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The genetic variability of important fiber quality traits of cotton such as: uniformity Index (UI); fiber elongation before breaking (Elongation, Elg) and micronaire (Mic) were studied. Qualitative characteristics were tested on the HVI (High Volume Instrument) system, in accordance with the international classification. Local cotton varieties (Agdash-3, AP-317 and Elekberi), Turkish testers (Sezener 76, Naz 07, Ozbek and GSN 12) and 12 incomplete diallelic hybrid combinations were evaluated to determine the potential of parental varieties, F1 and F2 hybrids using effective method - combining ability. Analysis of variance, carried out on the basis of data from all studied combinations, made it possible to identify one local line (AP-317) and two foreign testers (Naz 07 and GSN 12), which had, to varying degrees, positive effects of total combining ability (TCA). This indicates additive types of expression of non-allelic genes responsible for the formation of the studied qualitative properties of cotton fiber. Variations in the SCS of hybrid combinations were generally lower than the effects of the GCS. When assessing second-generation hybrids, we determined that lines and testers with positive effects of GCA and hybrid combinations with their participation were distinguished by high indicators of the fiber quality in the next generation. Consequently, selection of genotypes with improved fiber quality carried out in early generations can be effective, which will accelerate the creation of new promising varieties and lines of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton growing, being an important agro-industrial object, is being improved through the introduction of new mechanisms to increase resistance to various external stress factors. Taking into account the previously studied phytohormones, the purpose of our study was to identify the effect of the salicylic acid derivative, dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), on the biochemical processes in the common cotton AP-317 genotype. It was established that low concentrations of DNSA-0.01 mM decreased production of NO radical, catalase and PPO activity, as well as absorption of phosphorus-anions from the nutrient medium, while higher doses of them has led to the stimulation of NO radical production, increased peroxidase activity, stabilized absorption of phosphorus anions. It was also found that at low concentrations of DNSA took place slightly activation of SOD activity, but not at relatively high concentration of DNSA. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of the root and leaf tissue of the plant showed an increase in the concentration of magnesium and iron ions when exposed to DNSA. It was also found that DNSA increased the concentration of lipid peroxide radicals at 0.1 mM in both tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a highly virulent fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb. VD-11, with non-defoliating strain on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the antioxidant enzymes, such as guaiacol peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), was studied in double haploid cotton variety-Pima 3-79 (Gossypium barbadense L.), highly inbred line TM-1- (Gossypium hirsutum L.), as well as in genotypes CS B-15 and GS B-22, created by the substitution of one chromosome of TM-1 with the chromosome 15 and 22 of Pima 3-79 respectively. The treatment of plants with the pathogen led to an increase in the activity of PPO approximately 1.2 times in the case of TM-1 and CS B-15. However, these changes were insignificant in the case of Pima 3-79 variety, whereas the activity of the enzyme in the case of CS B-22 was decreased apparently. Similar effects were also obtained for POX. After inoculation, the activity of SOD in all genotypes, except CS B-15, was increased. On the contrary, the activity of SOD was decreased in the case of CS B-15 genotype. It was found that plant infection with the pathogen leads to a change in the concentration of free radicals, which, in turn, affects the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The fungal infection also led to the creation of new paramagnetic centers and nanophase crystal-like iron oxide particles in roots, but not in leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of our research was to determine the effect of various concentrations of IBA on the activity of numerous prooxidant-antioxidant enzymes, NO content and on the components of the photosynthetic apparatus: chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in cotton seedlings of Gossypium hirsutum Agdash-3 and Gossypium hirsutum AP-317 genotypes. Our study also focused on the impact of different concentrations of IBA on the dynamics of the activity of polyphenol oxidase, which plays an essential role not only in the metabolism of phenolic compounds but also in the involving of these compounds in the defense response of plants. The results indicate that IBA participated in modulating the activity of prooxidant-antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POX, SOD, and PPO), the formation of the NO and components of the photosynthetic apparatus. At the same time, the activity of SOD and catalase changed insignificantly, which may indicate lower effect of IBA on these two enzymes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an autonomous hybrid power system with direct voltage and alternating voltage busbars with connected renewable sources and traditional sources that support renewable sources in the demand coverage during periods of power shortage in the system is proposed for power supply of remote locations. The issues of synthesis of the optimal structure of an autonomous system consisting of PV and WT generators with an integrated system of electric energy batteries (EEB) and diesel- generator station, at which the high reliability of power supply in remote areas is provided, are being studied. To optimally determine the installed capacity of the elements of the PV–WT–EEB–DG hybrid system, a machine learning algorithm (TLBO) is proposed, by means of which, based on the proposed multi-objective function, the most advantageous values of unit powers for PV and WT stations are determined, as well as the number of batteries and diesel generators that ensure the demand coverage in the hybrid system under various options for PV and WT generation shortage.In order to improve the efficiency of solving the optimization problem taking into account the variability of meteorological conditions, manifested in random and uncertain variability of PV and WT generation, as well as in the stochastic nature of the electricity consumption process, the studies on clustering these processes and determining typical scenarios for an array of hourly measurements of PV, WT and load generation during the year were carried out in the paper. Using the k–means approach, the numbers of clusters for PV, WT and load for typical geographic regions are determined. The results of the analysis of the optimal compositions of the hybrid AC-DS system in the PV, WT, BEE, DG in these regions are presented.

