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1. Tuned inhibition in perceptual decision-making circuits can explain seemingly suboptimal confidence behavior.

Author

Maniscalco, Brian, Odegaard, Brian, Grimaldi, Piercesare, Cho, Seong, Basso, Michele, Lau, Hakwan, and Peters, Megan

Subjects
Animals, Computational Biology, Decision Making, Inhibition, Psychological, Macaca mulatta, Male, Models, Neurological, Neural Networks, Computer, Perception, Reaction Time, Superior Colliculi
Abstract

Current dominant views hold that perceptual confidence reflects the probability that a decision is correct. Although these views have enjoyed some empirical support, recent behavioral results indicate that confidence and the probability of being correct can be dissociated. An alternative hypothesis suggests that confidence instead reflects the magnitude of evidence in favor of a decision while being relatively insensitive to the evidence opposing the decision. We considered how this alternative hypothesis might be biologically instantiated by developing a simple neural network model incorporating a known property of sensory neurons: tuned inhibition. The key idea of the model is that the level of inhibition that each accumulator unit receives from units with the opposite tuning preference, i.e. its inhibition tuning, dictates its contribution to perceptual decisions versus confidence judgments, such that units with higher tuned inhibition (computing relative evidence for different perceptual interpretations) determine perceptual discrimination decisions, and units with lower tuned inhibition (computing absolute evidence) determine confidence. We demonstrate that this biologically plausible model can account for several counterintuitive findings reported in the literature where confidence and decision accuracy dissociate. By comparing model fits, we further demonstrate that a full complement of behavioral data across several previously published experimental results-including accuracy, reaction time, mean confidence, and metacognitive sensitivity-is best accounted for when confidence is computed from units without, rather than units with, tuned inhibition. Finally, we discuss predictions of our results and model for future neurobiological studies. These findings suggest that the brain has developed and implements this alternative, heuristic theory of perceptual confidence computation by relying on the diversity of neural resources available.

Published
2021

2. The Confidence Database.

Author

Rahnev, Dobromir, Desender, Kobe, Lee, Alan, Adler, William, Aguilar-Lleyda, David, Akdoğan, Başak, Arbuzova, Polina, Atlas, Lauren, Balcı, Fuat, Bang, Ji, Bègue, Indrit, Birney, Damian, Brady, Timothy, Calder-Travis, Joshua, Chetverikov, Andrey, Clark, Torin, Davranche, Karen, Denison, Rachel, Dildine, Troy, Double, Kit, Duyan, Yalçın, Faivre, Nathan, Fallow, Kaitlyn, Filevich, Elisa, Gajdos, Thibault, Gallagher, Regan, de Gardelle, Vincent, Gherman, Sabina, Haddara, Nadia, Hainguerlot, Marine, Hsu, Tzu-Yu, Hu, Xiao, Iturrate, Iñaki, Jaquiery, Matt, Kantner, Justin, Koculak, Marcin, Konishi, Mahiko, Koß, Christina, Kvam, Peter, Kwok, Sze, Lebreton, Maël, Lempert, Karolina, Ming Lo, Chien, Luo, Liang, Maniscalco, Brian, Martin, Antonio, Massoni, Sébastien, Matthews, Julian, Mazancieux, Audrey, Merfeld, Daniel, OHora, Denis, Palser, Eleanor, Paulewicz, Borysław, Pereira, Michael, Peters, Caroline, Philiastides, Marios, Pfuhl, Gerit, Prieto, Fernanda, Rausch, Manuel, Recht, Samuel, Reyes, Gabriel, Rouault, Marion, Sackur, Jérôme, Sadeghi, Saeedeh, Samaha, Jason, Seow, Tricia, Shekhar, Medha, Sherman, Maxine, Siedlecka, Marta, Skóra, Zuzanna, Song, Chen, Soto, David, Sun, Sai, van Boxtel, Jeroen, Wang, Shuo, Weidemann, Christoph, Weindel, Gabriel, Wierzchoń, Michał, Xu, Xinming, Ye, Qun, Yeon, Jiwon, Zou, Futing, and Zylberberg, Ariel

Subjects
Adult, Choice Behavior, Databases, Factual, Datasets as Topic, Humans, Mental Processes, Metacognition, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Task Performance and Analysis
Abstract

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects.

