de rendement dues aux adventices.Mots clés : Adventices, nuisibilité, infestation, cotonnier, rendement, Sénégal. English Title: Degree of weed infestation in Senegal's cotton basinIn Senegal, weeds are one of the major constraints to increasing agricultural production. A study was carried out to characterize grass cover in cotton plots in Senegal. This was carried out using the method known as "tour de champs". Based on 139 surveys, 204 species in 118 genera belonging to 35 botanical families were identified. The Families Fabaceae (22.1%), Poaceae (20.1%), Malvaceae (9.3%) and Cyperaceae (7.8%) dominate this flora and represent nearly 60% of the total number of species. Dicotyledons are dominant with 68.6%. Agronomically, Hyptis suaveonlens, Pennisetum pedicellatum, Digitaria horizontalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Kyllinga squamulata are the major weeds. Analysis of the partial harmfulness index reveals that 47 species are potentially harmful, ten of which are the most harmful to cotton plants in the cotton basin of Senegal. Effective management against these species should be considered to reduce yield losses due to weeds.Keywords: Weeds, pests, infestation, cotton, yield, Senegal.

Studies conducted in the delta and lower valley of Senegal river have demonstrated through ethnobotanical surveys, the importance of Nymphaea lotus L. and Nymphaea micrantha Guill. et Perr in the diet and in the pharmacopoeia. The seeds are used with good appreciation by the indigenous population as a welding food. But studies addressing their biochemical and nutritional aspects are still very rare in the literature. This study was initiated in order to fill this gap and allow a better appreciation of the nutritional and energetic potentialities of these seeds. For this purpose, seeds were collected in effluent from the Senegal River, dried in the shade and put into three different batches: a batch of red seeds of N. lotus, a batch of Black seeds of N. lotus and a batch of seeds of N. micrantha. The biochemical analyses gave their moisture content (9.17% ± 0.2% to 13.36% ± 3.46%), aw (0.46% to 0.71%), protein (7.90% ± 1.25% to 8.24% ± 0.5%), lipid (2.32% ± 0.45% to 4.29% ± 1.0%), carbohydrate (74.49% ± 0.9% and 77.66% ± 1.65%), mineral matter (1.77% ± 0.06% to 2.55% ± 0.08%). All three types of seeds have high levels of potassium (481.10% ± 17.62% to 770.81% ± 42.33%), magnesium (312.71% ± 14.08% to 518.67% ± 15.23%) and calcium (188.81% ± 8.52% to 296.52% ± 16%. Their energy values (350.54 ± 15.21 kcal/100g to 375.7 ± 3.48 Kcal/100g), are closed to other cereals consumed in the human diet in Senegal. Therefore, these seeds offer the opportunity to diversify the diet in the delta and lower valley of the Senegal River.

In Senegal, Mosses constitute a large and diverse systematic group. This work is a contribution to the knowledge of Bryophyta in the herbaria of Senegal. It specifically proposes to determine the structure of the Bryophyta on the prospected sites in order to provide basic knowledge for a better sustainable management. This study is carried out in the first place in the herbaria of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar/Senegal: the herbarium of the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN) and the herbarium DAKAR of the Department of Plant Biology of the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques. Secondly, a consultation of different checklists and databases was conducted to collect more information. This research work on the flora of the mosses allowed us to identify a total of 70 species divided into 44 genera, 24 families and 12 orders. The orders Hypnales, Dicranales and Hookeriales are the most represented. Bryaceae are dominant followed by Pottiaceae, Calymperaceae, Dicranaceae and Hypnaceae. The genera Fissidens, Calymperes, Bryum, Gemmabruym and Leucoloma are more diversified. These results are important for the conservation of the environment and the enhancement of plant biodiversity in Senegal.

The aim of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of liverworts in the herbaria of Senegal in order to provide basic knowledge for a better sustainable management. This study is carried out in the firstly in the herbaria of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar/Senegal: the herbarium of the Herbarium of the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN UCAD) and the herbarium DAKAR of the Department of Plant Biology of the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques. Secondly, a consultation of different checklists and databases was conducted to collect more information. This research work on the flora of liverworts is rich with nearly 39 species divided into 24 genera and 13 families. The orderJungermannialesis dominant in terms of families and thePorellalesJubulineaein terms of genera and species. The familyLejeuneaceaeis in the majority in this flora before the familiesRicciaceae,PlagiochilaceaeandMetzgeriaceae. These results are important for the conservation of the environment and the development of the plant biodiversity of Senegal.

The Niayes area, by its climate and its morpho-pedology, is a favorite area for market gardening in Senegal. For vegetables, it is accredited to more than 60% of harvests. Among the cultivated speculations is the cabbage (Brassica oleracae var capitataL.). With a view to alleviating the negative effect of pests, a variety of pesticides are used by producers. This study was undertaken with a view to contribute to a better knowledge of the pesticides used in the production of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea) in the Niayes. Specifically, it aims to characterize the pesticides used in the area and to determine their impacts on the environment and the health of producers. To carry out this study, a survey was carried out among 163 cabbage producers in the Niayes area (Mboro and Diogo) from February 06 to March 03, 2018. The data entry and processing of the results were made thanks to the Epi info software and Excel spreadsheet. The results showed that 87.1% of producers use chemicals. At the end of this study, 24 active ingredients, mainly comprising four (4) major chemical families, were identified. The most widely used pesticides are insecticides, insecticides-acaricides-nematicides and herbicides with respectively 56%, 12% and 11% of citations. Profenofos is the most cited active ingredient with 21.1% followed by emamectin benzoate with 14%, pendiimathalin (12%) and carbofuran (11%). In addition, Organophosphates and Amino-Phosphates are the most representative chemical families with 48% and 15% citations, respectively. Among the producers; 85.9% have already suffered from poisoning from the use of pesticides. 43% of producers reported the death of insects and other animals as a result of the treatments.

