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Livestock is a significant economic contributor to a country and is essential to the production of milk, eggs and meats for the country's expanding population. Fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) are commonly grown for livestock feed due to their high yield potential and nutritive value. Nutrient management is a crucial aspect of fodder oats production that can significantly affect plant growth, forage quality and soil properties. Fodder oat growth attributes are determined by various factors, including nutrient availability, soil fertility and environmental conditions. Adequate soil fertility and pH levels are necessary for optimal nutrient uptake and utilization by plants. Fodder quality is a critical determinant of the nutritional value of oat forage. The nutrient content and digestibility of oat forage are influenced by several factors such as plant maturity, environmental conditions and nutrient management practices. High-quality forage is characterized by high crude protein (CP) content, low fiber content and high digestibility. Nutrient management also affects soil properties which can influence plant growth and development. Excessive nutrient application rates can lead to soil nutrient imbalances, soil acidification and reduced soil microbial activity. These effects can lead to reduced nutrient availability and uptake by plants, reduced soil fertility and decreased plant growth. Proper nutrient management such as balanced nutrient application rates and use of organic amendments can enhance soil fertility, improve soil structure and promote plant growth.

Background: The current study was aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice about medicines among school children of age group 12-16 years. Methods: This was an educational interventional study. The children’s attending private/ tertiary school, at Bagalkot were interviewed individually with a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire. Results: In basal assessment, the mean knowledge, attitude and practice scores were found to be 9.11±0.11, 5.72±0.83 and 6.92±0.05 respectively. However, there was significant difference (p=0.0001) between pre and post study of knowledge, attitude and practice towards medicine. Conclusions: Study concluded that children have limited knowledge about medicine and some negative attitude towards medicine which was improved after educational interventional study. This type of study will help to improve their insight towards medicine in school children.

Pulses occupy a very unique position in Indian agriculture by virtue of the fact that they are highly nutritious and provide a protein-filled diet via food. As compared to the cereal production globally, pulses are being produced sporadically in low fertile lands having moisture stress condition which eventually conceal its true yield capacity to its poor management practices. The aim of the present study uses to estimate the genetic parameters of 13 yield attributing characters traits in 20 Black gram genotypes with the view to select for better yield contributed characters in Black gram. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the 13 characters. Seed yield per plant exhibited high estimates of PCV, GCV and heritability. Super—imposition of genotypes was observed in Metro glyph analysis because of close proximity two variables taken for plotting the genotypes. In this classification analysis made based on biological yield and harvest index for all the 20 genotypes formed 4 complexes. Out of 20 genotypes 4 genotypes like KU-99-16, KU-96-8, KU-48 and KU-303 were recorded highest index score and fell into different complex, hence used as parents for getting good combinations for future hybridization programmers.

Objectives: In present investigation, an attempt was made to develop bilayered floating tablets of clopidogrel bisulfate and aspirin using natural gums as release retarded material. Clopidogrel bisulfate and aspirin are anti-platelet agents. Methodology: Clopidogrel bisulfate is a suitable candidate for formulating as gastro retentive dosage form as it has absorption window in stomach and solubility in the acidic pH. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used to get desired floating properties. The effect of formulation variables on floating properties and drug release were investigated. Results: The tablets so designed were evaluated and found to have acceptable physicochemical properties, floating lag time, floating time and drug release. Among all the bilayered formulations, CBXA with susutained.release layer containing xanthan gum (2 ratio with drug), sodium bicarbonate (15% w/w) and citric acid (1.2% w/w) and immediate release layer containing sodium bicarbonate (10% w/w) and guar gum (4% w/w) has shown optimum results. Sustained release layer has shown dissolution of 99.03±0.42 % in 12 hrs whereas immediate release layer has shown 99.4±0.44 % in 30mins.CBXA has shown optimum floating properties with in vitro floating lag time of 4 min and floating time of >12 hr. In vivo buoyancy study revealed that the floating time of CBXA was greater than 6 hr. The in vitro release data of optimized formulation was treated with mathematical equations and was evident that drug release followed zero order kinetics with case II transport mechanism. Conclusion: Based on the results it can be found that bilayered floating tablets of clopidogrel bisulfate and aspirin containing xanthan gum provides a better approach for sustained release and improved bioavailability. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulfate, Bilayered floating tablets, Susutained. release layer, Immediate release layer and Bioavailability.

There is a small yet robust body of literature regarding autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic hypersomnia as well as sleep disturbances in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. This review aims at summarizing the current literature and highlighting gaps in the current knowledge. This article additionally presents the personal experience of one of the authors at the sleep center. CITATION: Adra N, Reddy M, Attarian H, Sahni AS. Autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic hypersomnia: an overlooked association and potential management. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(3):963–965.