Published
2020

3. On a failed attempt to manipulate visual metacognition with transcranial magnetic stimulation to prefrontal cortex.

Author

Ruby, Eugene, Maniscalco, Brian, and Peters, Megan

Subjects
Consciousness, Metacognition, Prefrontal cortex, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Visual awareness, Humans, Metacognition, Prefrontal Cortex, Signal Detection, Psychological, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Visual Perception
Abstract

Rounis, Maniscalco, Rothwell, Passingham, and Lau (2010) reported that stimulation of prefrontal cortex impairs visual metacognition. Bor, Schwartzman, Barrett, and Seth (2017) attempted to replicate this result, but adopted an experimental design that reduced their chanceof obtaining positive findings. Despite that, their results appeared initially consistent with those of Rounis et al., but they subsequently claimed it was necessary to discard ∼30% of their subjects, after which they reported a null result. Using computer simulations, we found that, contrary to their supposed purpose, excluding subjects by Bor et al.s criteria does not reduce false positive rates. Including both their positive and negative result in a Bayesian framework, we show the correct interpretation is that PFC stimulation likely impaired visual metacognition, exactly contradicting Bor et al.s claims. That lesion and inactivation studies demonstrate similar positive effects further suggests that Bor et al.s reported negative finding isnt evidence against the role of prefrontal cortex in metacognition.

Published
2018

4. Heuristic use of perceptual evidence leads to dissociation between performance and metacognitive sensitivity.

Author

Maniscalco, Brian, Peters, Megan, and Lau, Hakwan

Subjects
Bayesian modeling, Signal detection theory, Visual awareness, Bayes Theorem, Choice Behavior, Feedback, Psychological, Heuristics, Humans, Metacognition, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Signal Detection, Psychological, Visual Perception
Abstract

Zylberberg et al. [Zylberberg, Barttfeld, & Sigman (Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6; 79, 2012), Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 6:79] found that confidence decisions, but not perceptual decisions, are insensitive to evidence against a selected perceptual choice. We present a signal detection theoretic model to formalize this insight, which gave rise to a counter-intuitive empirical prediction: that depending on the observers perceptual choice, increasing task performance can be associated with decreasing metacognitive sensitivity (i.e., the trial-by-trial correspondence between confidence and accuracy). The model also provides an explanation as to why metacognitive sensitivity tends to be less than optimal in actual subjects. These predictions were confirmed robustly in a psychophysics experiment. In a second experiment we found that, in at least some subjects, the effects were replicated even under performance feedback designed to encourage optimal behavior. However, some subjects did show improvement under feedback, suggesting the tendency to ignore evidence against a selected perceptual choice may be a heuristic adopted by the perceptual decision-making system, rather than reflecting inherent biological limitations. We present a Bayesian modeling framework that explains why this heuristic strategy may be advantageous in real-world contexts.

Published
2016

25. The Confidence Database

Author

Rahnev, Dobromir, primary, Desender, Kobe, additional, Lee, Alan L. F., additional, Adler, William T., additional, Aguilar-Lleyda, David, additional, Akdoğan, Başak, additional, Arbuzova, Polina, additional, Atlas, Lauren Yvette, additional, Balcı, Fuat, additional, Bang, Ji Won, additional, Bègue, Indrit, additional, Birney, Damian P., additional, Brady, Timothy F., additional, Calder-Travis, Joshua Michael, additional, Chetverikov, Andrey, additional, Clark, Torin K, additional, Davranche, Karen, additional, Denison, Rachel N., additional, Dildine, Troy, additional, Double, Kit S, additional, Duyan, Yalçın Akın, additional, Faivre, Nathan, additional, Fallow, Kaitlyn Marie, additional, Filevich, Elisa, additional, gajdos, thibault, additional, Gallagher, Regan, additional, de Gardelle, Vincent, additional, Gherman, Sabina, additional, Haddara, Nadia, additional, hainguerlot, marine, additional, Hsu, Tzu-Yu, additional, Hu, Xiao, additional, Jaquiery, Matt, additional, Kantner, Justin, additional, Koculak, Marcin, additional, Konishi, Mahiko, additional, Koß, Christina, additional, Kvam, Peter D., additional, Kwok, Sze Chai, additional, Lebreton, Maël, additional, Lempert, Karolina Maria, additional, Lo, Chien Ming, additional, Luo, Liang, additional, Maniscalco, Brian, additional, Martin, Antonio, additional, Massoni, Sébastien, additional, Matthews, Julian, additional, Mazancieux, Audrey, additional, Merfeld, Daniel M., additional, O'Hora, Denis, additional, Palser, Eleanor, additional, Paulewicz, Borysław, additional, Pereira, Michael, additional, Peters, Caroline, additional, Philiastides, Marios G., additional, Pfuhl, Gerit, additional, Prieto, Fernanda, additional, Rausch, Manuel, additional, Recht, Samuel, additional, Reyes, Gabriel, additional, Rouault, Marion, additional, Sackur, Jérôme, additional, Sadeghi, Saeedeh, additional, Samaha, Jason, additional, Seow, Tricia Xing Fang, additional, Shekhar, Medha, additional, Sherman, Maxine T, additional, Siedlecka, Marta, additional, Skóra, Zuzanna, additional, Song, Chen, additional, Soto, David, additional, Sun, Sai, additional, van Boxtel, Jeroen, additional, Wang, Shuo, additional, Weidemann, Christoph T., additional, Weindel, Gabriel, additional, Wierzchoń, Michał, additional, Xu, Xinming, additional, Ye, Qun, additional, Yeon, Jiwon, additional, Zou, Futing, additional, and Zylberberg, Ariel, additional