Usages médicinales des plantes par la population riveraine du conservatoire botanique Michel Adanson de Mbour (Sénégal). Richard Demba DIOP1*, Mame Samba MBAYE1, Ibou DIOP1, César BASSENE3, Oumar SARR2, Abdoul Aziz CAMARA1, Mame Thierno Aby SY4 et Kandioura NOBA1. 1- Laboratoire de Botanique et de Biodiversité, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, B.P. 5005 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal. 2- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Végétale, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP, B.P. 5005 Dakar-Fann, Sénégal. 3- Section Productions Végétales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques, de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston BERGER, B.P. 234 Saint - Louis, Sénégal. 4- O.N.G. ENDA-MADESAHEL, B.P. 29881 Mbour, Sénégal. *Auteur correspondant/ Corresponding author : Richard Demba DIOP, Tel : +221774378034 Email : richarddiop2004@yahoo.fr Mots clés : Plantes médicinales, usages, enquête ethnobotanique, Mbour Keywords: Medicinal plants, uses, ethnobotanical survey, Mbour Publication date 30/06/2019, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS 1 RÉSUMÉ Ce travail a pour objectif d’identifier les plantes médicinales utilisées par la population locale dans une perspective d’introduction, de gestion durable dans le conservatoire et de valorisation auprès de la population. L’étude a été réalisée auprès de la population riveraine du conservatoire botanique Michel Adanson de Mbour à l’aide de fiches d’enquête ethnobotanique. Le traitement des résultats obtenus a été effectué avec les logiciels Sphinx Plus, XLSTAT 2015 et le tableur Excel. L’étude révèle que la pharmacopée traditionnelle de la population riveraine du conservatoire botanique utilise une flore riche de 55 espèces des plantes réparties en 50 genres et 29 familles botaniques. II y a un consensus moyen sur l’utilisation des espèces au sein des affections métaboliques (0,72), respiratoires (0,66), infectieuses (0,61) et des affections dermatologiques (0,5). Par contre, les affections infectieuses constituent le groupe pathologique le plus traités par ces espèces, avec un taux de 20,9 %, suivies des affections dermatologiques (19,6 %) et des affections métaboliques (16,5 %). Les espèces médicinales spontanées sont les plus utilisées pour soigner et/ou prévenir neuf (9) groupes pathologiques. La détermination des modes de préparation, des parties utilisées et des périodes de récolte de ces plantes révèle que les feuilles et les racines sont les organes les plus utilisés et elles sont le plus souvent décoctées ou infusées. Les feuilles sont les seuls organes subissant toutes les formes de préparation sauf la fumigation. Les affections respiratoires sont entièrement traitées à base de feuilles. Les plantes médicinales sont pour la plupart collectées pendant toute l’année. Cette étude constitue une source d’information qui contribue à une connaissance de la flore médicinale et à une sauvegarde du savoir-faire populaire local. Il peut également constituer une base de données pour la valorisation des plantes.

Food safety and quality is a major political topic due to numbers of deaths and hospitalizations all over the world due to food contamination, due to the increasing concern of consumers with public health related issues, due to increasing complexity of internationalization of food chains, along with the stronger sanitary standards set for international trade. Many constraints can explain the delays in the establishment of measures to prevent and control of food contaminants throughout the food value chains. Therefore, the availability of simplified tools that can be used to mitigate food safety hazards in low- and middle-income countries is a high priority internationally. The proposal addressed in this manuscript is to use the existing knowledge in local universities, private companies, citizen's organizations and to translate its proposals and scientific/technical advices to the national authorities, in a low cost manner. This translation is done by what is described here as Collective Expertise. Collective Expertise, can be a very powerful way to develop local strategies to solve problems and face the challenges of food safety and food security.

The genus Digitaria Haller is one of the most important of grass flora of Senegal by both its specific richness and the socio-economic value of its species. Despite this importance, no studies have been done specifically on these species. This study aims, therefore, to document the diversity, distribution, ecology and usefulness of the genus of such species for raising public awareness about botanical, ecological distribution, and status of such species and their uses in Senegal. Data collection approach was based on field work conducted in Senegal that has allowed the preparation of distribution maps of species related to ecological factors such as climate, vegetation and soil coupled with a literature review used to determine the use of species. Consequently, literature accessed has revealed that various species of Digitaria exist and they consist mainly of weeds, forage or food crops. Digitaria spp. has a wider distribution with some species having a broader distribution whereas others are restricted to some African regions. They are generally encountered throughout the tropics including in rainforests, savannas and steppes; wherein soils are sandy and acidic types. In Senegal, most of the species are found in the south under a Sudano-Sahelian zone, growing on almost all vegetation and soil types. This study, which is a contribution to the improvement and preservation of the living environment of these species, is an important step for the facilitation of any conservation action. It also encourages a greater appreciation of the value of these species, which are potential sources of genes from Digitaria exilis, the cultivated species. Key words: Digitaria, climatic zones, vegetation types, soil types, conservation, Senegal.