Pleuropulmonary blastomas (PPBs) are very rare, highly aggressive, dysembryonic neoplasms of thoracopulmonary mesenchyme. These have been reported in the pediatric population and account for only 0.5%-1% of all primary malignant lung cancers. They normally arise from lung tissue, however rarely the parietal pleura may be the tissue of origin (extra pulmonary PPB) which are extremely rare. Common age of presentation is three to 4 years. The prognosis is poor with distant metastasis to central nervous system and bone with survival rate of approximately 42.9% at 5 years. They are managed by aggressive multimodal therapies including surgery and chemotherapy. We report a case of a 3-year-old male child with Type 2 PPB of the left hemithorax, managed by surgical excision of the mass and adjuvant chemotherapy.

The main aim of the present work was to formulate and characterize oral sustained release mucoadhesive microspheres of Vildagliptin. Vildagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors used in the management of diabetes. This drug also undergoes first-pass metabolism. To overcome this problem Vildagliptin mucoadhesive microspheres were developed to control the release rate of the drug and target to the specific site of the body to make an enormous impact in the formulation and development of novel drug delivery system and also improve efficient absorption and enhances oral bioavailbility of the drug due to high surface to volume ratio. It also provides an intimate contact of the drug delivery system to the absorbing mucous membrane for sustaining the drug action. This is a new oral drug delivery system which was developed and utilized both the concepts of sustained release and mucoadhesiveness in order obtain a unique drug delivery system which could remain in intestine and control the drug release for longer period of time. Key words: mucoadhesive, bioavailability, sustained release

A large proportion of freshwater is wasted in agricultural use, which leads to poor distribution of clean water that causes imbalance in soil saturation and vegetation. Special irrigation must be carried out in the agricultural sector. An Internet of Things (IOT) device is any device that can be overseen through the web. IOT in agriculture utilizes an insightful system for monitoring the vegetation, by planning and reviewing the fields and provide information to the farmers for objective homestead control intends to save both time and money. In terms of agriculture, the environment is changing with time. Electronics are being integrated into every industry, including agriculture. Agriculturists profit from the convergence of electronics and agriculture. There are systems that use technology for the detection of factors required to enhance farming. However, these systems need to be deployed individually to obtain the desired results. In this paper, the way to monitor and manage gardening as well as agriculture is proposed. ESP32 controlling module for IOT is used and the information is updated on the cloud, now with the help of the measurements the required acceptable action is taken. In this work, some sensors such as the Light dependent Resistors(LDR), temperature sensors, Soil Moisture sensors are used, also a pump to respond to the sensors' particulars. This system will enable us to monitor the growth of the crop or plant by controlling the water flow to the crop using motor.

The aim of the study was to monitor the discrepancies at admission and during the treatment. A prospective observational study was conducted for a period of 6 mo at a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. The study was conducted according to the retrospective model of medication reconciliation. Best possible medication history was collected on interacting with patients, caregivers and medical records. This information was compared with the physician’s prescription at the time of admission. Differences were documented as intentional and unintentional discrepancies. Identified errors were classified based on National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention Guidelines. Drug-drug interactions were classified according to their severity. Errors were rectified before reaching the patient. Out of 106 prescriptions, 44 (84.62 %) intentional and 8 (15.38 %) unintentional discrepancies were identified. We have also identified 46 (43.40 %) medication errors, 60 % of medication errors were of incomplete prescriptions and 26 (56.52 %) prescriptions were intervened. We have identified 203 possible drug-drug interactions with an average of 1.92 (±2.71) per prescription. Among them 105 (51.72 %) were major, 90 (44.33 %) were moderate and 8 (11.66 %) were minor. Our study concludes that lack of medication reconciliation leads to medication errors and on the successful implementation of the medication reconciliation, as a tool in detecting and rectifying admission medication errors, we can increase patient safety.

Calcification of the vessel wall as one structural pathology of aged vessels is associated with high cardiovascular mortality of elderly patients. Aging is linked to chronic sterile inflammation and high burden of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Nlrp3 in vascular cells. The current study investigates the role of PRR activation in the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, in vitro cell culture of primary rat VSMCs and ex vivo aortic stimulations were used to analyze osteogenic, senescence and inflammatory markers via real-time PCR, in situ RNA hybridization, Western Blot, photometric assays and histological staining. Induction of ROS and DNA-damage by doxorubicin induces a shift of VSMC phenotype toward the expression of osteogenic, senescence and inflammatory proteins. Induction of calcification is dependent on Nlrp3 activity. Il-1 beta as a downstream target of Nlrp3 induces the synthetic, pro-calcifying VSMC phenotype. Inhibition of PRR with subsequent reduction of chronic inflammation might be an interesting target for reduction of calcification of VSMCs, with subsequent reduction of cardiovascular mortality of patients suffering from vessel stiffness.

