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Abstract The interaction between the gut-microbiota-derived metabolites and brain has long been recognized in both health and disease. The liver, as the primary metabolic organ for nutrients in animals or humans, plays an indispensable role in signal transduction. Therefore, in recent years, Researcher have proposed the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis (GLBA) as a supplement to the Gut-Brain Axis. The GLBA plays a crucial role in numerous physiological and pathological mechanisms through a complex interplay of signaling pathways. However, gaps remain in our knowledge regarding the developmental and functional influences of the GLBA communication pathway. The gut microbial metabolites serve as communication agents between these three distant organs, functioning prominently within the GLBA. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the GLBA, focusing on signaling molecules role in animal and human health and disease. In this review paper elucidate its mechanisms of communication, explore its implications for immune, and energy metabolism in animal and human, and highlight future research directions. Understanding the intricate communication pathways of the GLBA holds promise for creating innovative treatment approaches for a wide range of immune and metabolic conditions.

Background and Study Aim. Agility holds a pivotal role in basketball, influencing both defensive prowess and offensive maneuvers. This research delves into the impact of V-pattern ladder drill and snake jump exercises on basketball players' agility. Materials and Methods. Employing a quantitative methodology, this study adopts a Pre-Experimental design, specifically the Two Group Pretest-Post-test Design, executed across three stages. Utilizing purposive sampling, 15 male basketball athletes from Mariano Marcos State University were recruited as subjects. Data analysis, including normality and homogeneity tests, affirmed the data's appropriateness. Statistical analysis was facilitated using the SPSS 26 application. Results. The findings unveiled a notable enhancement in biomotor agility ability (p=0.005) following ladder drill training. These outcomes imply that incorporating ladder training with V-pattern and snake jumping can positively impact basketball players' agility, potentially enhancing their court performance. Conclusions. In conclusion, the statistical results underscore the effectiveness of ladder drill training with V-pattern and snake jumping in enhancing agility ability, thus advocating for its application in basketball training regimens.

Background and Study Aim. Physical fitness serves as a significant indicator of an individual's health and overall well-being. This research aims to analyze students' physical fitness by conducting a comparative study based on social status. Physical fitness was measured as an indicator of students' health and well-being. Material and Methods. Quantitative descriptive research using survey method. This study involved low-grade students from two elementary schools, namely Mujahidin Elementary School and State Elementary School 16 Rasau Jaya, which have different social status. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 40 students from each school. Physical fitness data collection was conducted using the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test. Analysis was assisted using the SPSS 26 application. Results. The results showed a significance value of 0.538 > 0.05 that there was no significant difference in physical fitness between students from both schools based on social status. Although there were variations in the mean physical fitness scores, the differences did not reach the level of statistical significance. Conclusions. This study contributes to the understanding of physical fitness differences based on social status among low-grade students. The implications of the results of this study can be used for the development of more focused intervention programs to improve physical fitness, especially among students with economic and educational challenges.

Background and Study Aim. Audio-visual media is a tool for conveying information used in learning in the form of sound and image messages. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using audio-visual media to improve rhythmic movement skills. Material and Methods. The study used an experimental method using a one group pretest and posttest design. Students in this study were given treatment in the form of audiovisual media. The subjects of this study were grade V students of State Elementary School 4 Tebas Sambas Regency, totaling 27 people, consisting of 13 male students and 15 female students. The sampling technique used was total sampling. Data collection instruments use non-test instruments in the form of performance observations. The SPSS version 26 application was used to help with data analysis in this investigation. Results. The results showed a significance value of 0.000

Background: Hyperactivation of Akt/mTORC1 is known to be the mechanistic driver for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) induction in elderly population. Stimulation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) under physiological stress is largely associated with Akt/mTORC1 inhibition upon aging. This in turn restores the normal autophagy and thereby curbs IPF induction in aged population. Method: To repurpose and validate polyphenol formulation against aging- driven lung fibrosis, molecular docking of the compounds selected from literature was performed. Findings from molecular docking were then being cross-confirmed by ADMET analysis unveiling the pharmacological aptness of docked molecules with the shortlisted receptors. Results: The present study aimed at investigating the possible dietary flavonoid therapy (Quercetin, baicalin, luteolin, curcumin, rutin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) attenuating the activation of mTORC1 in the lung epithelia by molecular docking approaches to ascertain the binding affinities of phytoflavonoids towards AhR and FK506 binding protein (FKBP12) over the known IPF synthetic inhibitors - pirfenidone and nintedanib. Additionally, the toxicity profile of ligands was confirmed by ADMET. Baicalin and luteolin demonstrated the best free energy analysis over other phytochemicals and commercial IPF inhibitors (pirfenidone and nintedanib) used in the study. Additionally, the findings from docking study were further confirmed by ADMET analysis indicating the therapeutic potential of baicalin and luteolin in augmenting autophagic signaling and thus may confer significant resistance against lung scarring in aged population. Conclusion: Flavonoids formulations having mTORC1 suppression by AhR activation leading to autophagic induction can be considered as a therapeutic moiety for mitigating IPF during biological aging.