Le genre Solanum est l'un des plus importants de la flore du Senegal tant par sa richesse specifique que par sa valeur socio-economique. Cependant, si les especes cultivees font l’objet d’etude sous diverses formes, les sauvages sont frequemment eliminees. L’etude vise a renseigner sur la chorologie, l’ecologie et les usages des especes sauvages apparentees de legumes feuilles cultivees. Des enquetes ont ete menees aupres des populations et les resultats obtenus ont ete completes par la recherche bibliographique et les informations mentionnees dans les parts d’herbier. L’etude revele que ces especes occupent des milieux divers. Au Senegal, elles sont presentes dans toutes les zones agroecologiques avec une grande diversite dans la zone des Niayes. Elles se rencontrent aussi bien en milieux arides ou la vegetation est de type steppe qu’en milieux humides composees principalement de savanes et affectionnent mieux les sols ferrugineux tropicaux. L’etude ethnobotanique realisee a revele cinq types d’utilisation : medicinale (47,87%), alimentaire (27,66 %), culturelle (14,89%), fourragere 8,51% et artisanale 1,06%. Les organes affectes a ces utilisations sont la feuille (43,36%) suivie de la racine (30,97%), du fruit (24,78%) et de la tige (0,88%). La connaissance des especes favorise une meilleure valorisation de celles qui vivent dans des ecosystemes en proie a une forte urbanisation. The genus Solanum is one of the most important of the flora of Senegal both for its specific richness and its socio-economic value. However, while cultivated species are studied in various forms, wild species are frequently eliminated. The study aims to provide information on the chorology, ecology and uses of wild relatives of cultivated leafy vegetables. Population surveys were conducted and the results obtained were supplemented by literature search and information mentioned in the herbarium parts. The study revealed that these species occupy diverse environments. In Senegal, they are present in all agro-ecological zones with a great diversity in the Niayes zone. They are found in arid environments where the vegetation is steppe type as well as in humid environments composed mainly of savannah and are more fond of tropical ferruginous soils. The ethnobotanical study carried out revealed five types of use: medicinal (47.87%), food (27.66%), cultural (14.89%), fodder (8.51%) and artisanal (1.06%). The organs assigned to these uses are the leaf (43.36%) followed by the root (30.97%), the fruit (24.78%) and the stem (0.88%). The knowledge of the species favors a better valorization of those living in ecosystems in prey to a strong urbanization.

Cet article n'est publié dans aucune revue, j'aimerais qu'il soit corrigé puis publié par HAL; Cette étude vise à connaitre la diversité et les variations spatiotemporelles dans les communautés de macroalgues vivant le long de la côte Nord du Sénégal à deux échelles de temps (2 saisons froides et 2 saisons chaudes). Elle est réalisée par la méthode des transects et quadrats. L'inventaire a été effectué entre 2017 et 2019 dans 5 sites se trouvant sur ladite côte. Dans chaque site, 3 transects de 500 m distant chacun de 500 m l'un à l'autre et disposés perpendiculairement à la côte ont été prédéterminés à l'aide de Google Earth et du logiciel Arc Gis. Sur chaque transect, des points d'échantillonnages espacés de 50 m les uns des autres avec leurs coordonnés ont été préétablis. Sur chaque point d'échantillonnage, 3 quadrats ont été fixés puis les algues sont récoltées et décomptées. Au total, 12 espèces réparties dans 10 genres et 8 familles ont été identifiées dans tous les sites et saisons confondus. Une variation inter-sites et intersaisons des espèces a été notée avec une diversité plus importante en saison chaude 2017 et 2018 soit, respectivement 9 et 8 espèces. Les indices de Shannon calculés renseignent sur la faible diversité de la côte Nord du Sénégal. Meristotheca senegalensis, Laurencia obtusa, Dictyota ciliolata et Dictyopteris delicatula ont été rencontrées qu'en saisons chaudes tout au long de l'étude. En revanche, Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata a été observé en saisons froides. D'autres ont été observée dans toutes les saisons ; il s'agit du Caulacanthus ustulatus, Ceramium rubrum var. pacificum, Dictyota dichotoma et Bryopsis plumosa.

Poaceae is one of the most diverse families in Senegal's flora after Fabaceae. It has been the subject of several studies but many species were not taken into account in the evaluation of the current state of its diversity. This paper provides a checklist of new grasses encountered in Senegal. After a detailed scrutiny of the literature and herbarium specimens, we ascertain their identity and report them as new records to the grass flora of Senegal. A total of 24 new species have been listed belonging to 15 genera of which the most represented is Sporobolus with 5 species. The other genera such as Digitaria, Eragrostis, Perotis, Setaria, and Trichanthecium on the one hand and Aristida, Chloris, Cymbopogon, Enteropogon, Leptochloa, Oryza, Panicum, Schizachyrium, Urochloa on the other hand have two and one species respectively. The chorological spectrum shows the dominance of African species (45.83%) followed by those of Afro-Asian origin (33.33%). Like the overall flora of Senegal, this new grass flora is of tropical nature with a preponderance of Sudano-Zambesian species (50%) followed by Guinean- Congolese-Sudano-Zambesian species (29.17%) at continental scale. Biological types based on the life form shows therophytes (62.50%) are predominant, followed by hemicryptophytes (29.17%) and geophytes (8.33%). Taking these new data into account would allow a more precise determination of the Senegalese grass flora composition.

Au Sénégal, peu d’études sur le plan planctonique ont été réalisées pour l’évaluation de l’efficacité des Aires Marines Protégées. Dans cette perspective, la caractérisation de la flore phytoplanctonique et sa distribution spatio-temporelle à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’AMP de Bamboung a été réalisée en avril et en septembre 2016. Des prélèvements d’échantillons d’eau à l’aide d’un filet à plancton de 20 μm de mailles ainsi que des mesures de paramètres physico-chimiques ont été faits dans chaque station. L’analyse des données environnementales a montré l’existence d’un effet intersaison avec des valeurs plus élevées en avril excepté la température. Par ailleurs, un effet d’inter-sites a été observé uniquement en septembre pour la température, la salinité, la conductivité et l’oxygène dissout. En termes de diversité phytoplanctonique, en avril, 49 espèces réparties dans 5 classes ont été identifiées dans l’AMP contre 47 espèces et 5 classes identifiées à Diomboss et 42 espèces et 5 classes à Sangako. En septembre, 57 espèces réparties dans 5 classes ont été répertoriées dans l’AMP contre 54 espèces et 4 classes à Diomboss, et 51 espèces réparties dans 4 classes identifiées à Sangako. Les résultats seuls de la richesse spécifique du phytoplancton ne permettent pas d’apporter une contribution sur l’évaluation de l’efficacité de l’AMP de Bamboung. Mots clés : Phytoplancton, dynamique, composition taxonomique, AMP, Bamboung. English Title: Characterization of the phytoplankton flora in the Protected Marine Area (MPA) of Bamboung and two surrounding sites (Senegal) In Senegal, few planktonic data exist in the Marine Protected Areas (AMP). In this perspective, the characterization of phytoplankton flora and its spatial and temporal distribution within and outside the Bamboung AMP was carried out during in April and in september. Water samples were taken using a 20 μm mesh plankton net and measurements of physico-chemical parameters were made at each station. The analysis of environmental data showed the existence of an inter-site effect during the two-month sampling period. In April, 49 species in 5 classes were identified in the AMP, compared to 47 species and 5 classes identified in Diomboss and 42 species and 5 classes in Sangako. In september, 57 species distributed in 5 classes were recorded in the AMP compared to 54 species distributed in 4 classes in Diomboss and 51 species and 4 classes identified in Sangako. The results of the specific richness of phytoplankton alone do not make it possible to make a contribution to the evaluation of the effectiveness of Bamboung's MPA.Keywords: Phytoplankton, dynamics, taxonomic composition, AMP; Bamboung.