At present among renewable sources the wind and solar plants have the most significant portion of power generation. Randomly changing and intermittent nature of this power leads to the stochasticity of the power grid mode, estimation of parameters of which requires application of probabilistic modeling. In the paper it is proposed an advanced algorithm of probabilistic load flow based on the development of two-point estimation method, the efficiency of which is confirmed on the basis of computational experiments and comparative analysis of the Monte Carlo simulation results. Calculations and analysis of the modeling results were carried out on standard 14-nodal scheme of IEEE and real electrical network of “Azerenerji” Grid.

While soil salinization is a major threat to the food security and sustainability of humanity, information on salinization in developing countries is limited. In this study, Landsat data were used to predict the salinization process from 1986 to 2021 in the Kur-Araz lowland of Azerbaijan, and water movement and salinity transport models were developed to calculate the effects of climate change and water management. The model results showed that increases in rainfall and drainage have led to dramatic improvements in soil salinity and agricultural productivity and that these changes were caused by the synergistic effect of climate change and water management. The future predictions indicate that rainfall will decrease due to the decrease in evaporation in the neighboring Caspian Sea, leading to further re-salinization. Soil re-salinization would be a severe threat to the sustainability of the agricultural industry and food security of Azerbaijan and neighboring countries. More scientific attention and efforts should be devoted to developing countries in preparation for the impact of climate change., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Being a universal reducing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) plays an important role in the cellular metabolism and the implementation of anti-stress reactions in plants. There are only a few enzymes that ensure the NADPH pool formation in cells. Among them, the most important are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49), malate dehydrogenase decarboxylating (DMDH, malic enzyme, EC 1.1.1.40) and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH, EC 1.1.1.42). The presented investigation is devoted to studying the influence of the individual and combinative effects of NaCl and γ-radiation as abiotic stress factors on biometric indicators and activity of these NADPH-generating enzymes, on organic content, and the formation of paramagnetic centers as defense reaction in corn (Zagatala-68 genotype) sprouts. It was found that 100 mM NaCl had an inhibitory effect on the development of sprouts. Relatively lower doses (50 Gy and 100 Gy) of γ-radiation had a positive, but its higher doses (150 Gy and 200 Gy) had a negative effect on this process. 500 Gy was a lethal dose (LD) for the corn sprouts. Combinative stress in all cases considerably delayed the development of sprouts. G6PDH showed the highest activity in the first, whereas, NADP-IDH showed the same activity in the last days of the experiment. All three enzymes, especially the G6PDH, have been activated in both root and stem tissues under the influence of stress factors (either radiation or salt). Combinative stress (γ-radiation + salt) also led to an induction of these activities which was necessary to neutralize the negative consequences of stress factors. Stress factors in all cases also had a negative effect on the content of organic matter in seedlings. Ionizing gamma radiation, which resulted in the formation of new paramagnetic centers as an anti-stress defense reaction in many cases was observed in wheat seedlings, but not in corn sprouts, which clearly shows that there are some differences in the protective mechanisms of these C 3 - and C 4 -types of plants to γ-radiation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The Mugan Plain is the most productive area in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but a previous study confirmed trace metal and metalloid (TM&M) contamination with Cr, Ni and Pb, and the potential ecological risk of As was estimated. However, no industrial activity was previously reported in this area; thus, a source apportionment model using positive matrix factorization (PMF) was employed to identify pollution sources, and a human health risk assessment was conducted to evaluate noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Surface soil samples were collected from 349 sites, and six