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Nanotechnology offers new materials and applications that will benefit society, yet there is growing concern about the potential health and environmental impacts of the production and use of nanoscale products. Although hundreds of studies of nanomaterial hazards have been reported, in green nanotechnology, nanomaterials or nanoparticles are synthesized or developed by biological approaches, such as biogenesis (biosynthesis) that has vast applications in the biomedical, food, and agricultural fields. Additionally, green nanotechnology offers many potential benefits, such as the enhancement of biomedical diagnostics, improved food quality and safety, reduction of agricultural inputs, and enrichment of nanoscale nutrient absorption from the soil. The green synthesis method, which is an alternative to chemical and physical methods, provides an eco-friendly way of synthesizing nanoparticles as this method does not require costly, harmful, and toxic chemicals.

The development of synthetic chemical products has increased in the last few decades. Some synthetic chemicals are very vital (e.g., pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, textiles, etc.), and the dependency of humans on these chemicals has led to an increase in their production. Green chemistry covers the entire life cycle of a chemical product and aims to reduce hazardous substances from the design process, manufacturing, use, and final disposal. Green chemistry is also used for the removal of waste or harmful metals from water sources or for the treatment of wastewater. In this context, the elevated level of Arsenic concentrations in natural waters now becomes a global problem. It has a lethal effect on human health. The threshold concentration of Arsenic has been re-established at 0.01mg/L by WHO. The chapter focuses on green chemistry, and it describes the preparation of economic bio-sorbent for the removal of Arsenic using wood pulp and MGA-NCC bio-nanosorbent synthesis process.

Valeriana officinalis (valerian) is a perennial flowering plant found in Europe and Asia. From ancient time, this plant has been used as a medicinal herb. It is well known for its sedative and antispasmodic effects worldwide. Valerian root tea is famous for its sleep-inducing effects. There are many natural chemicals present in the root, stem, and leaf of V. officinalis plant. In the present scenario the demands of herbal products are growing exponentially throughout the world. For Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment, there are many medicinal plants being used to enhance memory. Some medicinal plants used for the treatment of AD are Withania somnifera, Curcuma longa, Convolvulus pluricaulis, V. officinalis, Centella asiatica, and Nardoastachys jatamansi. Valerian is available as whole powdered root and aqueous or ethanolic extract. In AD patients, valerian is used for relaxation, sleep-promoting, and neuroprotective effects.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mostly prevalent among elderly people over 65 years of age. It is the most frequent type of dementia, which badly affects the social and personal skills and behavior of the patients. Patients with AD are increasing day by day creating an effective treatment challenge among health professionals worldwide. New studies are being carried out to incorporate medicinal-based food along with traditional medicines to improve the efficiency of treatment. Caprylic acid is one among various medicinal foods that have special health-promoting benefits and disease control properties. It is a medium chain fatty acid found naturally in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and some dairy products. In AD, it induces the process of ketosis to provide extra energy to the brain, hence it improves cognitive functions. Research has been carried out to find its effectiveness in the treatment of AD. This chapter focuses on caprylic acid, its properties, and its application in AD.