Published
2019
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32. High-level Cognitive and Neural Contributions to Conscious Experience and Metacognition in Visual Perception

Author

Maniscalco, Brian Svavar

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, genetic structures, Psychology
Abstract

Visual processing in humans has both objective and subjective aspects. Objective aspects of visual processing consist in an observer's ability to accurately discern objective properties of visual stimuli. Subjective aspects of visual processing consist in an observer's visual experience of the stimuli and the observer's metacognitive evaluation of the reliability of objective visual processing. What is the nature of the relationship between objective and subjective visual processing? A wide range of views exists in the literature today, but a broad distinction can be drawn between (1) views holding that objective and subjective visual processing are intimately interrelated, such that changes in subjective processing should be associated with changes in objective processing; and (2) views holding that subjective visual processing is a separate, higher-order process, such that it is possible to change subjective processing without changing objective processing. Here we perform a series of psychophysical experiments to arbitrate between these views. To make the data analysis more powerful, we created a novel extension of signal detection theory for analyzing the informational content of subjective ratings of perceptual clarity and confidence (Appendix A). We constructed a wide array of signal detection theoretic models capturing different hypotheses on the relationship between objective and subjective visual processing and performed a formal model comparison analysis in order to discern which model structures best accounted for a data set in which objective stimulus discrimination performance was dissociated from subjective ratings of visual clarity (Chapter 1). Results from this analysis favor a higher-order view of subjective visual processing. If the higher-order view is correct, it should be possible to disrupt the informational content carried by subjective ratings of perceptual clarity and decision confidence without affecting an observer's objective ability to visually discriminate stimuli. We found two lines of novel empirical evidence for such dissociations. We show that when subjects perform a working memory task in which the contents of working memory require extensive manipulation, ratings of confidence in a concurrent perceptual task carry less information about perceptual task performance, even taking the influence of task performance into account (Chapter 2). Similarly, we show that transcranial magnetic stimulation to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex selectively impairs the metacognitive sensitivity of visual clarity ratings without affecting perceptual task performance (Chapter 3). Finally, we show that perceptual and metacognitive performance can dissociate over time as an observer performs a continuous block of trials in a visual discrimination task, contrary to views holding that perceptual discrimination and metacognition are closely intertwined processes (Chapter 4). We show that this dissociation can be partly attributed to individual variability in gray matter volume of regions of anterior prefrontal cortex previously linked to visual metacognition. We interpret these results as suggesting that limited prefrontal resources can be dynamically allocated to support the performance of either perceptual or metacognitive processes. Taken together, these results provide converging evidence supporting a higher-order view of subjective visual processing. Functionally, objective and subjective processing are organized hierarchically, such that downstream subjective processes reflect the properties of objective processing but can be independently manipulated. Anatomically, these high-level subjective processes are linked to regions of prefrontal cortex rather than posterior perceptual areas.

Published
2014
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37. Attention induces conservative subjective biases in visual perception

Author

Rahnev, Dobromir, Maniscalco, Brian, Graves, Tashina, de Lange, Floris P., Huang, Elliott, Lange, F. P. de, and Lau, Hakwan

Abstract

Although attention usually enhances perceptual sensitivity, we found that it can also lead to relatively conservative detection biases and lower visibility ratings in discrimination tasks. These results are explained by a model in which attention reduces the trial-by-trial variability of the perceptual signal, and we determined how this model led to the observed behavior. These findings may partially reflect our impression of 'seeing' the whole visual scene despite our limited processing capacity outside of the focus of attention.