This study evaluated the sensory properties and consumer acceptance of boiled, fried, and mashed orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), by rural lactating women (n=80) and their children

The bryophyte flora of the Sahelian region of sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a low species richness, but is also extremely poorly documented. We present here the results of a floristic surv...

La reserve speciale botanique de Noflaye est un des rares ecosystemes particuliers de la zone des niayes de Dakar de par sa diversite floristique. Ce complexe est aujourd’hui menace par un certain nombre de facteur tel que l’urbanisation. Cette etude a ete realisee pour caracteriser la structure de la vegetation du milieu. L’utilisation de la methode des releves dendrometriques nous a permis de caracteriser la vegetation du milieu. Les resultats indiquent que la richesse floristique du milieu est de 65 especes ligneuses reparties en 50 genres et 31 familles avec une dominance des especes soudanienne (39%). L’analyse de la contribution specifique montre que Lepisanthes senegalensis (19,7%), Neocarya macrophylla (14,5%) et Grewia bicolor (13,4%) sont les plus frequentes dans le milieu. Les valeurs elevees de densite theorique, de densite reelle, de surface terriere et de recouvrement aerien montrent que le milieu est domine par des especes ligneuses de petit diametre (5 a 10 cm) a cime jointive. La regeneration est dominee par Boscia senegalensis (53%). Ces resultats obtenus sont importants dans la conservation du milieu et la mise en place d’un plan de gestion. Mots cles : Flore, vegetation, reserve speciale botanique, Noflaye, Senegal. English Title: Structure and dynamics of the flora and vegetation of the botanical reserve Noflaye (Senegal) The botanical special reserve of Noflaye is one of the rare special ecosystems of the zone of the niayes of Dakar because of its floristic diversity. This complex is now threatened by a number of factors such as urbanization. This study was carried out to characterize the structure of the vegetation of the environment. The use of the dendrometric survey method allowed us to characterize the vegetation of the environment. The results indicate that the floristic richness of the environment is 65 woody species divided into 50 genera and 31 families with Sudanese species dominance (39%). The analysis of the specific contribution shows that Lepisanthes senegalensis (19.7%), Neocarya macrophylla (14.5%) and Grewia bicolor (13.4%) are the most common in the environment. The high values of theoretical density, true density, basal area and overlying cover show that the medium is dominated by woody species of small diameter (5 to 10 cm) with contiguous crowns. Regeneration is dominated by Boscia senegalensis (53%). These results are important in environmental conservation and the implementation of a management plan. Keywords : Flora, vegetation, botanical special reserve, Noflaye, Senegal

La vegetation du conservatoire botanique Michel Adanson de Mbour (CBMA), issue d’un processus de vegetalisation naturelle et d’introduction d’especes venant d’horizons diverses, est aujourd’hui menacee par un certain nombre de facteurs telle que l’erosion cotiere. Or, une bonne gestion de cette vegetation passe necessairement par une meilleure connaissance de ses caracteristiques structurales. Cette etude a pour objectif de caracteriser la structure de la vegetation ligneuse du CBMA en vue d’une gestion durable. La methode de releves dendrometriques nous a permis de caracteriser la vegetation du CBMA. Les especes ligneuses inventoriees sont au nombre de 23 reparties dans 21 genres et 16 familles. La densite, la surface terriere et le recouvrement des especes sont assez eleves, entrainant une forte competition entre les individus. Cela se traduit par un peuplement ligneux domine par des individus de faible diametre et de grande taille. Le peuplement ligneux est aussi caracterise dans l’ensemble par une diversite moyenne et une distribution heterogene des individus dans les parcelles. Il regenere assez bien avec la dominance de Leucaena leucocephala . Cette etude permet une meilleure connaissance de la vegetation de la CBMA afin de mieux gerer ces ressources vegetales. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Mots cles: Vegetation, flore ligneuse, Conservatoire botanique, ENDA- Madesahel, Mbour English Title: Liguous vegetation of the botanical conservatory Michel Adanson of Mbour (Senegal) English Abstract The vegetation of the botanical conservatory Michel Adanson of Mbour (CBMA), resulting from a process of natural vegetation and introduction of species from various horizons, is today threatened by a number of factors such as erosion coastal. However, good management of this vegetation necessarily requires a better knowledge of its structural characteristics. The purpose of this study is to characterize the CBMA's woody vegetation structure for sustainable management. The dendrometric survey method allowed us to characterize the CBMA vegetation. The woody species inventoried were 23 in 21 genera and 16 families. The density, the basal area and the recovery of the species were quite high causing a strong competition between the individuals. This results in a woody stand dominated by individuals of small diameter and size. The woody stand is also generally characterized by a medium diversity and heterogeneous distribution of individuals in the plots. It regenerates quite well with the dominance of Leucaena leucocephala . This study allows a better knowledge of the vegetation of the CBMA to better manage these plant resources. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Vegetation, woody flora, Botanical conservatory, ENDA- Madesahel, Mbour