major elements (Si, Ca, Cl, P, S and Sr) and 8 TM&Ms (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and employed for further apportionment and risk assessment. As a result, the PMF model showed 7 factors, assigned to natural activity (12.9%), dry riverbed (13.6%), surface accumulation (3.1%), desalinization activity (3.2%), residential activity (12.3%), fossil fuel combustion (35.5%) and agricultural activity (19.3%). The PMF model characterized certain areas with desalinization activity in the previous Soviet period and with surface accumulation of salt, and these findings were confirmed by additional field surveys and historical Landsat satellite images. The risk assessment results showed that there was no risk for the adults, while for children, there was a noncarcinogenic risk, but no carcinogenic risk. Dermal contact was estimated to be the primary pathway, and Ni and As were identified as the most problematic TM&Ms for noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. According to the results, fossil fuel combustion associated with heating and vehicle transportation was estimated to be the main source of pollution, contributing 42.6% of the noncarcinogenic and 48.0% of the carcinogenic risks. These results can provide scientific guidance to understand and prevent the risk of TM&Ms on the Mugan Plain., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Republic of Azerbaijan suffers from low agricultural productivity caused by soil salinization and erosion, and limited and insufficient soil data are available for economic and political reasons. In this study, soil salinity and heavy metal levels were assessed. Environmental risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential risk posed by soils to human health. Soil guideline values were proposed to monitor soil pollution in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Water extraction and spatial variability analysis were conducted to understand soil salinization and heavy metal pollution. Among the 20 studied elements, the elements Ca, Cl, and S and the heavy metals Cr, Ni, and Pb were classified as problematic on the basis of the geoaccumulation index, and As was also identified as posing a possible risk on the basis of the potential ecological risk index. Based on the developed soil guideline values for agricultural soil, the As, Cr, and Ni in the soil samples exceeded their respective guidelines by 31.3, 41.8, and 61.6%, respectively. Water extraction results confirmed that 99% of the leached ions were cationic salts, and the most problematic ion was Na, followed by Ca, Cl, and S. The extractability values of Cr and Ni were significantly lower than those of other heavy metals, which implies that their actual leaching potential may be overestimated. The linear regression and spatial variability analysis confirmed that leachable salts have accumulated in lowland areas due to the capillary rise of water and evaporation, but the distribution of heavy metals confirmed that As, Cr, and Ni were abundant in agricultural soils. Our results clearly showed that heavy metal soil contamination and high salinity levels are major problems that should be considered when assessing food safety and health hazards in the Mugan Plain of Azerbaijan. Therefore, future studies should be performed for additional environmental risk assessment, detailed hazard identification, and health risk assessment.

Objective: Ectopic pregnancy in the interstitial part of the Fallopian tubes can be life-threatining considering the thin myometrial tissue surrounding the gestational sac and highly vascularization which may result in catastrophic haemorrhage when interstitium is ruptured. The diagnosis and management is challenging. Conservative, medical, and surgical treatment options should be considered based on individual patient factors., Methods: Four women were diagnosed with interstitial pregnancy in last five years in our tertiary center. Four different treatment modalities, including single dose methotrexate, laparotomy, hysteroscopy followed by vacuum aspiration, and vacuum aspiration under laparoscopy were performed according to patients' characteristics., Results: . Successful outcome was achieved in all patients., Conclusion: Interstitial pregnancy can be successfully treated with a single dose systemic methotrexate when all criteria are met. The classical cornual wedge resection remains lifesaving operation for cases of ruptured interstitial pregnancy. Less invasive procedures such as laparoscopic assisted transcervical vacuum aspiration and diagnostic hysteroscopy followed by vacuum aspiration can be performed in selected cases.