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Les métropoles et mégalopoles concentrent plus de populations, d’activités et de pouvoir. Les gens s’y amassent et les vies quotidiennes des citadins se voit connectées les unes aux autres grâce à – ou à cause de –, l’avancée de la technologie des réseaux sociaux, mais paradoxalement, le mode de vie citadine crée en même temps certaines formes de solitude. Cet article abordera l’un des actes les plus intimes mais qui est également un acte social et collectif : « manger ». À partir de la nouvelle de Yun Ko-eun, Table pour une personne, nous tenterons de comprendre comment cet acte qui a l’air anodin et banal peut traduire le phénomène de solitude dans une grande ville sud-coréenne comme Séoul, et comment la solitude est acceptée et/ou rejetée chez les citadins sud-coréens. Metropolises and megalopolises concentrate more populations, activities and power. People are congregating there and the daily lives of city dwellers are being connected to each other thanks to - or because of - the advancement of social media technology, but paradoxically, the city life creates at the same time certain forms of loneliness. This article will address one of the most intimate acts, but which is also a social and collective act: “eating”. With the short story by Yun Ko-eun, Table for one person, we will try to understand how this act, which seems innocuous and banal, can translate the phenomenon of loneliness in a big South Korean city like Seoul, and how loneliness is accepted and/or rejected among South Korean city dwellers.

Consider a rm owned by shareholders with heterogeneous beliefs and run by a manager who chooses random production plans. Shareholders do not observe the chosen plan but only its realization. The nancial market consists of assets contingent on production realizations. A contract for the manager species her compensation as a function of the rms production and possibly some restrictions to trade in the nancial market. Shareholders are unrestricted. We dene a concept of equilibrium between the manager and shareholders such that the equilibrium production plan is unanimously preferred by the manager and the shareholders, markets clear and the manager has no incentive to cheat. We rst analyze the properties of such equilibria and in particular show that the contract should restrict the manager from trading. We next provide a framework where such equilibria exist. We lastly study the properties of equilibrium compensations when shareholders have beliefs that can be ranked in terms of optimism towards the equilibrium plan. Specic attention is given to their departure from linear compensations.

PurposeThis study aimed at exploring the change facilitator styles (CFS) that secondary school head teachers in Pakistan possess.Design/methodology/approachThis is a quantitative study using Hall and George CFS questionnaire to collect data from 276 secondary school head teachers. The CFSQ used in this study consists of 30 Likert-type questions relating to six scales. The six scales, with five items each in aggregate, form three possible CFS, including initiator, manager and responder.FindingsThe results indicate that most secondary school head teachers (75.7%) in Pakistan used responder CFS to facilitate change in their schools. 16.7% of the head teachers used manger, while only 7.6% possessed initiator change facilitation styles.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has implications for research, in particular in the developing countries where head teachers' leadership practices are rooted in the past with maintaining authority and status quo.Practical implicationsThe study has implications for policymakers and schools in developing countries, like Pakistan, in terms of considering the vital role of head teachers in change implementation. In particular, in the prevailing cluster-based educational management, the study's findings remain valuable for schools in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.Originality/valueThe paper reports the results regarding secondary school head teachers' change facilitator styles in the context of power devolution in Pakistan. The authors believe that the manuscript is appropriate for publication by the international journal of educational management because it is in line with the aims and scope of the journal. The authors assure the originality of this work. It has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication in any other journal.

Before Pilar Miro’s famous filmic adaptation of The Dog in the Manger, Lope de Vega’s masterpiece had been successfully brought to the small screen in Soviet Russia. The Leningrad director Yan Frid’s 1977 musical comedy Sobaka na Sene (The Dog on the Hay), while almost unknown in the West, is considered a classic of Soviet cinema. This article explores the reasons behind the extraordinary popularity of this television film in relation to the Russian Lopean performance canon, as well as to the specific sociocultural conditions of the Stagnation era. I argue that, by prioritizing the issue of gender relations over the conflict of honor, Sobaka na sene managed to inscribe new cultural meanings in the story of the Countess of Belflor and her secretary and, therefore, to bring Lope’s play closer to the Soviet viewers of the late 1970s.