Research purpose. This study aimed to determine the EMG analysis of forehand topspin using different ball materials. Materials and methods. For the purposes of this study, seven male university-level table tennis players who were right-hand dominant players (age 21.1 ± 2.4 years, height 162.6 ± 6.8 cm, mass 61.8 ± 3.2 kg) with at least 6 years of playing experience were selected. The selected participants were physically active and had no physical injuries. The study was approved by the research committee. Pectoralis Major (PM), Deltoid Anterior (DA), Latissimus Dorsi (LD), Biceps Brachii (BB), Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR), Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles were selected for the electromyographical study. One of the EMG signals variable Root Mean Square was measured in all muscles, through which the maximum muscle involvement was evaluated. For each assessed muscle and both ball materials, the mean value of Root Mean Square EMG signals was computed. For descriptive statistics, minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation were used, and a t-test was used as a statistical technique. Results. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results of the study showed no significant difference in EMG variable Root Mean Square between celluloid and poly plastic ball material on selected muscles. Conclusions. We conclude that the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis are important muscles for the forehand topspin because they are responsible for flexion of the arm and work strongly in the action of gripping in the performance of quick forehand spin strokes.

Noise, a disturbing and unwanted sound is currently being perceived as a widespread environmental stressor. In the present study we investigated the activation of oxidative stress as a mechanism involved in cognitive impairment through changes in neuro-inflammation.Sprague Dawley rats (200-220 ​ ​g ​m) were exposed to moderate (100dB) sound pressure level (SPL) noise daily for 2 ​h ​s over a period of 15 and 30 days and the consequence on brain regions of hippocampus observed through behavioral studies by Morris Water Maze to assess effects on spatial memory coupled with biochemical evaluation of markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Further, the underlying mechanism pertaining to apoptosis was investigated by immuno-histological studies through assessment of Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay as well as morphological parameters, namely Nissl bodies in CA1, CA3 and DG regions of hippocampus.Poorer performance in the MWM indicative of decrement in concept formation, attention, working memory, and reference memory was observed on 15 and 30 days of noise exposures. At the cellular level, increased oxidative stress and inflammation was noticed as evinced by elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1α and IFN-γ in both hippocampus and plasma. Exposure to noise also led to a gradual increase in the number of pyknotic and apoptotic neurons together with the increase in DNA fragmentation in hippocampus. Increased levels of inflammatory genes (i.g.) ccl2, ccr5, ifng, il13, il1a, tnfa coupled with decreased levels of bmp2 and il3 genes were found in both the noise exposure groups.Our findings revealed that moderate intensity noise exposure impaired early memory changes in expression of several gene families including genes associated with regulation of transcription, inflammatory response, and, response to oxidative stress.

Objective: Hearing plays a crucial role in the performance of a soldier and is important for communication and speech processing. Service personnel are constantly exposed to high levels of noise and hence predisposed to occupational health disabilities, principally noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus. NIHL is a significantly common impairment in the military and can affect the warfare performances. Parochial awareness about the effects of uproarious noise which exacerbates their hearing, acceptance rate of use of hearing protection devices and follow-up audiological tests have become the major drawback for prevention of NIHL and are less pondered upon. Method: The present study focuses on the effects of noise on the hearing of service crew operating and maintaining military equipment and explores the efficacy of DPOAE’s to substitute pure tone audiometry as a quick, easy to operate and implementable test technique for monitoring of hearing status. Results: The results suggest that DPOAE test is important and more coherent than audiometry alone for the early detection of cochlear injury due to noise from military operations and efficacious for detecting NIHL.