L'espace maritime du Senegal est tres vaste et renferme une riche biodiversite algale. Malgre cette grande etendue d'eau, ces macroalgues marines sont encore peu connues dans ce pays. Ce travail constitue une etude de la flore de macroalgues de trois sites marins de DAKAR. Elle a ete entreprise pour connaitre la diversite specifique, determiner la structure de la flore (spectre taxonomique) et sa repartition par rapport a ces trois sites. Durant cette etude, des macroalgues ont ete inventoriees, identifiees puis classees. Les resultats indiquent que cette flore est constituee de 21 taxons repartis dans 13 genres, 11 familles et 3 classes. Les classes des Ulvophyceae et des Florideophyceae sont les plus representees, concentrant chacune 38,09% des especes rencontrees, suivies de celle des Phaeophyceae avec 23,8% des especes rencontrees. Cette etude a montre que la zone du PNIM (Parc National des Iles de la Madeleine) est plus riche en especes avec 16 especes (55,1%), suivie de la zone de Terrou-bi avec 11 especes (37,9%) et de Soumbedioune avec 2 especes (6,8%). © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Mots cles: Flore, Macroalgues marines, PNIM, Soumbedioune, Terrou-bi, Senegal English Title: Systematic composition of macroalgae flora along Dakar Atlantic coast (NPMI, Soumbedioune and Terrou-bi), Senegal (West Africa) English Abstract In Senegal, a lot of botanical studies have been carried out on the phanerogamic flora but rarely on bryophytes and algae flora despite their ecological, economic and scientific importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the structure of macroalgae flora through systematic composition in three different sites which are National Park of Madeleine Island, Soumbedioune and Terrou-bi located along the Dakar coast. During this study, seaweeds were inventoried, conserved and identified. The results showed that flora consisted of 21 taxa distributed in 13 genera, 11 families and 3 classes. The classes with the highest species richness were Ulvophyceae and Florideophyceae with respectively (38.09%) of recorded species while 23.8% of the flora belonged to the class of Phaeophyceae. This flora was more diverse in National Park of Madeleine Island where it was composed of 16 species (55.1%), followed by Terrou-bi with 11 species (37.9%) and the lowest number of species were recorded at Soumbedioune with only 2 species. © 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved Keywords: Flora, Marine macroalgae, Atlantic coast, Senegal

Les produits naturels végétaux connaissent un regain d’intérêt depuis des décennies. Toutefois, les changements climatiques et l’action humaine entrainent une dégradation des écosystèmes naturels et la disparition de certaines plantes. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes de classification populaire des végétaux spontanés. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques basées sur un guide d’entretien ouvert semi-structuré, des échanges oraux et des observations directes faites sur le terrain ont été menées. Elles se sont déroulées dans 33 villages du département d’Oussouye, fief des Diola. Elles ont mobilisé 82 informateurs dont 30 groupes et 52 individus avec une prédominance masculine de 80,77 % contre 19,23 % pour les femmes. Nos résultats ont montré que parmi les 62 espèces végétales, seules 4 sont domestiquées. Ces espèces sont en majorité des arbres et des arbustes et sont plus présentes dans les milieux potagers. Les familles dominantes sont les Annonaceae et Apocynaceae et les valeurs d’usage les plus importantes sont notées chez les Arecaceae avec 10,52 et les Anacardiaceae avec 8 ; la diversité générique est plus marquée chez les Anacardiaceae. La population utilise 17 classificateurs pour nommer les plantes. Le classificateur bu est majoritairement employé dans les localités An Alufay, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her et ceux de ni, nu dans Dyiwat. De plus 7 référentiels mentionnés et par ordre d’importance sont : usage, animal, propriété, morphologie, écologie, onomatopée et métaphore. Les résultats font ressortir différentes espèces fruitières comestibles, la tranche d’âge qui maitrise mieux les savoirs liés à ces plantes et les différents modes de classification populaire., Natural products of plant meet a renewed interest for a decade. However, climate change and human action have led to a degradation of the natural ecosystems and extinction for certain plant. This study contributes to a better knowledge of popular classification systems of spontaneous plants. Ethnobotanics survey based on an open semi structured interview, exchanges oral and direct observations were made in the field. They took place in 33 villages of Oussouye department which is the Diola’s bastion. They mobilized 82 informants including 30 groups and 52 individuals with male predominance. In fact, we had 80.77 % men against 19.23 % women. Our results showed that among 62 wild botanical species, only 4 were domesticated. They are for the greater part tree and bush, and are more present in the vegetable circles. The dominant families are Annonaceae and Apocynaceae and the most important use values are noted in Arecaceae with 10.52 and Anacardiaceae with 8; the generic diversity is mostly marked by Anacardiaceae. The population uses 17 classifications systems of nomination of plants. The classification “bu” is mostly used on localities such as: Huluf, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her and those of “ni”, “nu” in Dyiwat. In addition 7 tables reference are mentioned and order of importance are: use, animal, morphology, ecology onomatopoeia and metaphor. The results bring out different edible fruit species, the age group of people which master better the knowledge related to these plants and methods of popular classification.

The Erasmus+ project (2017-2020) entitled Societal Challenges and Governance of African Universities: the case of ALIments in Morocco, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal (DAfrAli) seeks to strengthen the governance capacity of African Higher Education Institutions to mobilize their resources in order to respond to major societal challenges in relation to external stakeholders. A work package consisted of organizing three workshops to use Collective Expertise as a tool for the identification of societal risks, in the area of food safety. These three workshops were conducted in Morocco, in Senegal and in Democratic Republic of Congo. The exercise was performed by country academics with the contribution of the European project partners. Collective Expertise gave results that demonstrated that, with a careful and diversified selection of experts, this methodology can have a deep importance to list the food hazards in a country. The results obtained can induce changes in university curricula, showed the social impacts of food safety, unveiled research needs and training needs for different agents in the food sector and above all the impact in food policy in a country. The collective expertise approach of the determination of hazards also permitted to discuss possible organization models for food risk management in the 3 countries.