Published
2011

41. Limited Cognitive Resources Explain a Trade-Off between Perceptual and Metacognitive Vigilance.

Author

Maniscalco, Brian, McCurdy, Li Yan, Odegaard, Brian, and Hakwan Lau

Subjects
*METACOGNITION, *PREFRONTAL cortex, *MAGNETIC resonance imaging, *SIGNAL detection, *VOXEL-based morphometry
Abstract

Why do experimenters give subjects short breaks in long behavioral experiments? Whereas previous studies suggest it is difficult to maintain attention and vigilance over long periods of time, it is unclear precisely what mechanisms benefit from rest after short experimental blocks. Here, we evaluate decline in both perceptual performance and metacognitive sensitivity (i.e., how well confidence ratings track perceptual decision accuracy) over time and investigate whether characteristics of prefrontal cortical areas correlate with these measures. Whereas a single-process signal detection model predicts that these two forms of fatigue should be strongly positively correlated, a dual-process model predicts that rates of decline may dissociate. Here, we show that these measures consistently exhibited negative or near-zero correlations, as if engaged in a trade-off relationship, suggesting that different mechanisms contribute to perceptual and metacognitive decisions. Despite this dissociation, the two mechanisms likely depend on common resources, which could explain their trade-off relationship. Based on structural MRI brain images of individual human subjects, we assessed gray matter volume in the frontal polar area, a region that has been linked to visual metacognition. Variability of frontal polar volume correlated with individual differences in behavior, indicating the region may play a role in supplying common resources for both perceptual and metacognitive vigilance. Additional experiments revealed that reduced metacognitive demand led to superior perceptual vigilance, providing further support for this hypothesis. Overall, results indicate that during breaks between short blocks, it is the higher-level perceptual decision mechanisms, rather than lower-level sensory machinery, that benefit most from rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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46. Anatomical Coupling between Distinct Metacognitive Systems for Memory and Visual Perception.

Author

Li Yan McCurdy, Maniscalco, Brian, Metcalfe, Janet, Ka Yuet Liu, de Lange, Floris P., and Hakwan Lau

Subjects
*METACOGNITION, *BRAIN physiology, *VISUAL perception, *MEMORY, *PERIAQUEDUCTAL gray matter, *VOXEL-based morphometry, *PSYCHOPHYSICS
Abstract

A recent study found that, across individuals, gray matter volume in the frontal polar region was correlated with visual metacognition capacity (i.e., how well one's confidence ratings distinguish between correct and incorrect judgments). A question arises as to whether the putative metacognitive mechanisms in this region are also used in other metacognitive tasks involving, for example, memory. A novel psychophysical measure allowed us to assess metacognitive efficiency separately in a visual and a memory task, while taking variations in basic task performance capacity into account. We found that, across individuals, metacognitive efficiencies positively correlated between the two tasks. However, voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed distinct brain structures for the two kinds of metacognition. Replicating a previous finding, variation in visual metacognitive efficiency was correlated with volume of frontal polar regions. However, variation in memory metacognitive efficiency was correlated with volume of the precuneus. There was also a weak correlation between visual metacognitive efficiency and precuneus volume, which may account for the behavioral correlation between visual and memory metacognition (i.e., the precuneus may contain common mechanisms for both types of metacognition). However, we also found that gray matter volumes of the frontal polar and precuneus regions themselves correlated across individuals, and a formal model comparison analysis suggested that this structural covariation was sufficient to account for the behavioral correlation of metacognition in the two tasks. These results highlight the importance of the precuneus in higher-order memory processing and suggest that there may be functionally distinct metacognitive systems in the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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47. The Confidence Database