The aim of this article is to show how, through Derrida, the concept of unconditional hospitality can be understood through a logic of the parasite. In a supplementary chain that leads to the figure of the parasite, I first knot two main concepts: hospitality and unconditionality. Then I explore the knotting itself through two theoretical articulations discussed by Derrida in many of his text on the work of mourning and the altered constitution of ipseity. Finally, I will arrive at the unpublished seminar Manger l’autre (1989-1990) to focus on the “eating trope” of hospitality. Since para-sitos only means eating-with, the parasite is not a priori a negative notion, but rather suggests a trespassing of frontiers. All the above articulations finally lead me to propose a reading of these topics through a notion of incorporation.

Indian MSMEs involved in manufacturing lag behind in implementation of sustainable manufacturing practices. Therefore, Sustainability assessment plays a vital role in adopting and implementing the sustainable techniques and practices in manufacturing sectors. One of the reasons may be the lack of awareness about indicators which enable qualitative as well as quantitative assessment of level of sustainability. This further enable the organization to implement the practices, methods, technologies that enable higher sustainability of the organization. Present study attempts to identify the indicator which are vital to improving the sustainably of the organization. In this study, a set of indicators were identified and categorized based on Triple bottom line (environmental, economic and social) approach of sustainability. Further an expert opinion cum Fuzzy-AHP Based Approach was used to prioritize and rank these indicators. Present research work will be useful for industry practitioner and manger to identify the priority areas of focus to achieve improved sustainability of manufacturing organization.

Resumen: Mediante un hilo tejido a través de la filosofía de Jacques Derrida, en diálogo con Walter Benjamin y Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, este trabajo traza un recorrido deconstructivo respecto de la relación entre violencia y representación. Sostenemos que un paradigma crítico, como el que performa el texto de Benjamin de 1921 sobre la violencia, no puede desestabilizar por completo la ley fenomenológica que emparenta la representación con la violencia. A partir de las propuestas de Derrida sobre una archi-violencia o violencia originaria, mostramos la necesidad del paso a un paradigma económico, que no reproduce los gestos de corte y clasificación de la crítica benjaminiana. Todo esto es bien conocido dados los escritos de Derrida sobre Benjamin. Damos un paso más allá al asociar esta economía de la violencia a una cierta lógica dietética: a partir de la forma caníbal del comerse al otro (manger l’autre), bien articulada por Viveiros de Castro en relación con los cánones epistemológicos del pensamiento europeo en relación con el “nuevo mundo”. A partir de seminarios inéditos de Derrida, mostramos la posibilidad de abordar la relación entre violencia y representación desde un cierto “canibalismo especulativo” de nuevo cuño.

The main target of this paper have been to apply the concept of probabilistically convexity on menger space and deal a common fixed point theorem by using the concept of compatibility between multi-valued mappings and self mappings in the above context. All the results are the generalization of aforesaid paper of Rhoades (9, 10) Som and Mukherjee (12), Iseki (6), Chang et al. (4) and Lee (8).

On the rise since the mid-2000s, the gastronomic bande dessinee merges two quintessential French art forms—cuisine and comics—prompting inquiries into the relationship between the visual, haute cui...

PurposeIn an experience economy, the alternative options for higher education are varied; resulting in competition and a deliberate focus on student experience to create competitive advantage. In this regard, the various constituents of the university, including the library, are required to transform the organisational culture, specifically, the service culture, to engage students in a way that creates a memorable experience. In response, The UWI, Mona Library re-launched its Customer Service programme: using an in-house inspired 10 element service model, with initiatives aimed at realising each element, the library purposed to build a service culture. This paper seeks to assess employees' perception of the impact of the initiatives of this model.Design/methodology/approachThis survey research employed individual interviews to assess employees' perception of the impact of the initiatives of the service model, with the objective of refining the model, where needed, for continued use in the Mona Library, and for use in libraries desirous of implementing the model.FindingsThe initiatives of the service model are creating the desired customer service culture and aspects have been identified for refinement.Research limitations/implicationsThe model is based on the needs, experiences, history, culture and strategic priorities of one Caribbean university library. It centres on the employees and their perception. As such, it focuses less on the product, space and the external customer; but it is hoped that by focusing on the employees (specifically creating a service culture amongst them) that this will ultimately impact product, space and the overall customer experience.Practical implicationsProvides the top priorities and considerations for a practicing Caribbean / developing country academic library manger, with an interest in a model for nurturing service culture amongst the employees.Originality/valueThis paper is of value as it centres on creating a service culture, rather than on the usual customer service satisfaction survey, offers a service model and adds to the literature on customer service in academic libraries.