Background: Given that reports have suggested SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via conjunctiva, the ability of contact lens (CL) care products to reduce the infectiousness of two seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43) surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 was investigated. Methods: Biotrue and Boston Simplus (Bausch&Lomb), OPTI-FREE Puremoist and Clear Care (Alcon), and cleadew and cleadew GP (Ophtecs) were tested. Their ability to inactivate HCoV was evaluated using contact times of 4 and 6 h as well as 1% and 10% of virus inoculum. Results: Non-oxidative systems (Biotrue, Boston Simplus, and OPTI-FREE) did not exhibit a significant log10 reduction compared to controls for the two viral strains for either incubation time (all p > 0.05) when 10% tests were performed. For the 1% test, while Boston Simplus and OPTI-FREE exhibited a significant log10 reduction of both HCoV-229E (after 6 h) and HCoV-OC43 (after either 4 or 6 h incubation), those products showed less than 1 log10 reduction of the two infectious viruses. Oxidative systems based on hydrogen peroxide or povidone-iodine showed a significant log10 reduction compared with the controls for both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 in all tested conditions (all p < 0.01). Clear Care led to virus inactivation to below the limit of quantification for tests performed with 1% of inoculum after 6 h incubation, while cleadew and cleadew GP led to inactivation of the two viruses to below the limit of quantification in all tested conditions. Conclusion: Oxidative CL disinfection systems showed significant virucidal activity against HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, while non-oxidative systems showed minimal ability to inactivate the HCoV species examined.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop an advanced in vitro blink model that can be used to examine the release of a wide variety of components (for example, topical ophthalmic drugs, comfort-inducing agents) from soft contact lenses. Methods: The model was designed using computer-aided design software and printed using a stereolithography 3D printer. The eyelid and eyeball were synthesized from polyvinyl alcohol and silicone material, respectively. Simulated tear fluid was infused through tubing attached to the eyelid using a syringe pump. With each blink cycle, the eyelid slides and flexes across the eyeball to create an artificial tear film layer. The flow-through fluid was collected using a specialized trough. Two contact lenses, etafilcon A and senofilcon A, were incubated in 2 mL of a water-soluble red dye for 24 h and then placed on the eye model (n = 3). The release of the dye was measured over 24 h using a tear flow rate of 5 µL/min. Results: Approximately 25% of the fluid that flowed over the eye model was lost due to evaporation, nonspecific absorption, and residual dead volume. Senofilcon A absorbed more dye (47.6 ± 2.7 µL) than etafilcon A (22.3 ± 2.0 µL). For etafilcon A, the release of the dye followed a burst-plateau profile in the vial but was sustained in the eye model. For senofilcon A, the release of the dye was sustained in both the vial and the eye model, though more dye was released in the vial (p < 0.05). Overall, the release of the dye from the contact lenses was higher in the vial compared with the eye model (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The blink model developed in this study could be used to measure the release of topical ophthalmic drugs or comfort agents from contact lenses. Simulation of a blink mechanism, an artificial tear film, and nonspecific absorption in an eye model may provide better results than a simple, static vial incubation model.

Proteolytic enzymes have evolved several mechanisms to cleave peptide bonds. These distinct types have been systematically categorized in the MEROPS database. While a BLAST search on these proteases identifies homologous proteins, sequence alignment methods often fail to identify relationships arising from convergent evolution, exon shuffling, and modular reuse of catalytic units. We have previously established a computational method to detect functions in proteins based on the spatial and electrostatic properties of the catalytic residues (CLASP). CLASP identified a promiscuous serine protease scaffold in alkaline phosphatases (AP) and a scaffold recognizing a β-lactam (imipenem) in a cold-active Vibrio AP. Subsequently, we defined a methodology to quantify promiscuous activities in a wide range of proteins. Here, we assemble a module which encapsulates the multifarious motifs used by protease families listed in the MEROPS database. Since APs and proteases are an integral component of outer membrane vesicles (OMV), we sought to query other OMV proteins, like phospholipase C (PLC), using this search module. Our analysis indicated that phosphoinositide-specific PLC from Bacillus cereus is a serine protease. This was validated by protease assays, mass spectrometry and by inhibition of the native phospholipase activity of PI-PLC by the well-known serine protease inhibitor AEBSF (IC50 = 0.018 mM). Edman degradation analysis linked the specificity of the protease activity to a proline in the amino terminal, suggesting that the PI-PLC is a prolyl peptidase. Thus, we propose a computational method of extending protein families based on the spatial and electrostatic congruence of active site residues.

UVI31+ is an evolutionarily conserved BolA family protein. In this study we examine the presence, localization and possible functions of this protein in the context of a unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. UVI31+ in C. reinhardtii exhibits DNA endonuclease activity and is induced upon UV stress. Further, UVI31+ that normally localizes to the cell wall and pyrenoid regions gets redistributed into punctate foci within the whole chloroplast, away from the pyrenoid, upon UV stress. The observed induction upon UV-stress as well as the endonuclease activity suggests plausible role of this protein in DNA repair. We have also observed that UV31+ is induced in C. reinhardtii grown in dark conditions, whereby the protein localization is enhanced in the pyrenoid. Biomolecular interaction between the purified pyrenoids and UVI31+ studied by NMR demonstrates the involvement of the disordered loop domain of the protein in its interaction.