Les zones humides sont des ressources vitales riches en biodiversite. Elles procurent des biens et services, et contribuent a l’attenuation des changements climatiques. Cependant, au Senegal, ces ecosystemes subissent un phenomene alarmant de degradation du fait des effets combines de plusieurs facteurs dont C. demersum , une espece exotique envahissante rencontree dans les eaux du fleuve Senegal. Cette presente etude a pour objectif d’evaluer les impacts ecologiques et socio-economiques lies a l’envahissement de C. demersum dans le delta du fleuve Senegal. L’etude a consiste a realiser des enquetes et des entretiens aupres des populations des sept (7) villages peripheriques du Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj et des agents de la Societe d’Amenagement et d’Exploitation des terres du delta (SAED). Les resultats de l’etude ont montre que la grande majorite (98%) de la population est constituee d’agriculteurs, la proliferation de l’espece est recente et remonte a la mise en service des barrages de Diama et de Manantali. Le comblement des plans d’eau, la baisse du rendement de peche et l’apparition des maladies dites hydriques sont les nuisances qui impactent le plus l’ecosysteme du delta du fleuve Senegal et la vie des communautes. Ces resultats obtenus sont importants dans la conservation de cette zone humide a importance internationale et la mise en place d’un dispositif de gestion ecologique pour la restauration du milieu. Mots cles : Impact, espece invasive, zone humide, Fleuve Senegal. English Title: Ecological and socio–economic impacts of Ceratophyllum demersum L., an invasive aquatic plant in the Senegal River delta Wetlands are vital resources rich in biodiversity. They provide goods and services, and help mitigate climate change. However, in Senegal, these ecosystems are experiencing an alarming degradation phenomenon due to the combined effects of several factors including C. demersum , an invasive alien species encountered in the waters of the Senegal River. This study aims to assess the ecological and socio-economic impacts of C. demersum invasion in the Senegal River delta. The study consisted in carrying out surveys and interviews with the populations of the seven (7) outlying villages of the Djoudj Bird National Park and agents of the Society for Development and Exploitation of the Delta Lands (SAED). The results of the study showed that the vast majority (98%) of the population consists of farmers, the proliferation of the species is recent and dates back to the commissioning of Diama and Manantali dams. The filling of water bodies, the fall in fishing yield and the appearance of so-called water-related diseases are the most damaging impacts on the ecosystem of the Senegal River delta and the life of the communities. These results are important in the conservation of this wetland of international importance and the establishment of an ecological management system for the restoration of the environment. Keywords : Impact, invasive species, wetland, Senegal River

Wild fruit species provide local people with subsistence products and cash income. In addition to their food value, different used organs can, eventually, compromise the availability of these resources. This study aims to identify edible woody species in Kasa Zone and to analyze their socioeconomic importance. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted with 82 informants. Data collected were analyzed using Epi Info software and uses of species were classified into six categories. A Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) highlighted species-organ relationships. Frequency of citations, fidelity index, selling price were used to show the socio-economic importance of the species. Results identified 62 edible species belonging to 31 families and 54 genera. These species were dominated by Annonaceae, Apocynaceae and generic diversity was more pronounced among Anacardiaceae. Identified species were mainly used for food (53%), energy (16%), technology (12%) and medicinal purposes (12%). The FCA showed three organ-use groups with a strong correlation between fruit and root on the one hand and leaf, bark and wood on the other. The study also identified 16 commercialized species. The fruit was the main organ consumed and marketed. The highest number of organs commercialized were recorded for Elaeis guineensis (4 organs) and Borassus aethiopium (3). These products, often collected and sold by women and children, came from villages and transited to markets through the "bana bana". Their prices depended on the locality isolation and the production period. These results open up perspectives for better management of the supply and commercialization of these forest resources.

Le paludisme constitue un probleme de sante publique a Bamako et l’utilisation des plantes dans sa prise en charge est frequente. Cependant beaucoup de menaces pesent sur ces plantes a cause de plusieurs facteurs dont leur meconnaissance d’ou la necessite de les connaitre pour ameliorer leur gestion et leur conservation. Une enquete ethnobotanique a ete conduite a Bamako d’Aout 2012 a Novembre 2012. Les resultats ont montre que 52 especes reparties dans 48 genres, 24 familles sont utilisees. Les familles les plus representees etaient les Caesalpiniaceae, les Rubiaceae, les Combretaceae, les Euphorbiaceae et les Fabaceae. Cette flore etait dominee surtout par les especes africaines et pantropicales. Le type biologique le plus nombreux etait constitue par les phanerophytes. Les feuilles constituaient la partie la plus utilisee, la preparation la plus utilisee etait la decoction. Les resultats de cette etude pourront ainsi contribuer a la connaissance exhaustive des plantes a visee antipaludique et a une valorisation de la medecine traditionnelle Malienne. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Paludisme, plantes medicinales, ethnobotanique, Bamako English Title: Medicinal plants used in traditional treatment of malaria in Bamako (Mali) English Abstract Malaria is a public health problem in Bamako and the use of plants in its management is common. However many threats to these plants were observed because of several factors including their lack of the need to know them to improve their management and conservation. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Bamako from August 2012 to November 2012. The results showed that 52 species distributed in 48 genera, 24 families are used. The most represented families were Caesalpiniaceae, Rubiaceae, the Combretaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. This flora was dominated mostly by African and pan-tropical species. The largest biological type was made by phanerophytes. The leaves are the most used part of the most common preparation was the decoction. The results of this study could contribute to the comprehensive knowledge of plants with antimalarial properties and valorization of traditional Malian medicine. © 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Malaria, medicinal plants, ethnobotany, Bamako