It has been found out that some female leaders exercise certain behavioural traits in the workplace that are discriminatory towards other females. This behaviour is referred to as the Queen Bee Syndrome. To shed light on the syndrome, this paper aims to discover the perceptions of final year female Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) students in a South African private university about their opinions on female leadership and to discover the prevalence of the Queen Bee Syndrome. Qualitative interviews were conducted on final year female students in a South African private university in Pietermaritzburg. The sample was obtained using snowball sampling method. The information gathered was analysed using content analysis. The key discoveries made were that the female students generally would prefer to work with a male manger due to the negative characteristics of competitiveness, emotionality and jealousy that was associated with the female leaders they have worked with. Respondents were also of the opinion that the Queen Bee Syndrome exists and that it is a resultant of society norms spilling over into the workplace. It is believed that social norms contribute to this problem, hence it is crucial that discriminatory behaviour in society be alleviated to strengthen and support the current women movement fighting for equality.

It is considerably significant to recognize the psychology of undergraduates especially during the period of COVID-19 outbreak. This letter proposes an Information-Centric Networking (ICN) driven psychology recognition and health conduction method based on the active data collection mode, that is, all undergraduates submit their psychology data to manger without protest by the special sensor tool. Meanwhile, the involved undergraduates and the management center construct a large network model. In order to support the mobility of undergraduates, this letter exploits ICN paradigm to help the management and transmission of psychology data. In addition, this management center deploys Deep Belief Network (DBN) to analyze the submitted psychology data. Finally, this letter makes a practical simulation on campus, and the experimental results show that the proposed psychology control method not only has good recognition effect but also contributes to health conduction. To be specific, the proposed method can improve about 2.6% psychology recognition accuracy and decrease about 46.5% psychology recognition time.

The man in a Thracian outfit represented on a hydria in London as eating a dead child has been interpreted either as a Titan with Zagreus or Lycurgus with his son. Neither of these interpretations seems plausible, especially in light of our present knowledge about sacrificial rules. As I argue, the image is more likely to be inspired by a story dramatized in the Lycurgeia of Aeschylus, in which an advent of Dionysus to the country ruled by Lycurgus caused an epidemic of cannibalism. With much likelihood, this motif was also present in a passage — unfortunately only partially preserved — in Nonnus’ Dionysiaca (21.117–123). This mythical crisis was subsequently solved by Orpheus, which seems clear from passages in Aristophanes, Horace and Themistius, who allude to a rationalized version of this story. Sur une hydrie conservée à Londres, un homme en vêtement thrace en train de manger un enfant mort a été interprété comme l’image d’un Titan avec Zagreus, ou comme celle de Lycurgue dévorant son fils. Aucune de ces interprétations n’emporte l’adhésion, notamment en regard de notre connaissance des processus sacrificiels. L’image est plutôt inspirée par une intrigue mise en scène par Eschyle dans la Lycurgeia, où l’arrivée de Dionysos dans le pays dirigé par Lycurgue avait suscité une épidémie de cannibalisme. Selon toute vraisemblance, ce motif était aussi conservé dans un passage des Dionysiaques de Nonnos (XXI, 117–123), malheureusement fragmentaire. Cette crise mythique était ensuite résolue par Orphée, ainsi que l’attestent Aristophane, Horace et Thémistius, qui font référence à une version rationalisée de cette histoire.

This article explores representations of fasting and feasting in Le Voile de Draupadi (1993) and Manger l'autre (2018) by contemporary Francophone Mauritian author, Ananda Devi, teasing out the resistant strategies of (not) eating to the power dynamics entrenched within her global, postcolonial settings in which the politics of gender, neo-colonialism and advanced capitalist consumer culture compete in the regulatory domination of the individual body. Reading these two novels together offers space for reflection on the different meanings ‐ psychical, familial, religious, cultural, political, historical ‐ that converge on the bodies of her protagonists, and the ways that these meanings may exceed singular or conventional interpretations of both fasting and feasting. Written 25 years apart, and set in different locations, one in Mauritius, the second in an unnamed although recognizably western nation, Devi's novels speak to one another across these spaces, tracing the global flows of attitudes towards the body and practices of consumption. In so doing, Devi's writing illuminates the embedded, crisscrossing power dynamics and layered drives exhibited by these fasting, feasting bodies, and their divergent ‐ but resonant ‐ strategies of resistance in the practices of (not) eating across the contemporary, globalized world.