Author

Alan L. F. Lee, Polina Arbuzova, Torin K. Clark, Nadia Haddara, Damian P. Birney, Tricia X. F. Seow, Gerit Pfuhl, Tzu Yu Hsu, Caroline Peters, Jason Samaha, Maxine T. Sherman, David Soto, Maël Lebreton, Michael Pereira, Manuel Rausch, Ji Won Bang, Fuat Balcı, Gabriel Weindel, Karolina M. Lempert, Sabina Gherman, Antonio Martin, Denis O'Hora, Ariel Zylberberg, Başak Akdoğan, Peter D. Kvam, Matt Jaquiery, Gabriel Reyes, Eleanor R. Palser, Marcin Koculak, Audrey Mazancieux, Joshua Calder-Travis, Jeroen J.A. van Boxtel, Andrey Chetverikov, Yalçın Akın Duyan, Chen Song, Liang Luo, Borysław Paulewicz, Medha Shekhar, Vincent de Gardelle, Saeedeh Sadeghi, Kit S. Double, Karen Davranche, Christina Koß, Nathan Faivre, Troy C. Dildine, Sze Chai Kwok, Marios G. Philiastides, Indrit Bègue, Marion Rouault, Kobe Desender, Marta Siedlecka, Zuzanna Skóra, Lauren Y. Atlas, Fernanda Prieto, Xinming Xu, Justin Kantner, Jiwon Yeon, Brian Maniscalco, David Aguilar-Lleyda, Futing Zou, Timothy F. Brady, Xiao Hu, Mahiko Konishi, Julian Matthews, Sai Sun, Sébastien Massoni, William T. Adler, Shuo Wang, Rachel N. Denison, Samuel Recht, Jérôme Sackur, Thibault Gajdos, Kaitlyn Fallow, Michał Wierzchoń, Daniel M. Merfeld, Chien Ming Lo, Elisa Filevich, Iñaki Iturrate, Marine Hainguerlot, Christoph T. Weidemann, Qun Ye, Regan M. Gallagher, Dobromir Rahnev, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Lingnan Normal University, Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA, Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Columbia University [New York], Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience [Berlin], Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), New York University School of Medicine (NYU), New York University School of Medicine, NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Department of Psychology (University of California San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Department of Education, University of Oxford, Applied Economics, Cognitive Psychology, Koç University, Laboratoire de psychologie cognitive (LPC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Department of Experimental & Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VUPSY), Paris School of Economics (PSE), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Capital Normal University [Beijing], California State University [Northridge] (CSUN), Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University (UJ), Laboratoire de sciences cognitives et psycholinguistique (LSCP), Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Swiss Center for Affective Science, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing (ENCICABEQ), Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, University College of London [London] (UCL), SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Partenaires INRAE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), University of Glasgow, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Universidad del Desarrollo, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (KU), Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs (LSP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'informatique de l'École polytechnique [Palaiseau] (LIX), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Cornell University [New York], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), Trinity College Dublin, Sackler Ctr Consciousness Sci, Brighton, E Sussex, University of Sussex, Cardiff University, Basque Ctr Cognit Brain & Language, San Sebastian, Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CALTECH, Div Computat & Neural Syst, Pasadena, Monash University [Melbourne], University of Canberra, West Virginia University [Morgantown], Swansea University, East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), University of Rochester [USA], The organization of the Confidence Database was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health under award number R56MH119189 to D.R., ANR-16-CE28-0002,ImpactMeta,impact de la métacognition sur le comportement(2016), ANR-16-ASTR-0014,MetaStress,Impact du stress sur la décision et la métacognition: applications en aéronautique(2016), Balcı, Fuat (ORCID 0000-0003-3390-9352 & YÖK ID 51269), Duyan, Yalçın Akın, Kvam, Peter D., Rahnev, Dobromir, Desender, Kobe, Lee, Alan L. F., Adler, William T., Aguilar-Lleyda, David, Akdoğan, Başak, Arbuzova, Polina, Atlas, Lauren Y., Bang, Ji Won, Bègue, Indrit, Birney, Damian P, Brady, Timothy F., Calder-Travis, Joshua, Chetverikov, Andrey, Clark, Torin K., Davranche, Karen, Denison, Rachel N., Dildine, Troy C., Double, Kit S., Faivre, Nathan, Fallow, Kaitlyn, Filevich, Elisa, Gajdos, Thibault, Gallagher, Regan M., de Gardelle, Vincent, Gherman, Sabina, Haddara, Nadia, Hainguerlot, Marine, Hsu, Tzu-Yu, Hu, Xiao, Iturrate, Iñaki, Jaquiery, Matt, Kantner, Justin, Koculak, Marcin, Konishi, Mahiko, Koß, Christina, Kwok, Sze Chai, Lebreton, Maël, Lempert, Karolina M., Ming Lo, Chien, Luo, Liang, Maniscalco, Brian, Martin, Antonio, Massoni, Sébastien, Matthews, Julian, Mazancieux, Audrey, Merfeld, Daniel M., O’Hora, Denis, Palser, Eleanor R., Paulewicz, Borysław, Pereira, Michael, Peters, Caroline, Philiastides, Marios G., Pfuhl, Gerit, Prieto, Fernanda, Rausch, Manuel, Recht, Samuel, Reyes, Gabriel, Rouault, Marion, Sackur, Jérôme, Sadeghi, Saeedeh, Samaha, Jason, Seow, Tricia X. F., Shekhar, Medha, Sherman, Maxine T., Siedlecka, Marta, Skóra, Zuzanna, Song, Chen, Soto, David, Sun, Sai, van Boxtel, Jeroen J. A., Wang, Shuo, Weidemann, Christoph T., Weindel, Gabriel, Wierzchoń, Michał, Xu, Xinming, Ye, Qun, Yeon, Jiwon, Zou, Futing, Zylberberg, Ariel, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, PSL Univ, Ecole Normale Super, Lab Syst Percetifs, Dept Etud Cognit,CNRS, PSL Univ, Ecole Normale Super, INSERM, Dept Etud Cognit,CNRS,EHESS, École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Humboldt University Of Berlin, Department of Psychology [Univ California San Diego] (Psycho - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Radboud University [Nijmegen], University of Colorado [Boulder], Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), University of Pennsylvania, AgroParisTech-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities (SWPS), The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway] (UiT), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), and Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science