Invasive species are considered as one of the most environmental challenges of the 21st century. They constitute the second cause of biodiversity loss and lead to high economic disruption and public health. Despite significant, financial and human investments made by countries and world conservation of biodiversity agencies, there are not strategies that lead to appropriate measures for sustainable management and control. The objective of this study is to assess the state of knowledge on invasive plants in West Africa and to promote knowledge and exchange information. It contributes also to establish in Western African region, a coordinated early warning system through a network of intervention. The paper discusses concepts and bio-ecology of invasive plants, gives precise indications on their diversity and distribution. To achieve the objectives, a literature review was carried out to collect data on invasive species from Western African countries. Therefore, different information sources included floras, database and collection were consulted. The results how that in West Africa, the information collected on invasive plants indicate that 113 invasive species are reported, distributed in 94 genera and 43 families. The most represented families are Poaceae (17 species) and Leguminosae (16 species). They are followed by Cyperaceae (9 species) and Asteraceae (6 species). Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Nympheaceae have 4 species each one. The most common invasive species in West African countries are present in, at least, eight countries. They are: Chromolaena odorata, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Typha domingensis and Pistia stratiotes. Depending on data availability, the presence and importance of invasive plants vary from one country to another. It must be noticed that there are few data related to Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau and Nigeria. Recommendations were formulated to improve knowledge and sustainable management of invasive plants in West Africa. The expected results of this work should improve the understanding of issues related to invasive species at national and regional levels

Au Senegal, les adventices sont l’une des principales contraintes a la production cotonniere. La presente etude a pour objectif de caracteriser la flore adventice des cultures cotonnieres au Senegal. Des releves phytosociologiques ont ete realises durant les campagnes agricoles 2016, 2017 et 2018 dans les stations de recherche de l’ISRA (Institut Senegalais de Recherche Agricole), dans les AMEX (Antenne Multilocale d’Experimentation) de la SODEFITEX (Societe de Developpement de Fibres Textiles du Senegal) et en milieu paysan. Grâce aux inventaires phytosociologiques par la technique du « tour de champs » qui consiste a parcourir toute la parcelle dans toutes ces directions pour repertorier toutes les especes meme les plus rares. Les resultats de cette etude montrent que cette flore est riche de 204 especes reparties en 118 genres et 35 familles. Ces dernieres sont dominees par les Fabaceae (22,1%), Poaceae (20,1%), les Malvaceae (9,3%) et les Cyperaceae (7,8%). Les Dicotyledones sont dominantes avec 68,6% des especes. Cette flore est nettement dominee par les therophytes avec 81,4%. Sur le plan de la repartition geographique, les especes a affinite pantropicales et d’origine Africaines sont dominantes et elles regroupent pres de 74,1% des especes repertoriees. Le bassin cotonnier senegalais est aussi caracterise par une homogeneite floristique. Ce travail a permis de caracteriser la flore adventice des cultures cotonnieres dans le Senegal oriental et en haute Casamance. Mots cles : Flore, adventice, Coton, Bassin cotonnier du Senegal, ISRA English Title: Weed flora of cotton crops in Eastern Senegal and Upper Casamance In Senegal, among the factors limiting cotton production, weeds competition had been identified as a major obstacle in increasing the fibber yield. This study was carried out in Eastern Senegal and Upper Casamance to characterize the weed flora of cotton. It aimed to establish the taxonomical, life forms and chorological spectra of weed species. Therefore, floristic surveys were carried out during 2016, 2017 and 2018 crop years in cotton fields and in stations. The "field tower" technique, which consists of taking stock of all species in a defined area, has been adopted. The results revealed that flora consisted of 204 species distributed in 118 genera and 35 families. The families with the highest species richness were Fabaceae (22.1%), Poaceae (20.1%), Malvaceae (9.3%) and Cyperaceae (7.8%) which account for sixty percent of recorded species. Dicotyledon was the most important form with 68.6 percent of recorded species. Spectrum analysis indicated that the flora is largely dominated by therophytes, which includes 81.4% of the recorded species. The study of the biogeographical distribution showed that african and pantropical species predominate with 74.1 percent of the flora. The Senegalese cotton basin is also characterized by a homogeneity in the floristic composition despite some variations Keywords: Weeds, flora, Cotton Basin of Senegal, Senegal.

Au Senegal, le sorgho est l’une des principales cultures vivrieres cependant sa production est fortement limite par la competition des adventices. Cette etude a ete realisee dans le but de caracteriser la structure de la flore adventice du sorgho en Haute Casamance. Des releves floristiques ont ete effectues au cours des campagnes culturales 2015, 2016 et 2017 dans les champs de sorgho en milieu paysan et en stations experimentales. Les resultats montrent que la flore adventice du sorgho est constituee de 232 especes reparties dans 138 genres et 43 familles. Cette flore est dominee par les dicotyledones avec 72,4% des especes. Les familles des Fabaceae et des Poaceae sont les plus representees et renferment respectivement 24,1% et 15,9% des especes de la flore. Les therophytes sont largement dominantes avec 69,8% des especes recensees, suivies des phanerophytes (13,2%), des hemicryptophytes (8,2%), des geophytes (5,6%), des chamephytes (1,7%) et enfin des plantes parasites (0,9%). En ce qui concerne la repartition biogeographique, les especes africaines et pantropicales sont majoritaires avec respectivement 40% et 25% de la flore. Cette etude preliminaire a permis de determiner les spectres taxonomique, biologique et chorologique. Ces resultats sont utiles et constituent un prealable pour apprecier la nuisibilite des especes adventices et pour proposer une methode raisonnee de gestion des adventices du sorgho. Mots cles : Flore, Adventice, Sorgho, Haute Casamance, Senegal. English Title : Weed flora of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench in Upper Casamance, Sudanian zone of Senegal In Senegal, among the factors limiting sorghum production, weeds competition had been identified as a major obstacle in increasing the grain sorghum yield. This study was carried out in Upper Casamance to characterize the weed flora of grain sorghum. It aimed to establish the taxonomical, life forms and chorological spectra of weed species. Floristic surveys were carried out during 2015, 2016 and 2017 crop years in sorghum fields and in stations. The results revealed that flora consisted of 232 species distributed in 138 genera and 43 families. Dicotyledon was the most important form with 72.4 percent of recorded species. Fabaceae and Poaceae were the most represented botanical families with 24.1 and 15.9 of recorded species. According to the biological distribution, therophytes make up the majority with 69.4% of the species, followed by phanerophytes (14.2%), hemicryptophytes (8.2%), geophytes (5.6%), chamephytes (1.7%) and Parasitic Plants (0.9%). Finally, the study of the biogeographical distribution showed that african and pantropical species predominate with 40% and 25% of the flora. This preliminary work, based on floristic surveys, allowed pointed out the structure of weed species by the study of taxonomic, biological and chorological spectra. These useful results were necessary before elaboration of a reasoned weed management plan. Keywords : Weeds, flora, Sorghum, Upper Casamance, Senegal