Gathering information from interviewees is similar across many disciplines. Evidence-based approaches to interviewing are encouraged in criminal investigations with suspects (e.g., Swanner, Meissner, Atkinson, & Dianiska, 2016), are found in medical communication manuals (e.g., Silverman, Kurtz, & Draper, 2013), can be applied to fraud investigation (Shawyer & Walsh, 2007), and are recommended for professionals who work with children in a variety of non-criminal capacities (e.g., Brubacher, Powell, Snow, Skouteris, & Manger, 2016), to name just a few. In this issue, Meissner and Lyles (2019) provide support for best-practice interviewing in Title IX investigations. Regardless of the topic, a best-practice interview requires a core set of skills. In this commentary, we discuss the skills noted by Meissner and Lyles (2019) and add further elements that we believe relevant for consideration in Title IX investigations. We highlight our agreement with their article and explain any points of contention. Throughout, we advance two key and related viewpoints: High quality interviewing is similar across many contexts, but there is not a one-size-fits-all protocol. Instead, interview trainers should focus on teaching the elements of best practice, and in a way that promotes sustained learning. We conclude with suggestions regarding effective training and genuine engagement between academics and practitioners.

Background Women’s decision-making power regarding reproductive health and rights (RHR) was the central component to achieve reproductive well-being. Literatures agree that a women having higher domestic decision-making power regarding their health care were more likely to utilize health services. More than 80% of women in Ethiopia reside in rural areas where they considered as the subordinates of their husbands. This would restrict women to fully exercise their RHR. Thus, this study aims to determine the factors influencing the women’s decision-making power regarding RHR in Mettu rural district, South West Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross-sectional study was done among 415 by using randomly selected married women of reproductive age from March to April 2017. Data was entered by using Epi-data manger 1.4 and analyzed by SPSS version 21. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out. Result One hundred sixty-eight (41.5%) of the women had greater decision-making power regarding RHR. Woman’s primary education AOR 2.62[95% C. I 1.15, 5.97], secondary (9+) education AOR 3.18[95% C. I 1.16, 8.73] and husband’s primary education AOR 4.0[95% C. I 1.53, 10.42], secondary (9+) education AOR 3.95 [95% C. I 1.38, 11.26], being knowledgeable about RHR AOR 3.57 [95% C. I 1.58, 8.09], marriage duration of more than 10 years AOR 2.95 [95% C. I 1.19, 7.26], access to micro-credit enterprises AOR 4.26[95% C. I 2.06, 8.80], having gender equitable attitude AOR 6.38 [95% C. I 2.52, 12.45] and good qualities of spousal relation AOR 2.95 [95% C. I 1.30, 6.64] were positively influencing women’s decision-making power regarding RHR. Conclusion More than four in ten rural women had greater decision-making power regarding RHR. External pressures (qualities of spousal relation, gender equitable attitude) and knowledge about RHR were found to influence women’s decision-making power. Public health interventions targeting women’s RHR should take into account strengthening rural micro-credit enterprises, qualities of spousal relations and priority should be given to women with no formal education of husband or herself and marriage duration of

This paper explores discursive narratives as inextricably linked to the construction of identity, place and history by a number of interviewed individuals. From an interactional sociolinguistics (cf.De Fina & Georgakopoulou, 2012) perspective, the study explores the context of the East African diaspora (Georgiou, 2006;Manger & Assal, 2006among many others) as the interviewed participants are all Zanzibar-born individuals for whom the relationship with the island and its history is crucial to their construction of selfhood. The study analyses the narrative voices (De Fina & Georgakopolou, 2008) of those individuals who decided to leave Zanzibar at the time of the 1964 violent political upheaval never to return and those who, on the contrary, decided to go back after a lengthy period abroad. However, more than establishing a division between these two groups, the paper highlights how these individuals take a different positioning (Bamberg, 1997) towards Zanzibar and its history and construct a range of identities in the context of the interview.