To estimate the impact of delayed presentation of anorectal malformation (ARM) in neonates and to compare the presenting characteristics and outcomes of early versus delayed presentation.This is a prospective observational study of all neonates (age 28 d) with ARM over 2 y. Delayed presentation was defined as presentation beyond 48 h of birth. Various presenting features and their early postoperative outcomes were compared.Nearly half (26, 48%) of the 54 neonates with ARM had delayed presentation. Early and late presenters did not differ in terms of gender, gestational age, birth weight, place of delivery, and type of ARM (p 0.05 for all). Delayed group had lower weight at presentation (p = 0.008), higher incidence of severe abdominal distension (p = 0.05), and sepsis (p = 0.171) and required longer time for resuscitation (p = 0.007) and more inotropes (p = 0.015), preoperatively. Early postoperative outcomes including time for stoma to function, initiate feeds and time to reach full feeds were significantly delayed in late presenters. They also had more wound infections, longer hospital stay and higher mortality.Delayed diagnosis of ARM is associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality. Adequate awareness and training of health workers for early identification of ARM by careful perineal examination of all newborns at birth is the need of the hour.

BACKGROUND: Adenosine Deaminase, the key enzyme of purine metabolism catalyzing the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine is implicated in a varied spectrum of human diseases ranging from SCID to TB and pneumonia. Estimation of ADA offers an easy, relatively affordable and reliable diagnostic alternative and/ or adjunct (specially in a TB endemic nation) which emphasizes the necessity of a feasible and implementable alternative method to the Diazyme method of ADA estimation requiring high end autoanalyzer and infrastructural setup.METHODS: Sixty body fluids samples (irrespective of gender, age, diagnosis or sample type) received by the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal for fluid ADA estimation by the Diazyme assay method (cobas 6000) was simultaneously processed by the Galanti and Guisti manual method to estimate the comparability and the aggregability of results obtained by the two analytical techniques.RESULTS: The Galanti and Guisti manual method of ADA estimation showed aggregability with the Diazyme autoanalyzer method for 90% of the assayed study samples with the manual method uniformly showing higher values when compared to the analyzer method. A correction factor of 2.44 was arrived at which could effectively achieve comparability between the two assay methods.CONCLUSION: The Galanti and Guisti manual method of ADA estimation might be a feasible, rapid, reliable and costeffective method for estimation of fluid ADA when compared to the cost and infrastructure intensive autoanalyzer.

A small but growing body of literature indicates that concentrations of indoor particulate and gaseous pollutants in long-term care facilities (i.e., skilled nursing facilities) for older adults, hereafter referred to nursing homes, often exceed those recorded in nearby, comparable outdoor environments. Unlike the outdoors, indoor air quality (IAQ) in nursing homes is not regulated by legislation and is seldom monitored. To that end, residents of nursing homes commonly spend the vast majority of their time indoors where they are exposed to indoor air pollutants for long periods of time. Given that many nursing home residents, especially those of advanced age, are more susceptible to the effects of air pollutants, even at low concentrations, this prolonged exposure may adversely affect their health, well-being, quality of life and increase medical expenditures due to frequent, unscheduled acute care visits and hospitalizations. We propose an action plan for assessing IAQ in nursing homes, understanding the impacts of IAQ on adverse health outcomes of nursing home residents, and addressing vulnerabilities in these facilities to safeguard health, well-being, and quality of life of nursing home residents and minimizing unscheduled acute care visits and hospitalizations. We propose that IAQ should be regularly monitored in nursing homes to proactively identify and address vulnerabilities in these facilities and that resources should be provided for remedial interventions to improve IAQ in nursing homes, including but not limited to source control, improving ventilation and filtration, and deploying air cleaners where appropriate. This proactive approach may pave the way for establishing enforceable standards for indoor air quality in nursing homes that will promote health, well-being, and quality of life of nursing home residents and reduce medical expenditures.

This research work proposes the vedic multiplier architecture with different carry lookahead adders like regular carry lookahead adder (RCLA), block carry lookahead adder (BCLA), factorized regular carry lookahead adder (FRCLA), factorized block carry lookahead adder (FBCLA). The vedic multipliers architecture was designed using ModelSim-Altera 6.3g (Quartus II 8.1) Web Edition and synthesized using Xilinx ISE Design suite. Initially the vedic multiplier was implemented using regular carry lookahead adder and replaced with other adders and the synthesis parameters were compared. After the comparison we have obsereved that the FRCLA is the best one interms of area and BCLA is the best one interms of delay.

Falciform ligament abscess (FLA) is very rare. The rarity and obscure location often cause delay in diagnosis and inadequate treatment. We are here describing two cases of FLA in infants; presentation, hospital course, and outcome of both the children were different. Early consideration of falciform ligament pathology is crucial for timely diagnosis and proper treatment.