Subjects
Databases, Factual, SIGNAL-DETECTION, Computer science, Datasets as Topic, Social Sciences, Confidence, INSIGHT, computer.software_genre, Signal-detection, Choice, Availability, Recognition, Insight, Choice Behavior, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Behavioral Neuroscience, ddc:616.89, Mental Processes, 0302 clinical medicine, Software, insight, Task Performance and Analysis, Psychology, choice, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Thesaurus (information retrieval), Psychology, Biological, Database, Psychology, Experimental, Cognition, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 16. Peace & justice, CHOICE, Multidisciplinary Sciences, ddc:128.37, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200::Psykologi: 260, Science & Technology - Other Topics, recognition, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, Psychometrics, Social Psychology, VDP::Social science: 200::Psychology: 260, media_common.quotation_subject, availability, MEDLINE, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Article, Databases, 03 medical and health sciences, Perception, Reaction Time, Humans, Set (psychology), Factual, 030304 developmental biology, Science & Technology, business.industry, Extramural, AVAILABILITY, Neurosciences, RECOGNITION, signal-detection, Psychology, biological, Multidisciplinary sciences, Psychology, experimental, ddc:616.8, Study, Neurosciences & Neurology, Metacognition, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at ) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects., NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Published
2020

48. Anatomical coupling between distinct metacognitive systems for memory and visual perception.

Author

McCurdy LY, Maniscalco B, Metcalfe J, Liu KY, de Lange FP, and Lau H

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Brain physiology, Female, Humans, Judgment physiology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways anatomy & histology, Neural Pathways physiology, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Brain anatomy & histology, Cognition physiology, Memory physiology, Visual Perception physiology
Abstract

A recent study found that, across individuals, gray matter volume in the frontal polar region was correlated with visual metacognition capacity (i.e., how well one's confidence ratings distinguish between correct and incorrect judgments). A question arises as to whether the putative metacognitive mechanisms in this region are also used in other metacognitive tasks involving, for example, memory. A novel psychophysical measure allowed us to assess metacognitive efficiency separately in a visual and a memory task, while taking variations in basic task performance capacity into account. We found that, across individuals, metacognitive efficiencies positively correlated between the two tasks. However, voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed distinct brain structures for the two kinds of metacognition. Replicating a previous finding, variation in visual metacognitive efficiency was correlated with volume of frontal polar regions. However, variation in memory metacognitive efficiency was correlated with volume of the precuneus. There was also a weak correlation between visual metacognitive efficiency and precuneus volume, which may account for the behavioral correlation between visual and memory metacognition (i.e., the precuneus may contain common mechanisms for both types of metacognition). However, we also found that gray matter volumes of the frontal polar and precuneus regions themselves correlated across individuals, and a formal model comparison analysis suggested that this structural covariation was sufficient to account for the behavioral correlation of metacognition in the two tasks. These results highlight the importance of the precuneus in higher-order memory processing and suggest that there may be functionally distinct metacognitive systems in the human brain.

Published
2013
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49. Neuroscience. Should confidence be trusted?

Author

Lau H and Maniscalco B

Subjects
Animals, Awareness, Brain physiology, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Trust, Uncertainty, Brain anatomy & histology, Cognition, Decision Making, Perception
Published
2010
Full Text
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