The chain supermarket in the domestic have been grown up. Because of the proffesional staff, the quick development of enterprise, the information technology has been elevated to a new step. But, the lack of alignment between strategy and business goals is the source of the problems. So, business areas should effectively managing those projects before the IT area. Then, an efficient IT management is necessary, so that IT projects should be show up in relation with strategic alignment view and the achievement of organization goals. The aim of this work is to build an intranet network to connect a chain of supermarkets for the city by using the newest technology that simplify management information system. The work helps owners and managers gather information relating to their company. Meanwhile, right now in the city the supermerks manually working or at least the network is missing in the business field. Therefore, computerized management information systems is necessary to help much more convenient for manger to control and monitor all items in the branches. So, the supermarkets later on, much faster ,easier and powerful. Finally, it can helps to save time, money, and it makes the company become more accurate.

The essay traces the collaboration of brothers Panas and Ivan Rudchenkos (in history of the Ukrainian literature they are known under the pseudonyms Panas Myrnyi and Ivan Bilyk) in writing the novel “Do Oxen Low When Their Manger Is Full?” The researcher showed how Ivan Bilyk’s views on literature and his social deterministic outlook influenced the conception and structure of the work. The essay also analyzes the instructions and suggestions of the elder brother, Panas Myrnyi, on the stylistics and composition of the work, his contribution to creating and editing the text. An additional attention is paid to the later critical comments on the novel.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) often lack valuable social presences that provide learners opportunities to interact and to be feel as a real person. This subjective experience of being present with a “real” person and having access to their thoughts and emotions increase the learning experience. Although MOOCs provide forums for such interactions, they are often populated with cognitive types of presence limiting social presence. Meaningful social interactions are challenging in MOOCs due to scale and design limitations. This research presents a conceptual framework of 4 phases: Cluster, Orient, Focus and Network to scaffold better social interaction in MOOCs. The framework introduce a re-design of interactions in MOOC forums space — leverages clustered groups by creating many communities in forums spaces with a community leader facilitating the conversations leading social presence. It also provides a community structure with orientation, focus to work in the community and better networking opportunities. An initial integration of the framework to a real MOOC with 27, 554 students provides preliminary results indicating effective scaffolding ofsocial presence in MOOC communities, yet the framework poses challenges relying the social interactions centered upon community manger. However, the study opens new directions to leverage communities in MOOCs and potential to scale.

Dans la série télévisée Super Girl, l’héroïne extraterrestre Kara Zor-El est dotée d'un métabolisme tout aussi « super ». En tant que Kryptonienne, elle peut manger tout ce dont elle a envie, son corps lui permettant de consommer des calories infinies sans les conséquences genrées généralement dramatisées au cinéma et à la télévision. Traitées sur un mode comique, ces scènes soulignent le lien qui unit Kara et sa sœur humaine Alex, et proposent un renoncement superficiel aux normes alimentaires imposées aux femmes. Pourtant, de telles scènes suggèrent-elles une résistance ou une réification de telles normes, en particulier lorsque ses homologues humains ne bénéficient pas d’un tel répit ? Au cours des 60 ans d’histoire du personnage, la nourriture a souvent marqué les divisions de genre entre Kara et son cousin, Superman, tout en ne soulignant que rarement son expérience de la diaspora et sa lutte pour s’assimiler à la fois en tant que citoyenne terrienne et américaine. Alors que la série propose des récits sur la discrimination et les droits des extraterrestres, en énonçant des maximes sur l’autonomie des femmes et leur « pouvoir féminin », elle offre un paysage culinaire fade et largement occidental où la nourriture évoque les stéréotypes de la féminité idéalisée et la pression exercée pour contrôler le corps. Retraçant l’histoire de la bande dessinée du personnage, cet article étudie le rôle de l’alimentation dans la série télévisée Super Girl, en examinant la manière dont la nourriture est le lieu d’une critique et d’une réaffirmation des normes alimentaires genrées. In the television series Supergirl, the alien heroine Kara Zor-El is gifted with an equally super metabolism. As a Kryptonian, she can eat whatever and however much she wants, her body allowing her to consume endless calories minus the gendered consequences implied in film and television. Such scenes work as comedy while emphasizing the bond shared by Kara and her human sister Alex, and function as a surface renunciation of the eating norms placed on women. Yet, do such scenes suggest resistance or reification of such norms, particularly when her human counterparts enjoy no such respite? Throughout the character’s 60-year history, food has often marked the gendered divisions between Kara and her male cousin, Superman, while only rarely highlighting her experience of diaspora and her struggle to assimilate as both Earthling and American citizen. While the series features narratives about discrimination and alien rights, spouting maxims about women’s autonomy and ‘girl power,’ it offers up a bland, largely Western culinary landscape where food evokes stereotypes of idealized femininity and the pressure to control the body. Tracing the character’s comic book history, this paper takes up the role of eating in the Supergirl TV series, examining the ways in which food both counters and reinscribes gendered eating norms as well as Western cultural assumptions.