Le Laboratoire de Botanique et Biodiversite du Departement de Biologie Vegetale de l’Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar s’est lance dans une programme de connaissance des unites taxonomiques a diversite elevee ou peu connue de la flore du Senegal. Le genre Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae Juss.) est le genre le plus diversifie de la classe des Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae) des plantes a fleur de la flore du Senegal avec 44 especes. Cette etude est une contribution a la systematique des especes du genre Indigofera au Senegal. Des missions de prospection ont permis la collecte d’une espece qui se revele differente des autres especes repertoriees jusqu’ici au Senegal. La comparaison des caracteres macro et micromorphologiques de cette espece avec ceux des echantillons deposes dans les collections des herbiers DAKAR et IFAN de l’Universite Cheikh Anta Diop n’ont pas permis de l’identifier avec precision. Des echantillons doubles de cette espece envoyes a l’herbier de Kew Botanic Gardens semblent le rapprocher de Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet. La presence de poils simples glanduleux et de poils naviculaires indique que cette nouvelle espece du genre Indigofera appartient a la section des Viscosae. Une etude comparative de caracteres descriptifs de Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet par rapport aux deux especes de la section des Viscosae de la flore du Senegal que sont Indigofera colutea (Burm.) Merril et I. secundiflora Poir. montre que Indigofera brevifilamenta se distingue principalement des autres par sa taille relativement plus petite, ses folioles a poils naviculaires sans poils glanduleux et son inflorescence lâche. Mots cles : Indigofera L., Fabaceae Lindley Faboideae , cle de determination, flore du Senegal English Title : A new species of genus Indigofera (Fabaceae Faboideae) from Senega l The Laboratory of Botany and Biodiversity of the Department of Plant Biology of the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar launched out in a program for better understanding of the taxonomic groups with higher diversity or not well studied. In Senegal; the genus Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae Juss.) is the most diversified genus of dicotyledons class with almost 44 species. This study is a contribution to the systematic of the genus Indigofera. Therefore, prospection missions allowed the collection of a species which appears different from the other species recorded in Senegalese flora until now. The comparison of this species with allied species deposited in the collections of DAKAR herbarium and IFAN herbarium of Cheikh Anta Diop University did not allow to identify the species with certainty. Therefore, some samples of this species sent to the herbarium of Kew Botanical Gardens who have identified the species as the Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet. The presence of glandular hairs and biramous hairs indicates that this new species of the genus Indigofera belongs to the section of Viscosae. Description and illustrations of this new species are provided with notes on its differentiation from allied species of the section Viscosae which are Indigofera colutea (Burm.) Merril and Indigofera secundiflora Poir. This study shows that Indigofera brevifilamenta is distinguished mainly from the others by its relatively smaller size, its leaflets with biramous hairs, a lack of glandular hairs and a loose inflorescence. Keywords : Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindley (Leguminosae Juss.) Faboideae, key of determination, flora of Senegal.

Le genre Ficus L. ( Moraceae ) constitue le groupe ligneux le plus diversifie de la Flore du Senegal ; il compte plus de 30 especes. Les etudes anterieures ont ameliore la caracterisation de nombreuses especes mais elles n’ont pas permis de resoudre toutes les difficultes taxonomiques rencontrees chez le genre Ficus . Cette etude porte sur les caracteres morphologiques des especes du genre, des feuilles et des figues en particulier, afin d’identifier les caracteres pertinents qui permettent d’ameliorer leur determination, pour in fine proposer une cle d’identification. Elle porte sur 24 taxa de la Flore du Senegal. Des methodes d’etudes qualitatives et quantitatives ont ete appliquees aux ports, aux modes de developpement, aux racines adventives, aux feuilles et figues. Les resultats de cette etude ont permis de preciser l’importance taxonomique des caracteres tels que : la presence ou l’absence des racines aeriennes, des eperons, des calyptres et la disposition des figues et de ses organes reproducteurs. En outre, cette etude a permis la discrimination de deux varietes de F. glumosa et des deux especes F. iteophylla et F. thonningii souvent considerees comme des synonymes. Enfin, une nouvelle cle, commode et precise pour determination des 24 taxa etudies, a ete proposee. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Moraceae, Ficus , morphologie, figue, taxonomie English Title: Taxonomy of the genus Ficus in Senegal: contribution of morphological characters English Abstract The genus Ficus is the most diversified ligneous group of the Senegalese flora, with more than 30 species. Previous studies have improved the characterization of many species but could not resolve all the taxonomical issues raised by the genus Ficus . This study relates to the morphological characteristics of the genus species of the sheets and figs in particular and aims at identifying the discriminants allowing to improve their determination so as to provide identification keys. It relates to 24 taxa of the Flora in Senegal. Methods of qualitative and quantitative studies have been applied to the port, to modes of development, to adventitious roots, to sheets and figs. The results of this study allowed to specify the taxonomical importance of characters such as: the presence or absence of aerial roots, spurs and calyptrates, and the set up of figs on the plant and of its reproductive organs. Moreover, it allowed to specify the discriminating characteristics of the varieties of F. glumosa , and to differentiate the species F. iteophylla and F. thonningii , commonly considered as synonymous. Lastly, this study enables to offer a new key which is more precise and convenient to determine the 24 studied taxa. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Moraceae, Ficus , fig, morphology, taxonomy