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Chiral lattice modes are hybrid states arising from the chiral plasmonic particles assembled in ordered arrays with opportune periodicity. These resonances exhibit dependence on excitation handedness, and their observation in plasmonic lattices is strictly related to the chiroptical features of the fundamental plasmonic unit. Here, the emergence of chiral surface lattice resonances (c-SLRs) is shown in properly engineered arrays of nanohelices (NHs), fully three dimensional (3D) chiral nano-objects fabricated by focused ion beam processing. By tuning the relative weight of plasmonic and photonic components in the hybrid mode, the physical mechanism of strong diffractive coupling leading to the emergence of the lattice modes is analyzed, opening the way to the engineering of chiral plasmonic systems for sensing applications. In particular, a coupling regime is identified where the combination of a large intrinsic circular dichroism (CD) of the plasmonic resonance with a well-defined balance between the photonic quality factor (Q factor) and the plasmonic field enhancement (M) maximizes the capability of the system to discriminate refractive index (RI) changes in the surrounding medium. The results lay the foundation for exploiting CD in plasmonic lattices to high performance refractometric sensing., (© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Advanced sensing tools, detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating biomarkers, can open unexplored routes toward early diagnostics and diseases progression monitoring. Here, we demonstrate the sensing capabilities of a chip-based metamaterial, combining 3D chiral geometry with a functional core-shell nanoarchitecture. The chiral metamaterial provides a circular polarization-dependent optical response, allowing analysis in a complex environment without significant background interferences. The functional nanoarchitecture, based on the conformal coating with a polymer shell, modifies the chiral metamaterial near- and far-field optical response because of the energy transfer between dielectric shell polarization charges and plasmonic core free electrons, leading to efficient interaction with biomolecules. The system sensitivity slope is 27 nm/pM, in the detection of TAR DNA-binding protein 43, clinically relevant for neurodegenerative diseases. Measurements were performed in spiked solution and in human serum with concentrations from 1 pM down to 10 fM, which is a range not accessible with common immunological assays, opening new perspectives for next-generation biomedical systems.

Aluminum bowtie nanoantennas represent a possibility to confine and enhance electromagnetic (EM) field at optical frequencies in subwavelength regions by using an abundant and inexpensive metal. The native oxidation process of this metal is often viewed as a limitation for its application in plasmonics. Here, we show that in close gap configurations, the high refractive index of the native aluminum oxide helps in squeezing the plasmonic mode in extremely reduced size volumes, providing a higher EM near-field confinement and enhancement in the bowtie antenna gaps than achieved in the pure aluminum counterpart. Hence, the study provides new perspectives in the use of such a plasmonic antenna geometry within this aluminum system, which can be useful for improving plasmonics-enabled effects such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering- and light-matter interaction in strong coupling regime.

In this work we report the local growth of ordered arrays of 3D core-shell chiral nanohelices based on plasmonic gallium metal. The structures can be engineered in a single step using focused ion beam induced deposition, where a Ga + ion source is used to shape the metallic nanohelix core, while the dielectric precursor is dissociated to create dielectric shells. The solubility of gallium in the different investigated dielectric matrices controls the core-shell thickness ratio of the nanohelices. The chiral plasmonic behaviour of these gallium-based nanostructures is experimentally measured by circularly polarized light transmission through nanostructure arrays and compared with numerical simulations. Large chiroptical effects in the visible range are demonstrated due to the plasmonic effects arising from gallium nanoclusters in the core.

The focused ion beam (FIB) is a powerful piece of technology which has enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Indeed, micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this review, we give an overview of recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. We describe the fabrication strategies present in the literature and the chiro-optical behavior of the developed structures. The achieved results pave the way for the creation of novel and advanced nanophotonic devices for many fields of application, ranging from polarization control to integration in photonic circuits to subwavelength imaging.

In recent times, biomolecular sensing to recognize genetic fragments and proteins is spurring unprecedented interest as a diagnostic protocol for cancer and infectious diseases. Significant efforts have been made to design nanomaterials able to control the light-matter interaction at the single nanometer scale, where genes and proteins bind specifically to receptors. Here, we numerically show how the interface between a chiral metasurface and hyperbolic metamaterials can enable both high sensitivity and specificity for low-molecular-weight nucleic acids and proteins. As we have recently reported, hyperbolic dispersion metamaterials allow molecular biorecognition with extreme sensitivity because of coupled and highly confined plasmon polaritons. Specificity is almost exclusively achieved by receptor-ligand interaction at the in-plane sensing surface. Interestingly, an adapted out-of-plane chiral metasurface enables three key functionalities of the hyperbolic metamaterial sensor. Computational effort reveals that helicoidal metasurfaces can act as (i) efficient diffractive elements to excite surface and bulk plasmon polaritons; (ii) out-of-plane sensing branches to reduce the diffusion limit and increase the sensing surface; and (iii) biorecognition assay also via circular dichroism and chiral selectivity.