Strategic Alliances, like mergers and acquisitions are one of the options organizations undertake to grow.A merger involves merging or coming together of two organizations and acquisition is a process when oneorganization acquires another of its interest.1 Organizations enter into strategic alliances to compete in theassociated market and expand their share in the market, to enter into new geographical areas, to add newproduct profiles, to capitalize the newer technologies available and also add to their financial competencies.This research paper reviews various literature available on the effect of mergers and acquisitions on themental wellbeing and overall wellbeing of the employees associated with the organizations undergoingthese major changes. Mergers and acquisitions follow three stages and each stage flows into the other, thereare various factors which play a very critical role for enabling the mergers and acquisitions to achieve whatthey set to achieve at each stage. There are various hard factors like the financial parameters, adequateplanning for financial and operational integration by capitalizing on the previous experience, assessment ofrisks and strengths, eliminating excess payments, and various soft issues ,like the cultural issues, ensuringextended assurance from the leadership, facilitating proper and timely communication to avoid unwanteddissemination of information, ensuring adequate speed for the implementation plans , ensuring visible andaccountable steps like designating an integration manger to handle all the dilemmas in context to the humanresources, implementing various reporting structures and facilitating the combined ways to deal with criticalissues, collaborating with the critical teams in the process of integration, efficiently managing the variousissues pertaining to human resources to ensure employee motivation and sustainability and implementingvarious plans to enable and ensure the proper amalgamation of the cultures of the organizations involved tominimize and eliminate the negative effects on the mental wellbeing and ensure the overall wellbeing of theemployees involved in the process.1

The present study aimed to compare the welfare of dairy cows kept in two traditional husbandry systems (semi-intensive and intensive farming) in south-eastern Sicily. A total of 18 dairy farms (nine semi-intensive and nine intensive) were evaluated with a multicriteria system adapted for Sicilian conditions and obtained simplifying the model of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Values of welfare measures, collected by inspections of the farms (general well-being indicators, ventilation system, resting areas [cubicles or bedding], flooring, milking parlours and waiting area, manger and watering equipment), and those of health categories (cases of abortions, hypocalcemia, displacement of abomasum, acidosis/ketosis, enteritis, hoof problems, and mastitis) obtained through the farm records, were compared using Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared tests, respectively. Data showed significant differences (p ≤ .05) about the variables related to welfare categories such as housing ventilation system, resting area, manger, and water equipment that were better in the semi-intensive system than the intensive system. No significant differences were observed about the variables related to health indicators. The results demonstrated that in Sicily the semi-intensive farm is better than the intensive to satisfy the conditions of animal welfare.

The article reviews some conceptual delimitations, basic leadership skills, organizational culture of the school, leadership models, personal styles of leaders, exercise to determine the profile of the managerial / leadership style.

While both the Gospels of Matthew and Luke narrate the story of the Nativity, only Luke’s account provides the unique details of the inn, manger, swaddling cloths, and shepherds. In the earliest tradition, an ox and ass become incorporated into the scene, though they are not mentioned in Luke 2:1–20. Each one of these elements presents historical aspects which the original Greco-Roman and Jewish audiences would be familiar with as part of everyday life. They all also convey important symbolism, alluding to various Old Testament passages that signify the theological meaning of the birth of this infant as the Davidic Messiah. Luke’s literary skill demands that each element be considered carefully in terms of its context and relevance to the account. Artistic depictions of the inn, manger, swaddling cloths, shepherds, and animals offer some intriguing interpretations of these elements.

This study aims to achieve a number of the goals which relate to scheduling on the target costing including its definition and the stage of the deterring target costing and explaining the effects of the number of factors in the determining in manufactures companies in Sudan. This study has adopted the analytical descriptive approach. The study has concluded that target costing is one of the modern cost systems which have an approach as results of the firm competition. it depends on staring by recognizing customer needs and trying to achieve them as valuable as possible the study has also pointed out that these factors differ in the degree of effect in the process of determining target costing in Sudan based on these results the researcher has come with a number of recommendation the most important of which is that there must be a great costing deep of explanation for the theoretical framework of target costing among the companies in order to help these companies come along with the level and international competition locally and systematically. the researcher has also recommended the should be training and learning in the companies in the market competition so that manger can recognize the modernity of accounting mutuality In addition, the researcher emphasizes the importance of cost –accounting awareness of the features accomplished by application of target costing and conducting more applied and theoretical studies and taking care of the raw material price and the quality of the material.

This paper analyzed the translations of three English Christmas carols of Silent Night, Away In A Manger, and The First Noel, as the most popular carols that have been translated into many languages, adopted from the hymnal book by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The English versions were compared with their Chinese and Indonesian translations. The analysis was performed by classifying the stanzas individually based on Guerra (2012) fifteen translation strategies. Identification of equivalence as the most common strategy in the Chinese translation could be because of numerous “unnatural” English expressions in Chinese language and culture, whereas for the Indonesian translation, omission was the most common strategy, which helped to retain completeness, or the overall meaning of the stanzas, or completeness. Omission was also used to leave out redundant or insensible information throughout the translated carols in both languages and contributed to successful maintenance the original rhythm and rhyme in the translation of the three carols. Findings of this study could be further validated by analysing more Christmas carols in Chinese and Indonesian Languages, and other languages. Researchers could also look precisely into the cultural elements that could potentially affect this type of translation.

The study aims to examine the relationship between manager personality, strategic flexibility, and firm performance. Using the five-factor personality model, the study hypothesizes the relationship between manager personality and strategic flexibility. Further, we propose that strategic flexibility mediates the relationship between manger personality and firm performance. A sample of 162 managers from various automobile companies is used for conducting empirical analysis. The findings of the study highlight the important role of managers’ personality in deciding strategic direction of the firm and hence performance of the company. Our research contributes to literature by delineating how each facet of the personality either augments or inhibits the development of strategic flexibility in an organization.

Lack of knowledge about working capital management caused the sustainability of start-ups in UNNES area is still being low. It resulted that manager of start-ups are difficult to develop themselves. Therefore, it need for training to improve the skills in making good financial, so the sustainability of start-ups is reached. To increase of the existence and sustainability of start-ups are also required the reinforcement of working capital management by manager of the start-up. Then, focus of devotion is the owner and manager of the start-ups in UNNES area that gathered in HIPMI PT UNNES. Purpose of this devotion is improving and making good working capital management for the sustainability of start-up. Participants in this devotion 25 people. Procedure in this devotion is carried out by delivering of material on working capital management. In supporting of devotion, the dedication team arranges the module of working capital management. Outcome of this devotion is creating that the manger of the start-up can continue their start-up, so it can reduce the number of unemployment.

Understanding and improving dairy cow welfare in stall-based housing systems is an important issue for the dairy industry, and one area of the stall that has a large impact on cow welfare is the stall bed. The stall bed is defined both by its size and by the material components of the stall bed (bedding depth, bedding type, and stall base type). This review examines the current literature to determine how the material components of the stall bed, as well as bed length and manger wall/brisket board height (which together define the length of the stall bed) can affect cow welfare through lying time, injuries, lameness, and cow and stall cleanliness. Of the material components of the stall bed, bedding depth appears to have the largest potential positive impact on dairy cow welfare, as deeper levels of bedding in stalls, regardless of the bedding type, can improve compressibility to the extent that the stall base type is negligible. As such, deeper levels of bedding have been associated with increased lying time and a reduced likelihood of a cow developing injuries or becoming lame. Longer stall bed lengths have been shown to increase lying time and decrease the prevalence of injury and lameness. The effect of manger wall or brisket board height on cow welfare has not been studied extensively, but they may work in conjunction with other stall components to define the resting space available to the cow. Overall, the material components of the stall bed, stall length, and manger wall/brisket board height, as well as their combination, all influence cow welfare and need to be taken in consideration to improve the overall welfare of cows in stall-based housing systems.